Include:
the testes, the epididymis, the vas deferens, the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the Cowper’s glands.
The testes, (To Testify) the paired, oval-shaped organs that produce sperm and male sex hormones, are located in the scrotum.
They are highly innervated and sensitive to touch and pressure.
The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for the development of male sexual characteristics and sex drive (libido).
Major Function:
Makes sperm cells (gametes) and transfer the sperm into the female reproductive system in order to fertilize the female gametes to produce a zygote.
The document describes the male reproductive system including the seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland, urethra, and penis. It details the structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and functions of these organs. In particular, it explains how the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands contribute secretions to the seminal fluid during ejaculation through the urethra.
• Describe the development of gonads (indifferent stage) and sex determination.
• Describe the development of testis and ovaries and the related structures.
• Describe the development of the genital ducts.
• Describe the development of male and female glands.
• Describe the development of the male and female external genitalia. • Discuss the related developmental anomalies.
• Both the urinary &reproductive systems are closely related (structurally & developmentally)
• Urogenital system develop from the intermediate mesoderm
• Urogenital ridge is a longitudinal elevation of the mesoderm lateral to the dorsal aorta
• Nephrogenic cord (ridge) develop in the urogenital ridge
• Gives rise to part of the urinary system
• Genital (gonadal) ridge develop close to the nephrogenic cord
• Gives rise to part of the genital system
Prostate carcinoma is the most common cancer in men. It typically arises from the peripheral zone and spreads along the prostatic capsule. Diagnosis is usually made in the late 60s and treatment includes surgery, radiation, hormone therapy or active surveillance depending on staging. Having a family history, genetic factors, chronic inflammation and hormonal imbalances can increase risk.
The male reproductive system consists of both primary and secondary sex organs. The primary sex organ is the testis, which produces sperm and testosterone. The reproductive tract includes the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra. Accessory sex glands that produce fluid for semen include the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. The external genitalia are the penis and scrotum. The testes are located in the scrotum and have a blood supply from the testicular artery and lymphatic drainage to the lumbar nodes. Accessory glands secrete fluids that nourish and activate sperm. The prostate gland surrounds the urethra and can
The male reproductive system includes internal structures in the abdomen and pelvis and external structures. The testes produce sperm and are held in the scrotum outside of the body. Sperm travel from the testes through the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland before being ejaculated through the urethra in the penis. During ejaculation, muscles contract and glands secrete fluids to form semen, which carries sperm from the male body. The penis is the external organ of copulation and urination in males.
The pancreas has four regions - the head, neck, body, and tail. The head is nestled near the duodenum and contains the pancreatic duct which drains into the common bile duct. The neck lies at the level of L1-L2 near the portal vein. The body and tail are located near the spleen. Arterial blood supply comes from branches of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries, while venous drainage involves the portal vein. The exocrine pancreas secretes enzymes to aid digestion, and the endocrine islets of Langerhans produce hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate metabolism. Imaging techniques like ultrasound and CT are important for evaluating pancreatic anatomy and function.
Major Function:
Makes sperm cells (gametes) and transfer the sperm into the female reproductive system in order to fertilize the female gametes to produce a zygote.
The document describes the male reproductive system including the seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland, urethra, and penis. It details the structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and functions of these organs. In particular, it explains how the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands contribute secretions to the seminal fluid during ejaculation through the urethra.
• Describe the development of gonads (indifferent stage) and sex determination.
• Describe the development of testis and ovaries and the related structures.
• Describe the development of the genital ducts.
• Describe the development of male and female glands.
• Describe the development of the male and female external genitalia. • Discuss the related developmental anomalies.
• Both the urinary &reproductive systems are closely related (structurally & developmentally)
• Urogenital system develop from the intermediate mesoderm
• Urogenital ridge is a longitudinal elevation of the mesoderm lateral to the dorsal aorta
• Nephrogenic cord (ridge) develop in the urogenital ridge
• Gives rise to part of the urinary system
• Genital (gonadal) ridge develop close to the nephrogenic cord
• Gives rise to part of the genital system
Prostate carcinoma is the most common cancer in men. It typically arises from the peripheral zone and spreads along the prostatic capsule. Diagnosis is usually made in the late 60s and treatment includes surgery, radiation, hormone therapy or active surveillance depending on staging. Having a family history, genetic factors, chronic inflammation and hormonal imbalances can increase risk.
The male reproductive system consists of both primary and secondary sex organs. The primary sex organ is the testis, which produces sperm and testosterone. The reproductive tract includes the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra. Accessory sex glands that produce fluid for semen include the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. The external genitalia are the penis and scrotum. The testes are located in the scrotum and have a blood supply from the testicular artery and lymphatic drainage to the lumbar nodes. Accessory glands secrete fluids that nourish and activate sperm. The prostate gland surrounds the urethra and can
The male reproductive system includes internal structures in the abdomen and pelvis and external structures. The testes produce sperm and are held in the scrotum outside of the body. Sperm travel from the testes through the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland before being ejaculated through the urethra in the penis. During ejaculation, muscles contract and glands secrete fluids to form semen, which carries sperm from the male body. The penis is the external organ of copulation and urination in males.
