Presented by Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Bjoern Ole Sander, David Pelster and Eugenio Diaz-Pines at the FAO‐CCAFS Workshop on Reducing the Costs of GHG Estimates in Agriculture to Inform Low Emissions Development, Rome, 10-12 November 2014
Presentation at the Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA) Annual Forum June 15, 2016 in Rome, Italy.
by Meryl Richards, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Todd Rosenstock (ICRAF), Lini Wollenberg (CCAFS), Klaus Butterbach-Bahl (ILRI, KIT), Mariana Rufino (CIFOR, Leeds) and many others
Session 06, Introduction to biodiversity sample-based data publishing at the ...Alberto González-Talaván
This presentation sets the basic principles for the publishing of biodiversity information coming from sampling efforts. It was first presented in the training event for GBIF Participant nodes part of the 22nd meeting of the GBIF Governing Board.
Slide deck developed and presented by L. Smirnova (Royal Museum for Central Africa - Belgium).
Optical sensors like the GreenSeeker can be used to optimize nitrogen application rates. The nitrogen rich strip technique involves applying extra nitrogen to a strip to indicate crop need. Sensor readings from the strip are used to calculate a response index and estimate yield potential. This information feeds algorithms to determine the optimal nitrogen rate. Producers using these techniques can increase nitrogen use efficiency while maintaining yields, saving on input costs. The approach has been adopted worldwide in major cropping systems and countries.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different grazing densities on nutrient cycling and dung beetle populations. The study was conducted at a ranch in Nebraska and compared low and high stocking density grazing. Key findings include:
1) Dung beetle diversity was higher under rotational grazing compared to continuous grazing or no grazing.
2) Greenhouse gas fluxes from dung pats were similar whether dung beetles were present or excluded.
3) Soil ammonium levels were higher under dung pats after 7-28 days, while nitrate levels peaked at 7 days and then declined.
Assessment of wheat yield gap in Central AsiaExternalEvents
This document analyzes wheat yield gaps in Central Asia through case studies from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. It finds that irrigated wheat yields could be increased 1.5 times through optimal irrigation and nitrogen application. Rainfed wheat yields could increase 1.6 times through early sowing, supplementary irrigation, busy fallow periods, crop residue retention, water harvesting, and optimal nitrogen application. Closing yield gaps requires improved varieties, crop rotations, optimal sowing dates, leaching to control salinity, and applying nitrogen after rainfall.
Reference Strips and Precision Sensors for Nitrogen Managementuiolgawalsh
This document summarizes a presentation on precision agriculture given by Olga Walsh. The presentation covered the benefits of precision agriculture for producers through tools like variable rate technology, current Idaho research projects on improving water and nitrogen use efficiency in wheat, and the future of precision agriculture with technologies like drones and robotics. Walsh discussed the concepts of yield goal versus yield potential and how crop sensors can help estimate yield potential to determine precise nitrogen needs. Reference strips and understanding common misconceptions about sensors were also covered.
Processed based crop models try to mimic how plants respond to their environment. This presentation discusses using the DSSAT family of crop models to project yields under different climate scenarios for use in global economic modeling. The models require inputs for weather, soil properties, variety attributes and more. They output daily growth metrics and end of season yields. By running the models repeatedly across locations, global yield projections can be generated to feed into models like IMPACT that assess impacts at a regional level. Data quality, model robustness, and computational efficiency are important considerations.
Presentation at the Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA) Annual Forum June 15, 2016 in Rome, Italy.
by Meryl Richards, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Todd Rosenstock (ICRAF), Lini Wollenberg (CCAFS), Klaus Butterbach-Bahl (ILRI, KIT), Mariana Rufino (CIFOR, Leeds) and many others
Session 06, Introduction to biodiversity sample-based data publishing at the ...Alberto González-Talaván
This presentation sets the basic principles for the publishing of biodiversity information coming from sampling efforts. It was first presented in the training event for GBIF Participant nodes part of the 22nd meeting of the GBIF Governing Board.
Slide deck developed and presented by L. Smirnova (Royal Museum for Central Africa - Belgium).
Optical sensors like the GreenSeeker can be used to optimize nitrogen application rates. The nitrogen rich strip technique involves applying extra nitrogen to a strip to indicate crop need. Sensor readings from the strip are used to calculate a response index and estimate yield potential. This information feeds algorithms to determine the optimal nitrogen rate. Producers using these techniques can increase nitrogen use efficiency while maintaining yields, saving on input costs. The approach has been adopted worldwide in major cropping systems and countries.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different grazing densities on nutrient cycling and dung beetle populations. The study was conducted at a ranch in Nebraska and compared low and high stocking density grazing. Key findings include:
1) Dung beetle diversity was higher under rotational grazing compared to continuous grazing or no grazing.
