COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease caused by a virus named SARS-CoV-2 and was discovered in December 2019. It is very contagious and has quickly spread around the world. The U.S. currently has the highest number of cases and deaths from COVID-19.

1. FACTS ABOUT COVID 19
Presented by DR NDAYISABA CORNEILLE
CEO of AMHS
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2. WHAT IS CORONAVIRUS?
Coronavirus is any of a family Coronaviridae which are large, enveloped and positive single stranded RNA viruses of three classes of
vertebrates, which include toroviruses for mammals, coronaviruses infect Upper Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Tract of mammals and
birds, and bafiniviruses for( amphibians) fishes.This family is furher divided into two subfamilies, the Coronavirinae and the Torovirinae.
• Current taxonomy places the family in the order Nidovirales. Within the subfamily Coronavirinae are four genera: the alpha-, beta-,
gamma-, and deltacoronaviruses.these are Are zoonotic virus, meaning it is transmitted between animals and people, and it is
contractable through direct or indirect contact with infected animals. gamma and delta coronaviruses mostly infect birds, while
alpha(HCoV-229E ,HCoV-NL63) and beta(HCoV-OC43,HCoV-HKU1,SARS-CoV,MERS-CoV) mostly reside in in mammals.
• Within the subfamily Torovirinae there is one genus called Toroviruses that causes gastroenteritis in mammals including humans but
rarely.
• Both the coronaviruses and toroviruses are enteric and respiratory tract pathogens, usually associated with only mild disease (or
inapparent infection). However SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV cause severe respiratory diseases.
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3. Dr NDAYISABA CORNEILLE website:advancedmentalhealthsupport.org/Facts_about_Covid19.html

4. Classification
Human coronaviruses were first identified in the mid-1960s. The seven
coronaviruses that can infect people are:
• Three coronaviruses are known to cause severe pneumonia in
humans, namely: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus
(SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus
(MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 (the novel coronavirus that causes
coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19)
• Four other coronaviruses are associated with common cold
symptoms: human coronavirus (HCoV) 229E, HCoV NL63, HCoV
OC43, and HCoV HKU1.
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5. Coronavirus Disease -19 (COVID 19)
• COVID-19 previously known as “2019 novel coronavirus”. is caused by infection(Virus ) with
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
• SARS-CoV-2 was identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019 and has spread
rapidly around the world. Broadcasted as a public health emergency on January 30, 2020.
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) and WHO announced “severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)” as the name of the new virus on 11 February
2020.
• SARS-CoV-2 has >79.6% similarity in genetic sequence to SARS-CoV . (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC): https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/9/20-2095_article) .SARS-
CoV was responsible for the respiratory pandemic during the 2002–2003 period.
• COVID-19 was subsequently declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020 by the WHO.
• The current knowledge about COVID-19 pathogenesis and pathology in fatalities is based on a
small number of described cases and extrapolations from what is known about other similar
coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV
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6. Common Causes Of Covid 19
• COVID-19 is a disease caused by
SARS-CoV-2 that can trigger what
doctors call a respiratory tract infection.
It can affect your upper respiratory tract
(sinuses, nose, and throat) or lower
respiratory tract (windpipe and lungs).
Dr NDAYISABA CORNEILLE website:advancedmentalhealthsupport.org/Facts_about_Covid19.html

7. Risk Factors
.Everyone is qualified to get COVID-19, and most infections are mild.
.The older you are, the higher your risk of severe illness.
. People with disabilities.
.if you have one of these health conditions , there is higher chance severely ill from COVID-19
Severely ill means that a person with COVID-19 may need:
 Hospitalization
 Intensive care
 A ventilator to help them breathe
Conditions that could lead to severe COVID-19 illness include:
COPD,A weakened immune system because of an organ transplant,Obesity,Serious heart
conditions such as heart failure or coronary artery disease, Sickle cell disease,
Diabetes,Kidney disease
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8. Transmissions
.Covid 19 is transmitted by exposure to infectious respiratory fluids
carrying SARS-CoV-2 . Some people who have the virus don't have
symptoms, but they can still spread the virus. Most viruses can live for
several hours on a surface that they land on.
Exposure occurs in three principal ways:
(1) inhalation of very fine respiratory droplets and aerosol particles,
(2) deposition of respiratory droplets and particles on exposed mucous
membranes in the mouth, nose, or eye by direct splashes and sprays,
(3) Touching mucous membranes with hands that have been soiled either
directly by virus-containing respiratory fluids or indirectly by touching
surfaces with virus on them.
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9. Main Signs and Symptoms
• People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported – ranging from
mild symptoms to severe illness. Symptoms may appear 2-14 days after exposure to the
virus. This time after exposure and before having symptoms is called the incubation
period. It varies from person to person. Anyone can have mild to severe symptoms.
The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are:Fever or chills (99%)Fatigue
(70%),Dry Cough (59%)
Other symptoms that are less common ::Lack of appetite (40%),Shortness of
breath or difficulty breathing (31%),Muscle or body aches or join pain
(35%),Conjunctivitis (also known as red eyes),Headache,New loss of taste or
smell,Sore throat;Different type of skin rush,Congestion or runny nose,
gastrointestinal symptoms(ex:Nausea or vomiting, Diarrhea),Dizziness
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10. Diagnosis
The identification of genetic material of the virus by RT-PCR is the gold standard test, but its
sensitivity is not satisfactory. The diagnosis of COVID-19 should be based on clinical data,
epidemiological history, tests for etiological diagnosis, and tests to support the diagnosis of
the disease and/or its complications.
Currently, there are three basic types of tests: viral nucleic acid (RNA) detection, viral
antigen detection, and detection of antibodies to the virus.
- Viral tests (nucleic acid or antigen detection tests) also called direct Method( identifying
genetic material of SARS-CoV-2) are used to assess acute infection , however antibody
tests also called indirect method ( determine the humoral immune response to SARS-
CoV-2) provide evidence of prior infection with SARS-CoV-2.
- viral nucleic acid (RNA) detection :( Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) detect the
nucleic acid (RNA) of the virus itself if exists), are the most sensitive ones. Here a collection
of an NP swab, an MT swab, an anterior nasal swab, saliva, or a combined anterior nasal/OP
swab are taken, then look for the genetic material of the virus itself.
Dr NDAYISABA CORNEILLE website:advancedmentalhealthsupport.org/Facts_about_Covid19.html