The pancreas has four regions - the head, neck, body, and tail. The head is nestled near the duodenum and contains the pancreatic duct which drains into the common bile duct. The neck lies at the level of L1-L2 near the portal vein. The body and tail are located near the spleen. Arterial blood supply comes from branches of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries, while venous drainage involves the portal vein. The exocrine pancreas secretes enzymes to aid digestion, and the endocrine islets of Langerhans produce hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate metabolism. Imaging techniques like ultrasound and CT are important for evaluating pancreatic anatomy and function.
The male reproductive system consists of both internal and external components. Internally, it includes the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate and part of the urethra. Externally it includes the scrotum and penis. Sperm are produced in the testes and travel through the epididymis, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct to mix with fluids from the seminal vesicles and prostate to form semen, which is ejaculated through the urethra. The scrotum houses the testes and maintains the optimal temperature for sperm production.
This document provides detailed information on the anatomy, histology, development, blood supply, clinical features and evaluation of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It describes the prostate gland as being located below the bladder and surrounding the urethra. BPH involves non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate driven by hormones. It commonly causes lower urinary tract symptoms in older men. Evaluation involves assessing symptoms, prostate size on exam, PSA levels, urine testing and uroflowmetry. Treatment focuses on relieving obstruction and bothersome symptoms.
The document provides information about the urinary system and kidney anatomy and function. It discusses the main components of the urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. It describes the three main processes involved in urine formation: glomerular filtration, selective reabsorption and tubular secretion. Glomerular filtration filters blood in the kidneys to form an initial filtrate, which then undergoes selective reabsorption of useful substances and tubular secretion of waste, resulting in the final urine composition of mostly water and waste products like urea.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters into the bladder. The bladder stores urine and empties through the urethra when full. The kidneys, ureters, and bladder are lined with transitional epithelium and have layers of smooth muscle to propel urine downstream. The urethra carries urine from the bladder to exit the body.
The document summarizes the anatomy and histology of the pancreas. It describes the pancreas as having both exocrine and endocrine functions. The pancreas has five parts - the head, uncinate process, neck, body, and tail. It is supplied by branches of the splenic artery and drains into the splenic and portal veins. The pancreas contains acini that secrete enzymes into a duct system that empties into the duodenum. Islets of Langerhans contain endocrine cells that secrete hormones like insulin. Common clinical correlates of the pancreas include pancreatitis, which can be caused by factors like gallstones, alcohol use, and genetic mutations.
The kidney bean-like shaped organ. It is intimately enclosed by a thin layer of fibrous tissue -the Renal capsule.
The kidney has a concavity on the medial side that is called the hilum, which leads into a space called the renal sinus.
The renal sinus is occupied by the renal pelvis. Within the renal sinus the pelvis divides into two (or three) parts called major calyces.
Each major calyx divides into a number of minor calyces
The end of each minor calyx is shaped like a cup. A projection of kidney tissue, called a papilla fits into the cup.
Kidney tissue consists of an outer part called the cortex, and an inner part called the medulla
Anatomi Sistem Perkemihan atau Urinaria.pdfLuthfiHamda
This document provides an overview of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It describes the anatomy and functions of each part. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination. In males, the urethra carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body and plays a role in reproduction.
The male internal genital organs include the testes, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, and vas deferentia. The testes produce sperm and testosterone. The epididymis stores and transports sperm. The prostate produces fluids that make up semen. The seminal vesicles and prostate secrete fluids that provide nutrition and transport for sperm. These structures work together to produce and transport sperm as part of the male reproductive system.
The excretory system eliminates wastes from the body through specialized structures and capillaries. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain renal cortex and medulla, and are made up of nephrons which filter waste from the blood. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder, then exits through the urethra. The male urethra is longer than the female urethra. Pathologies like urethritis and kidney stones can occur if waste is not properly eliminated.
The excretory system eliminates wastes from the body through specialized structures and capillaries. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain renal cortex and medulla, and are made up of nephrons which filter waste from the blood. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder, then exits through the urethra. The male urethra is longer than the female urethra. Pathologies like urethritis and kidney stones can occur if the excretory system is not functioning properly.
The document summarizes the key male reproductive organs including the external genitalia (penis, testes, epididymis, vas deferens) and internal structures (prostate, seminal vesicles). It describes the location, structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and functions of each organ. The penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate are discussed in detail with diagrams.
The male reproductive system functions to produce sperm and sex hormones. It includes the testes, which produce sperm and testosterone, and a series of ducts that transport sperm. During sexual arousal, blood flow increases in the penis, causing erection. During orgasm, contractions propel semen, containing sperm and fluids, through the urethra and out of the body. Sperm develop through spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in the testes and mature in the epididymis. The female reproductive system must receive the sperm for fertilization to occur.