2) Greenhouse gas fluxes from dung pats were similar whether dung beetles were present or excluded.
3) Soil ammonium levels were higher under dung pats after 7-28 days, while nitrate levels peaked at 7 days and then declined.
Assessment of wheat yield gap in Central AsiaExternalEvents
This document analyzes wheat yield gaps in Central Asia through case studies from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. It finds that irrigated wheat yields could be increased 1.5 times through optimal irrigation and nitrogen application. Rainfed wheat yields could increase 1.6 times through early sowing, supplementary irrigation, busy fallow periods, crop residue retention, water harvesting, and optimal nitrogen application. Closing yield gaps requires improved varieties, crop rotations, optimal sowing dates, leaching to control salinity, and applying nitrogen after rainfall.
Reference Strips and Precision Sensors for Nitrogen Managementuiolgawalsh
This document summarizes a presentation on precision agriculture given by Olga Walsh. The presentation covered the benefits of precision agriculture for producers through tools like variable rate technology, current Idaho research projects on improving water and nitrogen use efficiency in wheat, and the future of precision agriculture with technologies like drones and robotics. Walsh discussed the concepts of yield goal versus yield potential and how crop sensors can help estimate yield potential to determine precise nitrogen needs. Reference strips and understanding common misconceptions about sensors were also covered.
Processed based crop models try to mimic how plants respond to their environment. This presentation discusses using the DSSAT family of crop models to project yields under different climate scenarios for use in global economic modeling. The models require inputs for weather, soil properties, variety attributes and more. They output daily growth metrics and end of season yields. By running the models repeatedly across locations, global yield projections can be generated to feed into models like IMPACT that assess impacts at a regional level. Data quality, model robustness, and computational efficiency are important considerations.
This thesis assessed irrigation practices at the Eden Project, which contains two large biomes - a humid tropics biome and a warm temperate biome. The author conducted an audit of climate conditions inside and outside the biomes, measuring temperature, humidity, and solar radiation. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was also calculated inside and outside, finding lower ETo values inside due to lower wind speeds and solar transmissivity. Irrigation zones within the biomes were mapped and the FAO's crop factor method was used to estimate theoretical plant water needs, which were then compared to actual water usage records. The author concluded climate is optimized for plant growth inside but irrigation practices could be improved by scheduling based on ETo and sensors
Using well-established empirical and mechanistic models such as Ecocrop, Maxent, DSSAT to assess the impact of climate change on productivity and climate-suitability of crops and production systems.
Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Yield and Water Productivity of Onion (Allium...Premier Publishers
The field experiment was conducted in Bennatsemay Woreda, Enchete kebele during 2018 season with objective of investigating the effect of deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity of onion under conventional furrow irrigation system. Six treatments (T1=100% ETc, T2=85% ETc, T3=70% ETc, T4=50% ETc, T5=100% ETc Is, 85% ETc Ds, 70% ETc Ms, 50% ETc Ls and T6=85% ETc Is, 70% ETc Ds, 50% ETc Ms, 0% ETc Ls) were imposed on onion (Allium cepa L.) and laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Results indicated that the different deficit irrigation levels had highly significant (p < 0.01) effect on vegetative growth, yield, yield components and water use efficiency of onion. The highest bulb yield of 21.3 t/ha were obtained from T1 which was significantly different to all other treatments while yield from T6 (12.86 t/ha) was recorded as the lowest one. Similarly, the highest IWUE (2.41 kg/m3) and CWUE (4.02 kg/m3) were obtained from T6. However, at T4 and T6 high yield reduction was recorded which may not be attractive for producers. Therefore, it could be concluded that increased water saving and water productivity through irrigation at 70% ETc deficit irrigation level under conventional furrow irrigation system can solve the problem of water shortage and would ensure the opportunity of further irrigation development in the study area and similar agro-ecology.
IRJET - Agrotech: Soil Analysis and Crop PredictionIRJET Journal
This document presents a system for soil analysis and crop prediction using data mining techniques. The system measures soil parameters like pH, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium using sensors. It then uses a decision tree algorithm to classify the soil and predict suitable crops. The pH value is used to estimate other nutrient values. The nutrient values and soil type are sent over WiFi to a server, which uses machine learning to predict crops and provide fertilizer recommendations to the farmer. The proposed system automates the soil testing process and aims to help farmers select optimal crops and increase agricultural yields.