11. Contn..
Antigen rapid diagnostic tests (or Antigen testing) to identify one of the outer proteins of
the viral shell or envelope. no need the sophisticated laboratory setting However it is not as
accurate as the PCR testing
Antibody Detection: to detect anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in blood and saliva specimens
.So, it shows whether the individual has mounted an immune response or developed
immunity towards that specific virus or to COVID, even if you didn’t have symptoms.
Antibodies of IgA, IgM, and IgG isotypes specific to different virus proteins are detected by
the following Commercial SARS-CoV-2 serologic assays:
• Automated direct chemiluminescence immunoassay (CIA)
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
• Rapid lateral-flow assay (LFA)
• Bioassays such as those employing plaque reduction and microneutralization
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12. Contn..
Support test
These are laboratory or imaging tests that demonstrate characteristic manifestations of
COVID-19, its complications, and/or risk factors for complications.
• Laboratory tests such as : complete blood count, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer,
clotting tests, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, and procalcitonin identify risk of
disease with greater severity, thromboembolic complications, myocardial damage,
and/or worse prognosis.
• Imaging tests may be useful for diagnosis, especially when there is a compatible
clinical picture, and other tests presented negative results or were unavailable. These
imaging tests are: Chest radiography,Plain chest X-rays ,Computed tomography of the
chest, Pulmonary ultrasonography
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13. Management
• There’s no specific treatment for COVID-19.
• Patients with only mild symptoms no need to be admitted, since treatment at home tends to be sufficient.
Patients may use over-the-counter medications for symptomatic relief (sore throat, body aches, fever,etc)
including antipyretics, analgesics, and cough medications, along with oral hydration and resting.
• Infected patients should isolate themselves from others in their home as much as possible, and common
areas should frequently be disinfected to reduce the risk of virus spread
• People with severe symptoms need to be cared for in the hospital cause are typically in need of
respiratory support.
• Remdesivir (Veklury) for hospitalized pts . It’s administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion.
• FDA also granted EUAs to monoclonal antibody medications
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14. Contn…
Monoclonal antibodies are human-made proteins that help the body develop an immune response against foreign-made substances such as viruses.These
medications are:
• bamlanivimab, from Eli LillyTrusted Source
• casirivimab and imdevimab, which must be administered together, from Regeneron PharmaceuticalsTrusted Source
The FDA has also issued EUAs to a few other treatments, such as convalescent plasma, that are intended for treatment in people who are hospitalized or at high
risk for hospitalization.
Steroid drugs are being used including dexamethasone which is used to treat conditions such as arthritis, blood/hormone/immune system disorders, allergic
reactions,. More studies on effectiveness are still being conducted.
AntiCoagulations Drugs(“Blood Thinners”): these medications helps to prevent blood clots,usually Low dose of heparin or enoxaparin is prescribed.
However some patient require full doses of anti coagulants if they already developed blood clots or have high risk of doing it so.in case full dose is prescribed
there is a need of balancing the risk of dangerous bleeding
Covidex supports Management of viral infections including COVID-19
Dr NDAYISABA CORNEILLE website:advancedmentalhealthsupport.org/Facts_about_Covid19.html

15. Preventions
• Preventions principals are:
• Wash your hands regularly with soap and water, or clean them with alcohol-based hand rub.
• Stay at least 6feet (2meters) away from people. Avoid crowds and large gatherings
• Maintain at least 1 metre distance between you and people coughing or sneezing.
• Don’t Touch your face Nose,or mouth when your hands are dirty
• Stay home if you feel unwell.
• Cover your mouth with a tissue or the inside of your elbow whenever you sneeze or
cough.throw away any tissues you use right away
• Refrain from smoking and other activities that weaken the lungs.
• Wear a mask or face covering in public places.
• Clean any objects you touch a lot .use disinfectants on objects like phone,computers,and
doorknobs.
Dr NDAYISABA CORNEILLE website:advancedmentalhealthsupport.org/Facts_about_Covid19.html

16. END.
Presented by DR NDAYISABA CORNEILLE
CEO of AMHS
For more visit: advancedmentalhealthsupport.org/Facts_about_Covid19.html
Contact us: amentalhealths@gmail.com
whatsapps :+256772497591