Genitourinary system surgical antomy.pptxPradeep Pande
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on anatomy. It recommends:
- Freely editing and modifying the slides
- Showing blank slides first to elicit student responses before presenting content
- Repeating this process of blank slides followed by content slides three times for active learning
- Using the presentation also for self-study
- Checking the notes for bibliographic references
It then provides an outline of slides on the urogenital system and its parts, with detailed slides on anatomy of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and male and female urethra.
The male reproductive organs include the external genitalia of the penis and scrotum, as well as internal structures. The testes are located in the scrotum where temperatures are slightly lower to support sperm production. Within each testis are seminiferous tubules that produce sperm cells. Mature sperm exit the testes and travel through the epididymis where they undergo maturation before passing through the vas deferens. Other structures that contribute to semen production include the seminal vesicles and prostate gland. The penis allows for both urination and sexual intercourse.
The pancreas develops from two outpouchings of the duodenum during weeks 4-7 of gestation. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas produces enzymes that are released into the small intestine via a duct system to aid digestion. The endocrine pancreas is made up of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream. The pancreas is located in the retroperitoneal space behind the stomach and has a head, neck, body and tail. It receives blood supply from several arteries and drains into veins that empty into the portal vein. Developmental anomalies can occur if the dorsal and ventral ducts
This document provides an overview of the suprarenal glands, ovaries, and testes. It discusses their location, blood supply, histology, functions, and clinical importance. Key points include that the suprarenal glands are located posterior to the kidneys and have an adrenal cortex and medulla. The ovaries are located in the ovarian fossa and contain follicles at different stages of development. The testes develop in the abdomen and descend into the scrotum, where they contain seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 002 Male Reproductive System anatomy .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The male reproductive system is a complex network of organs that work together to produce, transport, and deliver sperm, the male reproductive cells.
The male reproductive system plays a crucial role in sexual reproduction, producing and delivering sperm for fertilization of the female egg. Hormonal regulation and coordination between various organs ensure the proper functioning of the system.
The male reproductive system consists of both external and internal structures. The external structures include the penis, scrotum, and testicles. The internal structures, or accessory organs, include the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, urethra, and prostate gland. The testicles produce sperm and hormones within the scrotum. During arousal, erectile tissues in the penis fill with blood, causing an erection. Semen, containing sperm and fluids, is produced and travels through the reproductive organs before being ejaculated through the urethra.
The document summarizes key aspects of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes how a child's birth requires healthy functioning of both the mother and father's reproductive systems, including hormone production and the union of male sperm and female eggs. It then provides details on male anatomy like the testes, sperm production, and role of the prostate and vas deferens. It also covers the female reproductive cycle, ovulation, menstruation, menopause, and the role of the ovaries and fallopian tubes.
The document compares and contrasts the male and female genital organs. It describes the key structures of the male organs including the scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate. It discusses sperm production and the components and mechanism of semen emission and ejaculation. The document also covers age-related changes to the male organs and some common issues like varicocele, vasectomy, benign prostatic hyperplasia and erectile dysfunction.
Pyramidal, bony cavity facial skeleton
Base anterior, apex posterior
Contains and protects eyeball, muscles, nerves, vessels & most of the lacrimal apparatus
Bones forming orbit lined with periorbita
Forms Fascial sheath of the eyeball
By the end of the lecture, students should be able to:
Describe briefly development of the thyroid & parathyroid glands.
Describe the shape, position, relations and structure of the thyroid gland.
Describe the shape, position, blood supply & lymphatic drainage of the parathyroid glands.
List the blood supply & lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland.
Describe the most common congenital anomalies of the thyroid gland.
List the nerves endanger with thyroidectomy operation.
More Related Content
Similar to Anatomy of the Male internal genitalia.pptx
The male reproductive system consists of both internal and external components. Internally, it includes the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate and part of the urethra. Externally it includes the scrotum and penis. Sperm are produced in the testes and travel through the epididymis, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct to mix with fluids from the seminal vesicles and prostate to form semen, which is ejaculated through the urethra. The scrotum houses the testes and maintains the optimal temperature for sperm production.
This document provides detailed information on the anatomy, histology, development, blood supply, clinical features and evaluation of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It describes the prostate gland as being located below the bladder and surrounding the urethra. BPH involves non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate driven by hormones. It commonly causes lower urinary tract symptoms in older men. Evaluation involves assessing symptoms, prostate size on exam, PSA levels, urine testing and uroflowmetry. Treatment focuses on relieving obstruction and bothersome symptoms.