USING E-INFRASTRUCTURES FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION - Module 3Gianpaolo Coro
An e-Infrastructure is a distributed network of service nodes, residing on multiple sites and managed by one or more organizations. e-Infrastructures allow scientists residing at distant places to collaborate. They offer a multiplicity of facilities as-a-service, supporting data sharing and usage at different levels of abstraction, e.g. data transfer, data harmonization, data processing workflows etc. e-Infrastructures are gaining an important place in the field of biodiversity conservation. Their computational capabilities help scientists to reuse models, obtain results in shorter time and share these results with other colleagues. They are also used to access several and heterogeneous biodiversity catalogues.
In this course, the D4Science e-Infrastructure will be used to conduct experiments in the field of biodiversity conservation. D4Science hosts models and contributions by several international organizations involved in the biodiversity conservation field. The course will give students an overview of the models, the practices and the methods that large international organizations like FAO and UNESCO apply by means of D4Science. At the same time, the course will introduce students to the basic concepts under e-Infrastructures, Virtual Research Environments, data sharing and experiments reproducibility.
GreenSeeker - a modern tool for nitrogen managementTanmoy Paik
Tanmoy Paik presented on modern nitrogen management tools like the GreenSeeker sensor. The GreenSeeker sensor measures crop biomass and nitrogen needs using light sensors to calculate the NDVI index. Studies have shown that applying nitrogen based on GreenSeeker recommendations can optimize nitrogen rates and increase profits while minimizing environmental losses compared to uniform application. The GreenSeeker is useful but does have some limitations like initial cost and need for calibration. Overall, sensor-based precision nitrogen management tools like the GreenSeeker can help optimize nitrogen usage.
Precision agriculture in relation to nutrient management by Dr. Tarik MitranDr. Tarik Mitran
Precision agriculture techniques can help optimize nutrient management by accounting for spatial variability within fields. Soil sampling is done on a grid to produce fertility maps showing nutrient levels in different areas. GPS and GIS combine to map yield and collect data that identifies low-yielding zones. Remote sensing uses imagery to detect differences such as no-till fields. Yield monitors coupled with GPS measure harvest yields in various locations. Variable rate technology then applies nutrients precisely based on need. This precision nutrient management improves efficiency and protects the environment.
Dr. B. L. Sinha discusses the history and definition of precision agriculture. Precision agriculture has been practiced for hundreds of years through adaptations like the transition from horse-drawn plows to tractors. In recent decades, technology like GPS, GIS systems, and remote sensing has allowed for more precise data collection and analysis at subfield levels. This enables variable applications tailored to spatial and temporal variability in fields. By improving efficiency and reducing waste, precision agriculture benefits farmers through increased profits and more sustainable practices.
These slides are about how crop and weather are interlinked an d how their association can be an impressive tools in the hands of the creative minds of the scientific world.
Reporting the first year of results towards a Canada-wide evaluation of fresh...James Snider
Presentation at the Genomes to Biomes 2014 joint meeting of the Canadian Society of Ecology and Evolution, Canadian Society of Zoology, and the Limnology Society of Canada.
Presentation by Avery Cohn, Maria Bowman, David Zilberman and Kate O’Neill, Workshop on Institutional arrangements for forest-agriculture boundaries, August 2011
This document discusses precision agriculture and provides an overview of key concepts:
1. Precision agriculture aims to optimize field management to match crop needs, protect the environment, and boost farm economics through efficient practices.
2. It involves characterizing field variability, making decisions based on soil maps and sensor data, and implementing variable-rate technology.
3. Current trends include high-accuracy GPS, input management like variable-rate fertilizer application, and information management tools to aid decision-making.
4. The document describes technologies like guidance systems, drones, wireless sensors, and yield mapping that are part of precision agriculture approaches.
1. The study examined the effects of tetracycline antibiotic on nitrogen cycling microbial communities and N2O emissions in grassland soils treated with manure and tetracycline.
2. Results showed tetracycline inhibited soil N2 production in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced N2O production at high concentrations.
3. Soil mesocosms treated with manure and tetracycline had higher initial N2O fluxes that decreased over time, while N2 production was only inhibited in tetracycline-treated mesocosms.
