Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Habitats like soda lakes,
Thalassohaline,
Athalassohaline,
Dead Sea,
Carbonate springs,
Salt lakes,
Alkaline soils and many others favors the existence of halophiles.
Industrial and environmental applications of halophilic microorganismsAsif nawaz khan (AUST)
“The halophiles, named after the greek word for "salt-loving", are extremophiles that thrive in high salt concentrations.”
Most halophiles are classified into the
Archaea domain,
Bacterial halophiles
Some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)Jamil Ahmad
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Habitats like soda lakes,
Thalassohaline,
Athalassohaline,
Dead Sea,
Carbonate springs,
Salt lakes,
Alkaline soils and many others favors the existence of halophiles.
Industrial and environmental applications of halophilic microorganismsAsif nawaz khan (AUST)
“The halophiles, named after the greek word for "salt-loving", are extremophiles that thrive in high salt concentrations.”
Most halophiles are classified into the
Archaea domain,
Bacterial halophiles
Some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)Jamil Ahmad
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Dark fermentative hydrogen production is an intermediate microbial process occurring along anaerobic microbial degradation of organic matter. One direct application of this fermentative bioprocess consists in the production of renewable H2 and simultaneous treatment of organic pollutants. Nowadays, high amounts of saline effluents are generated by fish, seafood, petroleum and leather industries. Such saline effluents are rarely treated by biological anaerobic processes that are strongly inhibited by high salt concentrations. Alternative biological processes, such as dark fermentation, still remain to be investigated with the aim of removing organic pollution from such saline effluents. Moreover, more knowledge about the effect of saline conditions on fermentative microbial mixed cultures would provide new insights on the bacterial inhibition resulting from their exposition to saline conditions.
This study deals with the characterization of hydrogen-producing microbial communities after increasing salt concentrations in a range compatible with a marine environment.
A series of batch experiments was performed under anaerobic conditions favorable to hydrogen production, with a NaCl concentration ranging from 9 to 75 gNaCl/L. Marine sediments were used as inoculum. Biogas and bacterial metabolites were monitored over experimental time. The bacterial community structure dynamics were characterized using molecular tools based on the analysis of genomic 16S rDNA (CE-SSCP), and individual bacterial species were further identified by pyrosequencing.
As a result, the significant and highest biohydrogen production yield (0.9±0.04 molH2.molGlucose-1) was observed at the highest NaCl concentration of 75 g.L-1. However, by increasing the NaCl concentration, the bioH2 production rates slowed down gradually, and longer lag phases were observed. A clear and gradual metabolic shift was also observed suggesting a substantial impact of the saline environment on anaerobic bacterial metabolism, as well as a high selection pressure on acidogenic bacteria. As expected, the composition of the bacterial community at 9gNaCl/L (control) was consistent with literature data, with Clostridium sp. and Enterobacter sp as main dominant species. Interestingly, a gradual shift of the bacterial community structure, concomitant to metabolic changes, was observed by increasing NaCl concentration, with Vibrio sp. as new dominant bacteria (87% in abundance) at the highest salinities. This is the first report on the presence of Vibrio sp. as main hydrogen-producing bacteria in such acidogenic mixed-cultures.
Thus, this study provides new insights on anaerobic metabolism occurring in saline conditions with new possibilities of biotechnological applications from such saline effluents.
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
KingdomArchaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
The word Archae came from the Greek word Arkhaion, which means “Ancient”.
Archae is also the Latin name for Prokaryotic Cells. Archaea that growing the hot water of the Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park produce a bright yellow color.
Archaebacteria are known to be the oldest living organisms on earth. They belong to the kingdom Monera and are classified as bacteria because they resemble bacteria when observed under a microscope. Apart from this, they are completely distinct from prokaryotes. However, they share slightly common characteristics with the eukaryotes.
In this presentation, I would like to provide the Resistance Mechanism and Molecular Responses to the Salinity.
There are two types of plants Halophytes and Glycophytes (categories on the basis of their responses to the salinity) examples are Thellungiella halophila and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively.
Earlier Arabidopsis was considered as Model organism incase of plants but it can't tolerate high saline condition that's the reason for the limited study of plant towards salinity responses. But in the year 2004 the discovery of new plant Thellungiella halophila generates new knowledge about the tolerance mechanism of plants towards salinity responses because it's a halophytes which can tolerate extreme saline condition.
And also it has very similarity with the Arabidopsis so it's considered as the Model organism for the study of Salt stress physiology.
There are major two pathways involved in response to Salt stress (described in presentation).