The document provides information about the urinary system and kidney anatomy and function. It discusses the main components of the urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. It describes the three main processes involved in urine formation: glomerular filtration, selective reabsorption and tubular secretion. Glomerular filtration filters blood in the kidneys to form an initial filtrate, which then undergoes selective reabsorption of useful substances and tubular secretion of waste, resulting in the final urine composition of mostly water and waste products like urea.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters into the bladder. The bladder stores urine and empties through the urethra when full. The kidneys, ureters, and bladder are lined with transitional epithelium and have layers of smooth muscle to propel urine downstream. The urethra carries urine from the bladder to exit the body.
The document summarizes the anatomy and histology of the pancreas. It describes the pancreas as having both exocrine and endocrine functions. The pancreas has five parts - the head, uncinate process, neck, body, and tail. It is supplied by branches of the splenic artery and drains into the splenic and portal veins. The pancreas contains acini that secrete enzymes into a duct system that empties into the duodenum. Islets of Langerhans contain endocrine cells that secrete hormones like insulin. Common clinical correlates of the pancreas include pancreatitis, which can be caused by factors like gallstones, alcohol use, and genetic mutations.
The kidney bean-like shaped organ. It is intimately enclosed by a thin layer of fibrous tissue -the Renal capsule.
The kidney has a concavity on the medial side that is called the hilum, which leads into a space called the renal sinus.
The renal sinus is occupied by the renal pelvis. Within the renal sinus the pelvis divides into two (or three) parts called major calyces.
Each major calyx divides into a number of minor calyces
The end of each minor calyx is shaped like a cup. A projection of kidney tissue, called a papilla fits into the cup.
Kidney tissue consists of an outer part called the cortex, and an inner part called the medulla
Anatomi Sistem Perkemihan atau Urinaria.pdfLuthfiHamda
This document provides an overview of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It describes the anatomy and functions of each part. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination. In males, the urethra carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body and plays a role in reproduction.
The male internal genital organs include the testes, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, and vas deferentia. The testes produce sperm and testosterone. The epididymis stores and transports sperm. The prostate produces fluids that make up semen. The seminal vesicles and prostate secrete fluids that provide nutrition and transport for sperm. These structures work together to produce and transport sperm as part of the male reproductive system.
The excretory system eliminates wastes from the body through specialized structures and capillaries. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain renal cortex and medulla, and are made up of nephrons which filter waste from the blood. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder, then exits through the urethra. The male urethra is longer than the female urethra. Pathologies like urethritis and kidney stones can occur if waste is not properly eliminated.
The excretory system eliminates wastes from the body through specialized structures and capillaries. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain renal cortex and medulla, and are made up of nephrons which filter waste from the blood. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder, then exits through the urethra. The male urethra is longer than the female urethra. Pathologies like urethritis and kidney stones can occur if the excretory system is not functioning properly.
The document summarizes the key male reproductive organs including the external genitalia (penis, testes, epididymis, vas deferens) and internal structures (prostate, seminal vesicles). It describes the location, structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and functions of each organ. The penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate are discussed in detail with diagrams.
The male reproductive system functions to produce sperm and sex hormones. It includes the testes, which produce sperm and testosterone, and a series of ducts that transport sperm. During sexual arousal, blood flow increases in the penis, causing erection. During orgasm, contractions propel semen, containing sperm and fluids, through the urethra and out of the body. Sperm develop through spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in the testes and mature in the epididymis. The female reproductive system must receive the sperm for fertilization to occur.
Genitourinary system surgical antomy.pptxPradeep Pande
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on anatomy. It recommends:
- Freely editing and modifying the slides
- Showing blank slides first to elicit student responses before presenting content
- Repeating this process of blank slides followed by content slides three times for active learning
- Using the presentation also for self-study
- Checking the notes for bibliographic references
It then provides an outline of slides on the urogenital system and its parts, with detailed slides on anatomy of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and male and female urethra.
The male reproductive organs include the external genitalia of the penis and scrotum, as well as internal structures. The testes are located in the scrotum where temperatures are slightly lower to support sperm production. Within each testis are seminiferous tubules that produce sperm cells. Mature sperm exit the testes and travel through the epididymis where they undergo maturation before passing through the vas deferens. Other structures that contribute to semen production include the seminal vesicles and prostate gland. The penis allows for both urination and sexual intercourse.
The pancreas develops from two outpouchings of the duodenum during weeks 4-7 of gestation. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas produces enzymes that are released into the small intestine via a duct system to aid digestion. The endocrine pancreas is made up of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream. The pancreas is located in the retroperitoneal space behind the stomach and has a head, neck, body and tail. It receives blood supply from several arteries and drains into veins that empty into the portal vein. Developmental anomalies can occur if the dorsal and ventral ducts
This document provides an overview of the suprarenal glands, ovaries, and testes. It discusses their location, blood supply, histology, functions, and clinical importance. Key points include that the suprarenal glands are located posterior to the kidneys and have an adrenal cortex and medulla. The ovaries are located in the ovarian fossa and contain follicles at different stages of development. The testes develop in the abdomen and descend into the scrotum, where they contain seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 002 Male Reproductive System anatomy .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The male reproductive system is a complex network of organs that work together to produce, transport, and deliver sperm, the male reproductive cells.