4. Fungal N2 production was more inhibited in mesocosms treated with tetracycline or manure, suggesting these treatments shift denitrification
(1) The document presents a new approach to macrofaunal baseline assessment, monitoring, and sustainable exploitation of the seabed using big data. (2) Over 33,000 samples were collected and analyzed to characterize faunal assemblages, relate fauna to sediment composition, and establish a method to assess sediment change from dredging. (3) Online tools were developed to provide the faunal baseline, relate fauna and sediments, and assess sediment change, enabling more effective environmental management and monitoring.
Presentation at workshop: Reducing the costs of GHG estimates in agriculture to inform low emissions development
November 10-12, 2014
Sponsored by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
This document summarizes a study examining the impact of different fertilizer application rates on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrogen losses from plantain crops in Puerto Rico. The study involves measuring N2O fluxes, soil nutrients, plant growth, and yields from a control and 3 treatments - a slow release fertilizer, the local agricultural university's recommended rate, and no additional nitrogen. Preliminary results show significantly reduced N2O emissions from the lower nitrogen rates, though yields were similar across treatments. The results will be used to calibrate a modeling tool to estimate potential nutrient and greenhouse gas reductions across Puerto Rico and identify areas for greatest impact. The long term goals are to develop best practices to reduce emissions and establish an
The document discusses edge-of-field water quality monitoring research conducted by USDA-ARS on 40 agricultural fields in Ohio. The research aims to understand nutrient losses through surface runoff and tile drainage using instrumentation like H-flumes and sampling equipment. Preliminary findings show phosphorus losses are impacted by soil test phosphorus levels, fertilizer rate, timing and placement, and drainage management practices like cover crops and drainage water management can help reduce losses. The research is funded through various partners and collaborators are engaged to disseminate findings.
1) Livestock, especially ruminants like cattle and sheep, contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for about 15% of total anthropogenic emissions.
2) There are challenges in accurately estimating livestock numbers, characteristics, and spatial distribution at different scales due to limitations in census and other data.
3) Methane emissions from livestock can be measured directly but these techniques are not practical for large-scale monitoring; proxies using techniques like laser measurement and near infrared spectroscopy of feces show promise for benchmarking emissions across properties and regions.
Research and transfer of Double-high technology based on agroecological princ...FAO
Presentation from Fusuo Zhang from Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security at China Agricultural University on technology transfer in agroecological farming approaches, in the framework of agricultural production in China. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
1) The project studied the impacts of growing energy beets for biofuel production on soil health, crop yields, and downstream water quality in North Dakota.
2) Field experiments were conducted and soil, crop, and hydrologic models were developed and calibrated to simulate the effects of energy beet production.
3) Land use and economic models were used to simulate how beet processing facilities might change land use patterns and downstream water quality under different price and transportation scenarios.
This thesis assessed irrigation practices at the Eden Project, which contains two large biomes - a humid tropics biome and a warm temperate biome. The author conducted an audit of climate conditions inside and outside the biomes, measuring temperature, humidity, and solar radiation. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was also calculated inside and outside, finding lower ETo values inside due to lower wind speeds and solar transmissivity. Irrigation zones within the biomes were mapped and the FAO's crop factor method was used to estimate theoretical plant water needs, which were then compared to actual water usage records. The author concluded climate is optimized for plant growth inside but irrigation practices could be improved by scheduling based on ETo and sensors
Using well-established empirical and mechanistic models such as Ecocrop, Maxent, DSSAT to assess the impact of climate change on productivity and climate-suitability of crops and production systems.
Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Yield and Water Productivity of Onion (Allium...Premier Publishers
The field experiment was conducted in Bennatsemay Woreda, Enchete kebele during 2018 season with objective of investigating the effect of deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity of onion under conventional furrow irrigation system. Six treatments (T1=100% ETc, T2=85% ETc, T3=70% ETc, T4=50% ETc, T5=100% ETc Is, 85% ETc Ds, 70% ETc Ms, 50% ETc Ls and T6=85% ETc Is, 70% ETc Ds, 50% ETc Ms, 0% ETc Ls) were imposed on onion (Allium cepa L.) and laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Results indicated that the different deficit irrigation levels had highly significant (p < 0.01) effect on vegetative growth, yield, yield components and water use efficiency of onion. The highest bulb yield of 21.3 t/ha were obtained from T1 which was significantly different to all other treatments while yield from T6 (12.86 t/ha) was recorded as the lowest one. Similarly, the highest IWUE (2.41 kg/m3) and CWUE (4.02 kg/m3) were obtained from T6. However, at T4 and T6 high yield reduction was recorded which may not be attractive for producers. Therefore, it could be concluded that increased water saving and water productivity through irrigation at 70% ETc deficit irrigation level under conventional furrow irrigation system can solve the problem of water shortage and would ensure the opportunity of further irrigation development in the study area and similar agro-ecology.