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
2. Archaea
Brief description about :
Diversity
Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
and more :
Extremely Halophilic Archaea
Supervisor: Dr Doodi
Presented by: Nima eslamnezhad
3. We now consider organisms in the domain Archaea.
Some major characteristics of Archaea include the absence of peptidoglycan
in cell walls and the presence of ether-linked lipids and structurally complex
RNA polymerases.
Reminder
4. Phylogenetic tree 16s rRNa
Phylogenetic and Metabolic Diversity of Archaea
Diversity
The separation of these groups is also supported by genomic analyses, which show
that each group has its own pattern of genes but also that they share many genes in
common.
Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
5. Crenarchaeota
Laboratory culture
mostly hyperthermophiles
Inhabit aquatic and terrestrial environments
mostly chemolithotrophic autotrophs
Primary producers in these habitats
Hyperthermophilic species of Crenarchaeota tend to cluster closely
together and occupy short branches on the phylogenetic tree
These organisms are therefore thought to be more slowly evolving than
other lineages in the domain.
best available models of “early” Archaea (early life forms in general
6. Euryarchaeota
Cold-dwelling relatives of hyperthermophilic crenarchaeotes in the oceans
and various other temperate and even polar environments, a From a
phylogenetic perspective, these species occupy longer branches on the tree
and have therefore undergone rapid evolution, probably in the transition
from hot to colder environments.
:This phylum includes
methanogens and
several genera of extremely halophilic Archaea “halobacteria”
and Hyperthermophiles : Thermococcus and Pyrococcus and the
methanogen
Methanopyrus, all of which branch near the root of the archaeal tree
The cell wall–less Thermoplasma, an organism phenotypically similar tothe
mycoplasmas also exist.
In parallel to the Crenarchaeota, a large group of thus far uncultured euryarchaeotes
inhabits marine environments and occupies long branches near the top of the archaeal
tree.
7. Metabolic Diversity of Archaea
Chemoorganotrophic
Chemolithotrophic
No true phototrophic species containing
chlorophyll pigments are known, although a
unique lightmediated
form of energy generation does occur in some
halophilic species
Energy metabolism in methanogens is
unlike that of any other microbial group
(Bacteria or Archaea)
(CH4) is produced in either an
anaerobic respiration where carbon
dioxide (CO2) is the electron
acceptor and hydrogen (H2) is the
electron donor, or from the
catabolism of a short list of organic
compounds, acetate being the
prime example.
Autotrophy is widespread in the Archaea and proceeds by several different pathways :
The acetyl-CoA pathway or some slight modification of it
Reverse (reductive) citric acid cycle
The 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxypropionate cycle
.Enzymes of the Calvin cycle also been detected
8. Euryarchaeota
Key Genera:
Halobacterium
Haloferax
Natronobacterium
Extremely Halophilic Archaea
called the “haloarchaea,” are a diverse group that inhabits environments high in salt.
Naturally salty environments: solar salt evaporation ponds and
salt lakes
artificial saline habitats such as the surfaces of heavily salted foods
for example: certain fish and meats.
9. The term extreme halophile is used to indicate that these
organisms are not only halophilic, but that their requirement for
salt is very high, in some cases at levels near saturation.
An organism is considered an extreme halophile if it requires 1.5 M (about
9%) or more sodium chloride (NaCl) for growth. Most species of extreme
halophiles require 2–4 M NaCl (12–23%) for optimal growth. Virtually all
extreme halophilescan grow at 5.5 M NaCl (32%, the limit of saturation for
NaCl), although some species grow very slowly at this salinity.
Haloferax and Natronobacterium, are able to grow at much lower salinities,
such as at or near that of seawater (about 2.5% NaCl).
10. Hypersaline Environments:Chemistry and Productivity
Hypersaline habitats are common throughout the world, but extremely hypersaline
habitats are rare.
The predominant ions in a hypersaline lake depend on the
Surrounding topography
Geology
General climatic conditions.
for example:
Great Salt Lake in Utah (USA) is
essentially concentrated seawater; the
relative proportions of the
various ions are those of seawater,
although the overall concentration
of ions is much higher. Sodium (Na+) is
the predominant
cation in Great Salt Lake, whereas chloride
(Cl–) is the predominant
anion; significant levels of sulfate are also
present at a
slightly alkaline pH (Table 19.1).
11. Archaea are not the only microorganisms present in this environments The
eukaryotic alga Dunaliella
anoxygenic phototrophic purple bacteria of the genera Ectothiorhodospira
Halorhodospira
a few extremely halophilic chemoorganotrophic Bacteria:
Halanaerobium
Halobacteroides
Salinibacter
Soda lakes are highly alkaline, hypersaline environments. The water chemistry
of soda lakes resembles that of hypersaline lakes such as Great Salt Lake, but
because high levels of carbonate minerals are also present in the surrounding
strata, the pH of soda lakes is quite high.