The male reproductive system plays a crucial role in sexual reproduction, producing and delivering sperm for fertilization of the female egg. Hormonal regulation and coordination between various organs ensure the proper functioning of the system.
The male reproductive system consists of both external and internal structures. The external structures include the penis, scrotum, and testicles. The internal structures, or accessory organs, include the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, urethra, and prostate gland. The testicles produce sperm and hormones within the scrotum. During arousal, erectile tissues in the penis fill with blood, causing an erection. Semen, containing sperm and fluids, is produced and travels through the reproductive organs before being ejaculated through the urethra.
The document summarizes key aspects of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes how a child's birth requires healthy functioning of both the mother and father's reproductive systems, including hormone production and the union of male sperm and female eggs. It then provides details on male anatomy like the testes, sperm production, and role of the prostate and vas deferens. It also covers the female reproductive cycle, ovulation, menstruation, menopause, and the role of the ovaries and fallopian tubes.
The document compares and contrasts the male and female genital organs. It describes the key structures of the male organs including the scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate. It discusses sperm production and the components and mechanism of semen emission and ejaculation. The document also covers age-related changes to the male organs and some common issues like varicocele, vasectomy, benign prostatic hyperplasia and erectile dysfunction.
Similar to Anatomy of the Male internal genitalia.pptx (20)
Pyramidal, bony cavity facial skeleton
Base anterior, apex posterior
Contains and protects eyeball, muscles, nerves, vessels & most of the lacrimal apparatus
Bones forming orbit lined with periorbita
Forms Fascial sheath of the eyeball
By the end of the lecture, students should be able to:
Describe briefly development of the thyroid & parathyroid glands.
Describe the shape, position, relations and structure of the thyroid gland.
Describe the shape, position, blood supply & lymphatic drainage of the parathyroid glands.
List the blood supply & lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland.
Describe the most common congenital anomalies of the thyroid gland.
List the nerves endanger with thyroidectomy operation.
Is a multilayered structure with the layers that can be defined by the word itself.
Extends from;
The supraorbital margins anteriorly
To the highest nuchal line posteriorly
Down to the ears & zygomatic arches laterally.
The forehead is common to both the scalp & face.
1. The document discusses the meninges, cerebral spinal fluid, and dural venous sinuses. It describes the three meningeal layers - dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
2. It then provides details on the various dural venous sinuses, including their locations, tributaries, and drainage. Key sinuses discussed include the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and cavernous sinus.
3. The document also covers cerebral spinal fluid, including its composition and functions. The choroid plexus is described as actively secreting CSF in the ventricles.
The document discusses the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and types of dislocations that can occur. It notes that the masticatory system includes the TMJ and masticatory muscles. There are four types of TMJ dislocations: anterior from contraction of lateral pterygoid muscles, lateral from blows to the jaw when open, posterior which are uncommon, and those caused by fractures involving the mandible neck. Treatment involves reduction maneuvers. The document also lists clinical correlates of TMJ issues like arthritis, developmental disorders, metabolic/neoplastic disorders, and inflammatory/pain dysfunction syndromes.
The region on the lateral surface of the face that comprises the parotid gland & the structures immediately related to it
Largest of the salivary glands
Located subcutaneously, below and in front of the external auditory meatus
Occupies the deep hollow behind the ramus of the mandible
Wedge-shaped when viewed externally, with the base above & the apex behind the angle of the mandible
Part of the body between the head and the thorax
Contains a number of vessels, nerves and structures connecting the head to the trunk and upper limbs
These include the esophagus, trachea, brachial plexus, carotid arteries, jugular veins, vagus and accessory nerves, lymphatics among others
A layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus
Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea
Mucus can trap contaminants
Cilia move mucus up towards mouth
Has a free tip and attached to forehead by the bridge.
External orifices (nares) bounded laterally by the ala & medially by nasal septum.
Framework above made up of: nasal bones, frontal process of maxilla, nasal part of frontal bone.
Framework below : by plates of hyaline cartilage; upper and lower nasal cartilages, and septal cartilage
The head and neck region of four week human embryo somewhat resemble these regions of a fish embryo of comparable stage
This explains the former use of designation branchial apparatus
Branchial is derived from the Greek word branchia or gill
Located on the side of the head
Extends from the superior temporal lines to the zygomatic arch.
Communicates with the infratemporal fossa deep to the zygomatic arch.
Contains a numbers of structures that include a muscle, nerves, blood vessels
The larynx is a respiratory organ located located within the anterior aspect of the neck.
Anterior to the inferior portion of the pharynx but superior to the trachea, lies below the hyoid bone in the midline at C3-6 vertebra level.
Its primary function is to provide a protective sphincter for air passages.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper and lower urinary tract. It describes the kidneys, including their location, internal structure consisting of the cortex, medulla and renal sinus. It discusses the vascular segments and blood supply to the kidneys. It also describes the ureters that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, and provides details on the anatomy of the urinary bladder in both males and females.