IRJET - Agrotech: Soil Analysis and Crop PredictionIRJET Journal
This document presents a system for soil analysis and crop prediction using data mining techniques. The system measures soil parameters like pH, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium using sensors. It then uses a decision tree algorithm to classify the soil and predict suitable crops. The pH value is used to estimate other nutrient values. The nutrient values and soil type are sent over WiFi to a server, which uses machine learning to predict crops and provide fertilizer recommendations to the farmer. The proposed system automates the soil testing process and aims to help farmers select optimal crops and increase agricultural yields.
USING E-INFRASTRUCTURES FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION - Module 3Gianpaolo Coro
An e-Infrastructure is a distributed network of service nodes, residing on multiple sites and managed by one or more organizations. e-Infrastructures allow scientists residing at distant places to collaborate. They offer a multiplicity of facilities as-a-service, supporting data sharing and usage at different levels of abstraction, e.g. data transfer, data harmonization, data processing workflows etc. e-Infrastructures are gaining an important place in the field of biodiversity conservation. Their computational capabilities help scientists to reuse models, obtain results in shorter time and share these results with other colleagues. They are also used to access several and heterogeneous biodiversity catalogues.
In this course, the D4Science e-Infrastructure will be used to conduct experiments in the field of biodiversity conservation. D4Science hosts models and contributions by several international organizations involved in the biodiversity conservation field. The course will give students an overview of the models, the practices and the methods that large international organizations like FAO and UNESCO apply by means of D4Science. At the same time, the course will introduce students to the basic concepts under e-Infrastructures, Virtual Research Environments, data sharing and experiments reproducibility.
GreenSeeker - a modern tool for nitrogen managementTanmoy Paik
Tanmoy Paik presented on modern nitrogen management tools like the GreenSeeker sensor. The GreenSeeker sensor measures crop biomass and nitrogen needs using light sensors to calculate the NDVI index. Studies have shown that applying nitrogen based on GreenSeeker recommendations can optimize nitrogen rates and increase profits while minimizing environmental losses compared to uniform application. The GreenSeeker is useful but does have some limitations like initial cost and need for calibration. Overall, sensor-based precision nitrogen management tools like the GreenSeeker can help optimize nitrogen usage.
Precision agriculture in relation to nutrient management by Dr. Tarik MitranDr. Tarik Mitran
Precision agriculture techniques can help optimize nutrient management by accounting for spatial variability within fields. Soil sampling is done on a grid to produce fertility maps showing nutrient levels in different areas. GPS and GIS combine to map yield and collect data that identifies low-yielding zones. Remote sensing uses imagery to detect differences such as no-till fields. Yield monitors coupled with GPS measure harvest yields in various locations. Variable rate technology then applies nutrients precisely based on need. This precision nutrient management improves efficiency and protects the environment.
Dr. B. L. Sinha discusses the history and definition of precision agriculture. Precision agriculture has been practiced for hundreds of years through adaptations like the transition from horse-drawn plows to tractors. In recent decades, technology like GPS, GIS systems, and remote sensing has allowed for more precise data collection and analysis at subfield levels. This enables variable applications tailored to spatial and temporal variability in fields. By improving efficiency and reducing waste, precision agriculture benefits farmers through increased profits and more sustainable practices.
These slides are about how crop and weather are interlinked an d how their association can be an impressive tools in the hands of the creative minds of the scientific world.
Reporting the first year of results towards a Canada-wide evaluation of fresh...James Snider
Presentation at the Genomes to Biomes 2014 joint meeting of the Canadian Society of Ecology and Evolution, Canadian Society of Zoology, and the Limnology Society of Canada.
Presentation by Avery Cohn, Maria Bowman, David Zilberman and Kate O’Neill, Workshop on Institutional arrangements for forest-agriculture boundaries, August 2011
This document discusses precision agriculture and provides an overview of key concepts:
1. Precision agriculture aims to optimize field management to match crop needs, protect the environment, and boost farm economics through efficient practices.
2. It involves characterizing field variability, making decisions based on soil maps and sensor data, and implementing variable-rate technology.
3. Current trends include high-accuracy GPS, input management like variable-rate fertilizer application, and information management tools to aid decision-making.
