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Improving the quantification of agriculture emissions in low-income countries by DR. Todd Rosenstock
The document discusses the quantification of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in low-income countries, highlighting the lack of data on smallholder impacts on emissions. It emphasizes the development of context-specific methods and analytical capacity to improve emission assessments and develop mitigation strategies. Additionally, it outlines various agricultural practices that can enhance both livelihoods and greenhouse gas mitigation efforts.
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Improving the quantification of agriculture emissions in low-income countries by DR. Todd Rosenstock
- 1. Improving the quantificationof agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in low-income countries: Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems (SAMPLES) Todd Rosenstock, M Rufino, K Butterbach-Bahl, L Wollenberg, BO Sander, D Stern, D Pelster, H Neufeldt, R Wassmann, L Verchot, P van Asten, C Arias-Navarro, G Saiz, E Diaz-Pines, M Richards, I Ortiz-Monasterio, ML Jat, M Tapio-Bistrom, M Peters, A Castro, T Sapkota, and many others CCAFS Live Stream| 4 December 2013 Photo courtesy of L Wollenberg
- 2. Role of Agriculture Ocean acidification Nitrogen cycle Planetary Boundaries Climate change Phosphorous cycle Current status Biodiversity loss Global freshwater use Changein land use Rockström et al. (2009); Bennett et al. (in prep.) Slide courtesy of B. Campbell
- 3. Sustainable natural resource management Agricultural production Courtesy:van Noordwijk unpublished
- 4. Suggestive mitigation potentialof agricultural practices Smith et al. 2008
- 5. But what dowe really know about the impact of smallholders on greenhouse gas emissions and removals in developing countries? Virtually no data + = field = lab-based Studies of N2O emissions from managed soils in SSA Hickman et al. in prep
- 6. Estimates based ondata and models from other location can provide erroneous estimates of sources and sinks 15 Local equation: Our Equation Brown, 1997 AGB (Mg) 12 Chave et al. 2005 Henry et al. 2009 As much as a 13% underestimation of biomass 9 6 3 0 0 30 60 90 120 dbh (cm) Kuyah et al. 2012 Ag, Eco & Env.; Kuyah and Rosenstock in review
- 7. Predicting emissions forsmallholder cropping systems with available tools 800 Predicted CO2e kg/ha Predicted by Cool Farm Tool (CO2e kg ha-1 season-1) 1000 600 Maize Zimbabwe 400 Maize China Maize Tanzania 200 Tea Kenya Vegetables Kenya or Tanzania 0 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 Measured CO2e kg/ha Measured (CO2e kg ha-1 season-1) Richards et al. in prep
- 8. There is nodata, so what… • Calibrating to LED • Emerging green economy • Weakens position at global climate talk Low-emissions development The green economy Global negotiations
- 9. White = livelihoods Red= mitigation The challenge Cash crop N2O Feed crop Fuel C sequestration Pasture Food/cash CH4 C sequestration Kaptumo, Kenya
- 10.
- 11. Not all greenhousegas numbers are equally credible Rochette and Eriksen-Hamil 2008 60% of 360 studies of N2O emissions were inadequately reported to have confidence in results
- 13. Development of newcontext specific methods Research constraints Spatial heterogeneity Small-scale spatial heterogeneity Analytical capacity Arias-Navarro et al. 2013 SBB
- 14. Development of newcontext specific methods Research constraints Spatial heterogeneity Small-scale spatial heterogeneity Analytical capacity in the lab Arias-Navarro et al. 2013 SBB
- 15. Good agreement betweenpooled sample and average flux Arias-Navarro et al. 2013 SBB
- 16. Methodological innovations Smallholder centric GHGimpacts linked to productivity Multi-scale Cost differentiated Region/ Continent Landscape/ Watershed Rosenstock et al. 2013 ERL Farm
- 17. SocioBiophysical economic A layeredapproach to identifying agricultural hotspots -Enabling policy env. -Population density -Wealth -Management practices -Farming systems -Soils -Climate
- 18. Capacity building: institutionaland scientific NARS Short courses Universities MS and PhDs
- 19. Climate, Food, andFarming Network (CLIFF) 2012 2013
- 20. Recent clearing Woody fallow Agroforestry species Maize Quantifyinglandscape emissions Cassava
- 21. Deconstructing complex landscapesand farms Complex landscape: f (m, n, o, p, q) GIS analysis, re mote sensing Physical environment Food security, pov erty levels Land Livestock Other assets Sources of incomes Productivity, GHG emissions, cr op preferences Characterise fertility x management m Landscape units n Farm types p Farming activities o Common lands q Land types
- 22. Landscape units andland users in Nyando, Kenya Target locations for quantification
- 23. Quantification methods Biomass carbon Livelihoods Enteric fermention Soilemissions Soil carbon
- 24. Tradeoff analysis ofmultiple criteria
- 25. Identifying mitigation options Alternatewetting and drying CH4 reduction 43%. Sander et al. in press
- 26. Social constraints towater differs among farmers 1) Canal irrigation (upstream, low area, Bulacan 1) Should always have sufficient water 2) NIA-operated water pump (high-lying area, Bulacan 2) Pumps water 24/7 to higher area, electr. fee 3) Community owned water pump (Tarlac) Farmer buys diesel for usage of pump 4) Imposed AWD (canal end, Nueva Ecija) Water is supplied every other week Sander and Wassmann ongoing