The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach. The esophagus is about 8 inches long, and is lined by moist pink tissue called mucosa. The esophagus runs behind the windpipe (trachea) and heart, and in front of the spine. Just before entering the stomach, the esophagus passes through the diaphragm.
This document summarizes the internal female genitalia, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper part of the vagina. It describes the location, structure, blood supply, functions, and common disorders of each organ. The ovaries produce eggs and sex hormones. The fallopian tubes receive eggs from the ovaries, provide a site for fertilization, and transport fertilized eggs to the uterus. The uterus receives and nourishes a fertilized egg. The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina, which acts as a birth canal. Common disorders like ovarian cysts, ovarian cancer, and ectopic pregnancies are also discussed.
At the end of the presentation ,we should be able to describe the:
Location, shape and relations of the right and left adrenal glands.
Blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of right and left adrenal glands
Parts of adrenal glands and function of each part.
Development of adrenal gland and common anomalies.
The pericardium is the sac that encloses the heart. It consists of an outer fibrous part known as the fibrous pericardium, and a double layered serous sac known as the serous pericardium.
The pericardium prevents
sudden dilatation of the heart, especially the right chamber, and displacement of the heart and great vessels,
minimizes friction between the heart and surrounding structures, and
prevents the spread of infection or cancer from the lung or pleura.
The azygos vein connects the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava
The thoracic duct is the largest lymph vessel that ultimately drains lymph from all parts of the body into the blood circulation
We shall look at them one at a time
This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal anatomy and related diseases. It begins with descriptions of the esophagus, stomach, and large and small intestines. Key points include the layers of muscle in the esophagus, applications of vagotomy and gastrectomy, and the functions of the stomach, pancreas, and large intestine. Common gastrointestinal issues are then summarized such as esophageal varices, achalasia, hiatal hernia, peptic ulcers, gastritis, rectal varices, hemorrhoids, anal fistulas, and fissures. The document concludes with a clinical case of a potential anal fissure.
It is the most commonly fractured bone in the body.
The fracture occurs due to falling on the shoulder or the outstretched hand.
It is most commonly fractured at the junction of the middle and outer thirds (weakest point).
The lateral fragment :
Depressed by the weight of the arm
Pulled medially and forwards by the adductors of arm (especially pectoralis major).
The medial fragment :
Pulled upward by the sternomastoid.
Involvement of supraclavicular nerves can be the cause of persistent pain over the side of the neck.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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3. Internal Male Sexual Organs
• Include:
• the testes, the epididymis, the
vas deferens, the seminal
vesicles, the prostate gland, and
the Cowper’s glands.
• The testes, (To Testify) the
paired, oval-shaped organs that
produce sperm and male sex
hormones, are located in the
scrotum.
• They are highly innervated and
sensitive to touch and pressure.
• The testes produce testosterone,
which is responsible for the
development of male sexual
characteristics and sex drive
(libido).
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 3
5. Ejaculatory Duct
• Ejaculatory duct ejects semen and sperm
into the urethra
• Formed from the fusion of terminal portion
of the ductus deferens and the duct of the
seminal vesicles
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 5
6. Ejaculatory Ducts
• The two ejaculatory ducts are each less than 1
inch (2.5 cm) long and are formed by the union of
the vas deferens and the duct of the seminal
vesicle
• The ejaculatory ducts pierce the posterior surface
of the prostate and open into the prostatic part
of the urethra, close to the margins of the
prostatic utricle; their function is to drain the
seminal fluid into the prostatic urethra.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 6
7. Vas Deferens
• Is a thick-walled tube about 18 inches (45 cm)
long that conveys mature sperm from the
epididymis to the ejaculatory duct and the
urethra.
• Arises from the lower end or tail of the
epididymis and passes through the inguinal
canal. It emerges from the deep inguinal ring
and passes around the lateral margin of the
inferior epigastric artery
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 7
8. Contd
• Passes downward and backward on the lateral
wall of the pelvis and crosses the ureter in the
region of the ischial spine.
• Runs medially and downward on the posterior
surface of the bladder
• Its terminal part is dilated to form the ampulla .
The inferior end of the ampulla narrows down
and joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form
the ejaculatory duct.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 8
11. SEMINAL VESICLES
• Are two lobulated organs about 2 inches. (5 cm)
long lying on the posterior surface of the bladder
• On the medial side of each vesicle lies the
terminal part of the vas deferens.
• Posteriorly, the seminal vesicles are related to
the rectum.
• Inferiorly, each seminal vesicle narrows and joins
the vas deferens of the same side to form the
ejaculatory duct.
• Each seminal vesicle consists of a much-coiled
tube embedded in connective tissue.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 11
12. Blood Supply
Arteries
• The inferior vesicle and middle rectal arteries.
Veins
• The veins drain into the internal iliac veins.