4. The document describes technologies like guidance systems, drones, wireless sensors, and yield mapping that are part of precision agriculture approaches.
1. The study examined the effects of tetracycline antibiotic on nitrogen cycling microbial communities and N2O emissions in grassland soils treated with manure and tetracycline.
2. Results showed tetracycline inhibited soil N2 production in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced N2O production at high concentrations.
3. Soil mesocosms treated with manure and tetracycline had higher initial N2O fluxes that decreased over time, while N2 production was only inhibited in tetracycline-treated mesocosms.
4. Fungal N2 production was more inhibited in mesocosms treated with tetracycline or manure, suggesting these treatments shift denitrification
(1) The document presents a new approach to macrofaunal baseline assessment, monitoring, and sustainable exploitation of the seabed using big data. (2) Over 33,000 samples were collected and analyzed to characterize faunal assemblages, relate fauna to sediment composition, and establish a method to assess sediment change from dredging. (3) Online tools were developed to provide the faunal baseline, relate fauna and sediments, and assess sediment change, enabling more effective environmental management and monitoring.
Presentation at workshop: Reducing the costs of GHG estimates in agriculture to inform low emissions development
November 10-12, 2014
Sponsored by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
This document summarizes a study examining the impact of different fertilizer application rates on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrogen losses from plantain crops in Puerto Rico. The study involves measuring N2O fluxes, soil nutrients, plant growth, and yields from a control and 3 treatments - a slow release fertilizer, the local agricultural university's recommended rate, and no additional nitrogen. Preliminary results show significantly reduced N2O emissions from the lower nitrogen rates, though yields were similar across treatments. The results will be used to calibrate a modeling tool to estimate potential nutrient and greenhouse gas reductions across Puerto Rico and identify areas for greatest impact. The long term goals are to develop best practices to reduce emissions and establish an
The document discusses edge-of-field water quality monitoring research conducted by USDA-ARS on 40 agricultural fields in Ohio. The research aims to understand nutrient losses through surface runoff and tile drainage using instrumentation like H-flumes and sampling equipment. Preliminary findings show phosphorus losses are impacted by soil test phosphorus levels, fertilizer rate, timing and placement, and drainage management practices like cover crops and drainage water management can help reduce losses. The research is funded through various partners and collaborators are engaged to disseminate findings.
1) Livestock, especially ruminants like cattle and sheep, contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for about 15% of total anthropogenic emissions.
2) There are challenges in accurately estimating livestock numbers, characteristics, and spatial distribution at different scales due to limitations in census and other data.
3) Methane emissions from livestock can be measured directly but these techniques are not practical for large-scale monitoring; proxies using techniques like laser measurement and near infrared spectroscopy of feces show promise for benchmarking emissions across properties and regions.
Research and transfer of Double-high technology based on agroecological princ...FAO
Presentation from Fusuo Zhang from Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security at China Agricultural University on technology transfer in agroecological farming approaches, in the framework of agricultural production in China. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
1) The project studied the impacts of growing energy beets for biofuel production on soil health, crop yields, and downstream water quality in North Dakota.
2) Field experiments were conducted and soil, crop, and hydrologic models were developed and calibrated to simulate the effects of energy beet production.
3) Land use and economic models were used to simulate how beet processing facilities might change land use patterns and downstream water quality under different price and transportation scenarios.
This document summarizes research on evergreen agriculture for sustainable intensification and resilience in the African drylands. The research examines the role of native shrub species, such as Guiera senegalensis and Piliostigma reticulatum, which are commonly found in farmers' fields. Several key findings are highlighted: 1) Shrubs provide significant carbon storage and inputs to soils. 2) Shrubs enhance water infiltration and groundwater recharge through hydraulic redistribution without competing with crops for water. 3) The shrub rhizosphere maintains high microbial activity and diversity year-round. The presence of shrubs has been shown to increase crop yields substantially.