- 27. Cumulative methane emissionsin 2013 in Philippine farmer fields 8 Bulacan 1 -66% 5.3 6 4 1.8 2 7.8 6 4 1.8 2 10 AWD Tarlac -70% 8 3.7 4 1.1 2 0 CF 10 t CO2-eq/ha*season CF t CO2-eq/ha*season 8 0 0 6 Bulacan 2 -77% 10 t CO2-eq/ha*season t CO2-eq/ha*season 10 AWD NE -65% 8.6 8 6 3.0 4 2 0 CF AWD CF AWD Sander and Wassmann ongoing
- 28. Alternate wetting anddrying yields equal to those of continuous flooding in 2013 grain yield (t/ha) 10 * 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CF AWD Bulacan 1 CF AWD Bulacan 2 CF AWD Tarlac CF AWD Nueva Ecija Sander and Wassmann ongoing
- 29. The efforts resultin quantitative mitigation options Measures being investigated at various SAMPLES sites Income & food security Mitigation of GHGs CO2 CH4 N 2O +/- + + Improved diets + Water management + + + Manure management + + +/- Conservation agriculture Improved cookstoves Aforestation + From ‘+’s to + quantities and +/+/ranges +/+ + +/+/- Nutrient management + + +/- Agroforestry + + +/-
- 30. Activities Measurement guidelines Consistent and comparable data Mappingpropoor mitigation opportunities Capacity development Priorities for research and development Human and institutional infrastructure Outcomes Integrated assessment of farming systems Socially acceptable, place-based solutions
- 31. Activities Linking knowledge withaction Field-level development activities Increased use of LED solutions National process NAMAs Evidence-based climate change planning Design of land based programs
- 32. Select examples ofthe SAMPLES 2014 research network Nutrient management of maize (CIMMYT) Farm-level intensification and avoided deforestation (ICRAF) Nutrient and residue management/ rice and wheat (CIMMYT) Water management/ rice (IRRI) Silvopastoral systems (CIAT) Wetlands and perennial crop management (IITA, ILRI) Agroforestry, nutrient management, landscapes (ILRI, ICRAF, CIFOR) 10 countries 15 sites
- 33. Thank you Standard Assessmentof Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems Funding provided by: CCAFS, Environment Canada, Gov’t of Finland, USAID, Bayer CropScience, ICAR, BMBF, DAAD, CLIFF t.rosenstock@cgiar.org
Editor's Notes
- #3 From a famous 2009 paper by many experts led by Johan RockstromMany systems of earth have non-linear responses to changes, with important thresholds that, if crossed, could lead to disastrous changes such as a shift in the monsoon cycleThe proposed boundaries relate to values of control variables that represent a safe value for these thresholdsAgriculture makes a substantial contribution toward crossing those boundaries
- #6 ~60% of global N2O budget15 studies, primary cause is fertilizer
- #7 The need for empirically validated equations. One could easily classify forests in Kenya according to Brown/Chave’s guidelines (rainfall, evapotranspiration) but then miss outAgricultural landscapes resemble a hybrid of dry and wet forest typeHenry et al. 2009 underestimated AGB
- #8 The need for empirically validated equations. One could easily classify forests in Kenya according to Brown/Chave’s guidelines (rainfall, evapotranspiration) but then miss outAgricultural landscapes resemble a hybrid of dry and wet forest typeHenry et al. 2009 underestimated AGB
- #9 http://developmenthumanrights.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/green-economy-another-buzzwords-or-green-greed-or-what/
- #10 -The challenge is development of a measurement program that can capture this type of heterogeneity, where there are multiple sources and siink and livelihood options-It is at the scales relevant to decision making-and it has the appropriate amount of uncertaintyMitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture (MICCA) ProgramFew data are available to know the impacts of smallholders on climateAcquiring better and more data is complicated by logistical and technical challenges
- #11 -This diagram shows the various components of the SAMPLES program (Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems). -I believe Mariana Rufino will specifically about the research compoenent later in the session-Highlights of this slide: - Integrated program from priority setting, methods development, capacity building and research - Currently being applied at two pilot sites, we are exploring different systems (Specifically selected because of mitigation potential but also to be as different as Multi-scale sampling procedure for GHG and livelihood indicatorsRigorous, consistent & low-cost measurement methodsTraining materials for field and lab techniciansPlace-based low-emission development solutionsDatabase of results possible). It is not only the systems that differ between the two sites, but also funcational components such as partners (e.g. NARS vs University). We are tryHuman and institutional capacity to carry out complex environmental research ing out different models to see what might work. (Inside the bubbles are key component for each site) - International consortium developing a protocol for (relatively) low-cost quantification greenhouse gas balance and mitigation options for farms and landscapes. The latter scale part being important because it corresponds with the scales at which decisions are being made, the household and communities - Funding form an international consortium including: Environment ministry of canada, CCAFS, UN FAO through the Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture Program (MICCA)