Lymph Drainage
• The internal iliac nodes.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 12
13. Function
• The function of the seminal vesicles is to
produce a secretion that is added to the
seminal fluid.
• The secretions nourish the spermatozoa.
• During ejaculation the seminal vesicles
contract and expel their contents into the
ejaculatory ducts, thus washing the
spermatozoa out of the urethra.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 13
14. Accessory Structures
• Bulbourethral glands - produces fluid that
lubricates penis and neutralizes urinary acids;
located at the base of the penis
–Cowper’s gland
• Semen - composed of 60% seminal vesicle
fluid, 30% prostatic fluid, 10 % sperm and
various secretions
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 14
15. Semen
• The whitish fluid expelled through the opening of
the penis (urethra) during ejaculation.
• Most of the ejaculate is made up of the fluid that
supports the sperm.
• Besides sperm, (1%) semen is made up of fluids;
65% from the seminal vesicles, 30 to 35% from the
prostate and 5% from the vasa.
• The amount of ejaculate you produce can vary,
from just a few drops to about a teaspoon full (2 to
6 ml).
• One amount of ejaculate may contain between 40
million to 600 million sperm depending on the
volume and the length of time stored before
ejaculating.
• Yet, the quantity of sperm produced will only cover
the head of a pin.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 15
25. Erectile and Ejaculatory
Abnormalities
Peyronie’s disease:
• An abnormal condition
characterized by an
excessive curvature of the
penis that can make
erection quite painful
• Etiology: buildup of fibrous
tissue in the penile shaft.
• It usually requires medical
attention.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 25
26. Phimosis
• Phimosis is a medical condition in which the
foreskin of the penis of an uncircumcised male
cannot be fully retracted.
• The word derives from the Greek phimos
("muzzle").
• In the United States, circumcision is the surgical
treatment of choice for correction of phimosis
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 26
27. Retrograde ejaculation:
• Ejaculation in which the
ejaculate empties into the
bladder.
• The external sphincter
remains closed
preventing the expulsion of
the seminal fluid; the
internal sphincter remains
open allowing the
ejaculate to empty into the
bladder.
• The result is a dry orgasm.
• Etiology: possible (earlier
types of ) prostate surgery,
tranquilizers, illness, and
accidents.
• Harmless discharged with
urine.
• Infertility may be the result.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 27
28. Priapism:
• Painful erections that persist for hours or days.
• Etiology: mechanisms that drain the blood that
erects the penis are damaged and so cannot
return the blood to the circulatory system.
• Caused by the following medical conditions:
leukemia, sickle cell anemia, or diseases of the
spinal cord.
• Treatment: may become a medical emergency,
since prolonged erections beyond six hours can
starve the penile tissues of oxygen, leading to
permanent tissue deterioration.
• Surgery or drugs are sometimes used.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 28
29. Prostate
• Location and Description
• It is a fibromuscular glandular organ that surrounds the
prostatic urethra
• It is about 1.25 inches (3 cm) long and lies between the
neck of the bladder above and the urogenital diaphragm
below
• The prostate is surrounded by a fibrous capsule
• It has a somewhat conical shape and has a base, which lies
against the bladder neck above, and an apex, which lies
against the urogenital diaphragm below.
• The two ejaculatory ducts pierce the upper part of the
posterior surface of the prostate to open into the prostatic
urethra at the lateral margins of the prostatic utricle
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 29
30. Prostate in coronal section (A), sagittal section (B), and horizontal section (C). In the coronal
section, note the openings of the ejaculatory ducts on the margin of the prostatic utricle
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 30
31. Relations
• Superiorly: The base of the prostate is
continuous with the neck of the bladder, the
smooth muscle passing without interruption
from one organ to the other. The urethra
enters the center of the base of the prostate.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 31
32. Contd
• Inferiorly: The apex of the prostate lies on the
upper surface of the urogenital diaphragm.
The urethra leaves the prostate just above the
apex on the anterior surface
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 32
33. Contd
• Anteriorly: The prostate is related to the
symphysis pubis, separated from it by the
extraperitoneal fat in the retropubic space
(cave of Retzius). The prostate is connected to
the posterior aspect of the pubic bones by the
fascial puboprostatic ligaments
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 33
34. Contd
• Posteriorly: The prostate is closely related to
the anterior surface of the rectal ampulla and
is separated from it by the rectovesical
septum (fascia of Denonvilliers). This septum
is formed in fetal life by the fusion of the walls
of the lower end of the rectovesical pouch of
peritoneum, which originally extended down
to the perineal body.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 34
35. Contd
• Laterally: The prostate is embraced by the
anterior fibers of the levator ani as they run
posteriorly from the pubis
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 35
36. Structure the Prostate
• The numerous glands of the prostate are
embedded in a mixture of smooth muscle and
connective tissue, and their ducts open into
the prostatic urethra.