Particulate matter from open lot dairies and cattle feeding: recent developmentsLPE Learning Center
The full proceedings paper is at: http://www.extension.org/72731
The research community is making good progress in understanding the mechanical, biochemical, and atmospheric processes that are responsible for airborne emissions of particulate matter (PM, or dust) from open-lot livestock production, especially dairies and cattle feedyards. Recent studies in Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, California, and Australia have expanded the available data on both emission rates and abatement measures. Although the uncertainties associated with our estimates of fugitive emissions are still unacceptably high, we have learned from our recent experience with ammonia that using a wide variety of credible measurement techniques, rather than focusing on one so-called “standard” technique, may be the better way to improve confidence in our estimates. Whereas the most promising control measures for gaseous emissions continue to be dietary strategies with management of corral-surface moisture a close second for particulate matter, corral-surface management and moisture management play comparable roles, depending on the mechanical strength of soils and the availability of water, respectively. The cost per unit reduction of emitted mass attributable to these abatement measures varies as widely as the emissions estimates themselves, so we need to intensify our emphasis on process-based emissions research to (a) reduce the variances in our emissions estimates and (b) mitigate the contingency of prior, empirically based estimates. As a general rule, although cattle feedyard emission factors may be thought a reasonable starting point for estimating emissions from open-lot dairies, such estimates should be viewed with suspicion.
Introducing the CLEANED framework for environmental ex-ante impact assessmen...ILRI
Presented by Mats Lannerstad (ILRI), An Notenbaert (CIAT), Birthe Paul (CIAT), Simon Fraval (ILRI), Ylva Ran (SEI), Jeanne Morris (SEI), Jessica Koge (CIAT), Simon Mugatha (ILRI), Edmund Githoro (ILRI), Jennie Barron (SEI) and Mario Herrero (CSIRO) at CLEANED Validation, Synthesis and Planning Workshop, Machakos, Kenya, 30-31 October 2014
The document provides initial recommendations for a Climate-Smart Agriculture Project proposal in Malawi. It defines Climate-Smart Agriculture as increasing productivity sustainably, enhancing resilience to climate change impacts, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The recommendations focus on the first two pillars of CSA - sustainably increasing productivity and adaptation. Specific recommendations include incorporating flood management techniques, sustainable water management, soil management to increase carbon content, integrating trees into farming systems, and investing in research, extension, and monitoring programs to track progress of CSA interventions.
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
This document summarizes a workshop on potato yield gap analysis held in Kenya. It discusses the importance of analyzing yield gaps to meet increasing global food demand through closing yield gaps rather than expanding agricultural land. Potato production and yields are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa but remain low on average. The concepts of potential yield, attainable yield, and actual farmer yields are introduced. Yield gaps are defined as the difference between potential and actual yields and can be measured at local or broader scales. Methods for estimating potential and actual yields are described. An example from Rwanda shows a large yield gap between potential and actual potato yields.
International Society for Tropical Root Crops (ISTRC). Tropical roots and tubers in a changing climate: A critical opportunity for the world, program and abstracts of papers. Lima (Peru). International Potato Center (CIP); ISTRC; Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM). 2009. p. 170. AP(SB 209 I59.4 2009) (AN=72635)
This document discusses connecting nutrient management and conservation planning. It notes that practices should be tailored for both production and conservation goals, and consider potential side effects. A holistic, systems approach is needed that shifts away from single practices to integrated conservation management systems. Specific points are made about nitrogen and phosphorus management and how no-till can impact different forms of phosphorus loss. Cover crops are shown to significantly decrease sediment loss but their impact on dissolved phosphorus is more complex, potentially increasing loss in some cases. The roles of soil biology and fertilizer management on phosphorus dynamics are also addressed.
Improving the quantification of agricultural emissions in low-income countries. WATCH LIVE on WEDNESDAY 4 DECEMBER 14:30 CET: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/videostream
Importance of developing regional greenhouse gas emission factorsILRI
This document discusses the importance of developing regional greenhouse gas emission factors. It notes that current models for estimating emissions from agriculture are likely using incorrect emission factors from other regions. Preliminary data from Africa and Asia show emissions can be 10-40% higher than IPCC estimates for livestock manure and 1-10% higher for N2O from cropping systems. More accurate regional factors are needed for national greenhouse gas inventories, climate policies, and verifying if practices promoted as "climate smart" truly mitigate emissions given local conditions and management.
Presentation at the Low Emissions Livestock: Supporting Policy Making and Implementation through Science in East Africa regional awareness raising workshop held at the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between 2 and 4 July 2018.
Similar to Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from managed and natural soils (20)
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Preventing the next pandemic: a 12-slide primer on emerging zoonotic diseasesILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Preventing preventable diseases: a 12-slide primer on foodborne diseaseILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Preventing a post-antibiotic era: a 12-slide primer on antimicrobial resistanceILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
The Food Safety Working Group (FSWG) in Vietnam was created in 2015 at the request of the Deputy Prime Minister to address food safety issues in the country. It brings together government agencies, ministries, and development partners to facilitate joint policy dialogue and improve food safety. Over eight years of operations led by different organizations, the FSWG has contributed to various initiatives. However, it faces challenges of diminished government participation over time and dependence on active members. Going forward, it will strengthen its operations by integrating under Vietnam's One Health Partnership framework to better engage stakeholders and achieve policy impacts.