- #12 -Methods, in the field, in the laboratory have a significnat impact on the results-And there is a large variation in the type of methods used-This study reviewed 360 chamber measurement of N2O and found nearly 60% made insufficiently rigorous measurement
- #13 Comparative analysis of methods across scale, cost and accuracy
- #22 This is how we’ve approached the landscape.We have stratified landscape into units using all sort of info.These landscapes have farmers (land users) and also common lands. This is the level at which we relate to poverty and food security, but not necessarily the level at which we measure emissions or productivity. So, for emissions measurement, we went to a finer level, at which we characterized field types (linked to management and emission potentials). The same can be done with common lands- types of woodlands or rangelands.
- #25 That information can then becombined with expert opinion about the climate impacts to help guide the samplingDifferent sources and sinks demand different measurement strategies over space and time.Relative strength of emission sources and sinksRelative potential to change practices and have substantial impacts on emissions (is there a technical potential to change)It will also provide you information where potential interventions might be
- #30 The purpose of this slide it:-list the -practices EADD is already advocating-show that productivity and climate mitigation are possible-what we need to know is the magnitude of the + and the direction of the +/- for a range of practices+ = has positive effect= has negative effect+/- = has uncertain effect, may depend on managementCO2 = carbon dioxideCH4 = methane (21x as potent CO2 over 100 years)N2O = nitrous oxide (310x as potent as CO2 over 100 years)
- #31 -This diagram shows the various components of the SAMPLES program (Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems). -I believe Mariana Rufino will specifically about the research compoenent later in the session-Highlights of this slide: - Integrated program from priority setting, methods development, capacity building and research - Currently being applied at two pilot sites, we are exploring different systems (Specifically selected because of mitigation potential but also to be as different as Multi-scale sampling procedure for GHG and livelihood indicatorsRigorous, consistent & low-cost measurement methodsTraining materials for field and lab techniciansPlace-based low-emission development solutionsDatabase of results possible). It is not only the systems that differ between the two sites, but also funcational components such as partners (e.g. NARS vs University). We are tryHuman and institutional capacity to carry out complex environmental research ing out different models to see what might work. (Inside the bubbles are key component for each site) - International consortium developing a protocol for (relatively) low-cost quantification greenhouse gas balance and mitigation options for farms and landscapes. The latter scale part being important because it corresponds with the scales at which decisions are being made, the household and communities - Funding form an international consortium including: Environment ministry of canada, CCAFS, UN FAO through the Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture Program (MICCA)
- #32 -This diagram shows the various components of the SAMPLES program (Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems). -I believe Mariana Rufino will specifically about the research compoenent later in the session-Highlights of this slide: - Integrated program from priority setting, methods development, capacity building and research - Currently being applied at two pilot sites, we are exploring different systems (Specifically selected because of mitigation potential but also to be as different as Multi-scale sampling procedure for GHG and livelihood indicatorsRigorous, consistent & low-cost measurement methodsTraining materials for field and lab techniciansPlace-based low-emission development solutionsDatabase of results possible). It is not only the systems that differ between the two sites, but also funcational components such as partners (e.g. NARS vs University). We are tryHuman and institutional capacity to carry out complex environmental research ing out different models to see what might work. (Inside the bubbles are key component for each site) - International consortium developing a protocol for (relatively) low-cost quantification greenhouse gas balance and mitigation options for farms and landscapes. The latter scale part being important because it corresponds with the scales at which decisions are being made, the household and communities - Funding form an international consortium including: Environment ministry of canada, CCAFS, UN FAO through the Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture Program (MICCA)