• The prostate is incompletely divided into five
lobes The anterior lobe lies in front of the
urethra and is devoid of glandular tissue.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 36
37. Contd
• The median, or middle, lobe is the wedge of
gland situated between the urethra and the
ejaculatory ducts. Its upper surface is related
to the trigone of the bladder; it is rich in
glands.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 37
38. Contd
• The posterior lobe is situated behind the
urethra and below the ejaculatory ducts and
also contains glandular tissue. The right and
left lateral lobes lie on either side of the
urethra and are separated from one another
by a shallow vertical groove on the posterior
surface of the prostate. The lateral lobes
contain many glands.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 38
39. PROSTATE LOBES
• Inferioposterior lobe – it lies to the posterior
to the urethra and inferior to the ejaculatory
duct
• Inferiolateral lobe- it lies directly to the
urethra
• Superiomedial lobe- inferior to the ejaculatory
duct
• Anteriomedial lobe- lateral to the prostatic
urethra
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 39
40. Function of the Prostate
• The prostate produces a thin, milky fluid
containing citric acid and acid phosphatase
that is added to the seminal fluid at the time
of ejaculation.
• The smooth muscle, which surrounds the
glands, squeezes the secretion into the
prostatic urethra. The prostatic secretion is
alkaline and helps neutralize the acidity in the
vagina.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 40
41. Blood Supply
• Arteries
• Branches of the inferior vesical and middle rectal
arteries.
• Veins
• The veins form the prostatic venous plexus,
which lies outside the capsule of the prostate .
The prostatic plexus receives the deep dorsal vein
of the penis and numerous vesical veins and
drains into the internal iliac veins.
• .
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 41
42. • Lymph Drainage
Internal iliac nodes.
• Nerve Supply
Inferior hypogastric plexuses. The sympathetic
nerves stimulate the smooth muscle of the
prostate during ejaculation
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 42
44. Prostate Cancer
The Facts*
• About 70% of all diagnosed cancers: men aged 65 years or
older.
Over the past 20 years, the survival rate increased from 67%
to 97%.
Studies have found the following risk factors for prostate cancer:
• Age: Age is the main risk factor for prostate cancer. This disease
is rare in men younger than 45. The chance of getting it goes up
sharply as a man gets older.
• Family history: A man's risk is higher if there is family history
• Race: Prostate cancer is more common in African American
• Diet: Some studies suggest that men who eat a diet high in
animal fat or meat may be at increased risk for prostate cancer.
Screening:
• Digital Rectal Exam: The doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved
finger into the rectum and feels the prostate through the rectal
wall. The prostate is checked for hard or lumpy areas.
• Blood test for PSA: A lab checks the level of PSA in a man's
blood sample. Prostate cancer may also cause a high PSA level.
• The digital rectal exam and PSA test can detect a problem in the
prostate. They cannot show whether the problem is cancer or a
less serious condition.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 44
45. Symptoms
• A man with prostate cancer may not have any
symptoms. For men who have symptoms of prostate
cancer, common symptoms include:
• Urinary problems
– Not being able to urinate
– Having a hard time starting or stopping the urine
flow
– Needing to urinate often, especially at night
– Weak flow of urine
– Urine flow that starts and stops
– Pain or burning during urination
• Difficulty having an erection
• Blood in the urine or semen
• Frequent pain in the lower back, hips, or upper thighs
• Sometimes symptoms are not due to cancer.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 45
46. Enlarged Prostrate
An enlarged prostate means the gland has grown
bigger. Prostate enlargement happens to almost
all men as they get older. As the gland grows, it
can press on the urethra and cause urination and
bladder
Symptoms
• Slowed or delayed flow of urine
• Weak urine stream
• Dribbling after urinating
• Straining to urinate
• Strong and sudden need to urinate
• Incomplete emptying of your bladder
• Incontinence
• Pain and bloody urine
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 46
47. Clinical Notes
Prostate Examination
• The prostate can be examined clinically by
palpation by performing a rectal examination.
• The examiner's gloved finger can feel the
posterior surface of the prostate through the
anterior rectal wall.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 47
48. Prostate Activity and Disease
• It has been shown that trace amounts of
proteins produced specifically by prostatic
epithelial cells are found in peripheral blood.
• In certain prostatic diseases, notably cancer of
the prostate, these proteins appear in the
blood in increased amounts.
• The specific protein level can be measured by
a simple laboratory test called the PSA
(prostate-specific antigen) test.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 48
49. Benign Enlargement of the Prostate (BPH)
• Benign enlargement of the prostate is common in
men older than 50 years.
• The median lobe of the gland enlarges upward
and encroaches within the sphincter vesicae,
located at the neck of the bladder.
• The leakage of urine into the prostatic urethra
causes an intense reflex desire to micturate.
• The patient experiences difficulty in passing
urine and the stream is weak.
• Back-pressure effects on the ureters and both
kidneys are a common complication.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 49
51. END
END
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By
DR NDAYISABA CORNEILLE
MBChB,DCM,BCSIT,CCNA
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Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 51