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from managed and natural soils
1. Quan&fying greenhouse gas emissions from
managed and natural soils
Klaus
Bu(erbach-‐Bahl1,2,
Bjoern
Ole
Sander3,
David
Pelster1,
Eugenio
Díaz-‐Pinés2
Rome, Reducing the costs of GHG es&mates in agriculture to inform low emissions
development, FAO-‐CCAFS Workshop, November 10-‐12, 2014
1Interna(onal Livestock Research Ins(tute, Kenya; 2Karlsruhe Ins(tute of Technology, Germany; 3Interna(onal Rice
Research Ins(tute, Phillipines; 4The University of Western Australia, Australia
2. Agricultural GHG emissions and developing
countries
• Agriculture
is
responsible
for
47
and
84%
of
anthropogenic
CH4
and
N2O
emission,
respec@vely
(Smith
et
al.
2007)
• But
these
es@mates
are
based
on
studies
in
Europe
/
N
America
/
Australia
• Importance
of
smallholder
farms
(e.g.
in
SSA)
• 75%
of
agricultural
produc@on
and
75%
of
job
produc@on
in
SSA
(Africa
Development
Bank,
2010)
• 80%
of
farms
in
SSA
<
2
ha
(FAO
2010)
• Yield
are
very
low
(~1
Mg
ha-‐1)
3. GHG emissions and underlying mechanisms
Emission
=
produc@on
(microbial/
chemical)
–
consump@on
(microbial/
chemical)
BuZerbach-‐Bahl
et
al,
2013,
Phil.
Trans.
R.
Soc.
4. GHG emissions processes and measuring
techniques
BuZerbach-‐Bahl
et
al,
2013,
Phil.
Trans.
R.
Soc.
5. Drivers of soil GHG emissions
Turner
et
al.
2008,
Plant
&
Soil
Van
Beek
et
al.
2010,
Nutr.
Cycl
Agroecosys.
• Soil
proper@es
and
soil
environmental
condi@ons
• Agricultural
management
(e.g.
fer@liza@on,
irriga@on,
residue
management…)
• Microbe-‐plant
interac@ons
and
microbial
diversity
• ……..
6. Advantages of chamber techniques
Plus
• Simple,
low
cost,
„easy“
to
apply
• Allows
studying
of
management
effects
• Can
be
established
elsewhere
• Existence
of
protocolls
(e.g.
USDA,
GRA)
Minus
• Change
in
soil
environmental
condi@ons
• Spa@al
and
temporal
variability
• Accuracy
of
measurements
• ….
11. Chamber techniques – temporal variability
Barton
et
al.,
2014,
in
prep.
OVERALL OBJECTIVE
Investigate the effect of sample
frequency on estimates of annual N2O
fluxes, using published data collected:
• On a sub-daily
basis using
automated
chamber
systems
• From a variety
of climates and
land-usesMeasuring
soil
N2O
emissions
from
a
cropped
soil
using
chambers.
Photo:
Graeme
Schwenke,
NSW,
Australia
12. Chamber techniques – temporal variability
APPROACH
Daily
fluxes
by
averaging
sub-‐daily
fluxes
(removed
diurnal
varia0on)
Annual
fluxes
at
different
sampling
frequencies
Propor@on
of
‘daily’
annual
flux
es@mated
by
each
sample
frequency
=
%
devia0on
of
‘daily’
annual
flux
For each data set, we calculated:
Barton
et
al.,
2014,
in
prep.
14. Chamber techniques – temporal variability
Barton
et
al.,
2014,
in
prep.
Measurement frequency
0 7 14 21 28
Numberofdata-sets
0
5
10
15
20
25
Within 10%
Within 20%
Within 30%
8%
RECOMMENDED
SAMPLING
FREQUENCY
Annual
flux
within
10%,
20%
and
30%
17. Summary
• Measurements
are
needed,
not
only
GHG
fluxes,
but
also
auxilliary
data
• Chamber
techniques
are
best
suited
to
address
the
diversity
of
systems
in
developing
countries,
but
• hierachical
approach
should
be
considered
(very
detailed,
detailed,
basic)
• Piralls
at
every
step,
QA/
QC
is
essen@al
• Targe@ng
is
needed,
to
close
gaps
in
knowledge