12.
13. Bloom of halophilic microorganisms. Dense growth of halophilic
microorganisms in hypersaline environments leads to reddening of
the brine. Photo Dr. S. DasSarma.
15. The term haloarchaea,these Archaea are commonly called “halobacteria,”
because the genus Halobacterium was the first in this group to be described
and is still the best-studied representative of the group.
Natronobacterium & Natronomonas
Haloarchaea stain gram-negatively
reproduce by binary fission
do not form resting stages or spores
Cells of the various cultured genera are
Rod-shaped
Cocci
Cup-shaped,
but even cells that form squares are
known (Figure 19.2d).
i
p
h
i
l
i
c
&
H
a
l
o
p
h
i
l
i
c
Alkaliphilic
&
Halophilic
A square isolate was recently obtained
in pure culture and named
Haloquadratum
16. The genomes of Halobacterium and Halococcus are unusual in that
large plasmids containing up to 30% of the total cellular DNA are
present and the GC base ratio of these plasmids (near 60% GC)
differs significantly from that of chromosomal DNA (66–68%GC).
Water Balance in Extreme Halophiles
Most species of extremely halophilic Archaea are obligate aerobes.
Most halobacteria use amino acids or organic acids as energy sources and
require a number of growth factors (mainly
Vitamins for optimal growth.
Extremely halophilic Archaea require large amounts of Na+ for growth, typically
supplied as NaCl.
Detailed salinity studies of Halobacterium have shown that the requirement for
Na+ cannot be satisfied by any other ion (K+)
However, cells of Halobacterium need both Na+ and K+ for growth, because
each plays an important role in maintaining osmotic balance.
17. To do so in a high-solute environment such as the salt-rich habitats of
Halobacterium, organisms must either accumulate or synthesize solutes
intracellularly. These solutes are called compatible solutes. These
compounds counteract the tendency of the cell to become dehydrated under
conditions of high osmotic strength by placing the cell in positive water
balance with its surroundings.
Cells of Halobacterium, however, do not synthesize or accumulate
organic compounds but instead pump large amounts of K+ from the
environment into the cytoplasm. This ensures that the concentration
of K+ inside the cell is even greater than the concentration
of Na+ outside the cell .
This ionic condition maintains positive water balance
18. The Halobacterium cell wall is composed of glycoprotein and is stabilized by
Na+. Sodium ions bind to the outer surface of the Halobacterium wall and are
absolutely essential for maintaining cellular integrity.
When insufficient Na+ is present, the cell wall breaks apart and the cell lyses.
This is a consequence of the exceptionally high content of the acidic (negatively
charged) amino acids aspartate and glutamate in the glycoprotein of the
Halobacterium cell wall.
The negative charge on the carboxyl group of these amino acids is bound to
Na+; when Na+ is diluted away, the negatively charged parts of
the proteins tend to repel each other, leading to cell lysis.
Halophilic Cytoplasmic Components
Like cell wall proteins, cytoplasmic proteins of Halobacterium are highly
acidic, but it is K+, not Na+, that is required for activity.
High acidic amino acid composition
halobacterial cytoplasmic proteins typically contain lower levels of
hydrophobic amino acids and lysine
19. The ribosomes of Halobacterium also require high KCl levels for
stability, whereas ribosomes of nonhalophiles have no KCl
requirement.
Cellular components exposed to the external environment require high Na+
for stability, whereas internal components require high K+. With the
exception of a few extremely halophilic members of the Bacteria that also use
KCl as a compatible solute, in no other group of bacteria do we find this
unique requirement for such high amounts of specific cations.
Bacteriorhodopsin and Light-Mediated ATP Synthesis in Halobacteria
Certain species of haloarchaea can catalyze a light-driven synthesis of
ATP.
without chlorophyll pigments and it is not photosynthesis.
light-sensitive pigments are present including red and orange
carotenoids primarily C50
pigments called bacterioruberins and inducible pigments involved in
energy conservation
20. Under conditions of low aeration :
Halobacterium salinarum and some other haloarchaea
synthesize the
bacteriorhodopsin protein and
insert it into their cytoplasmic
membranes.
Conjugated to bacteriorhodopsin is
a molecule of retinal
carotenoid-like molecule that
can absorb light energy and
pump
a proton across the
cytoplasmic membrane.
Retinal :
The retinal gives
bacteriorhodopsin a purple hue.
21. Thus cells of Halobacterium that are switched from growth under high-
aeration conditions to oxygen-limiting growth conditions
(a trigger of bacteriorhodopsin synthesis)
gradually change color from orange-red to purple-red as they synthesize
bacteriorhodopsin and insert it into their cytoplasmic membranes.
Bacteriorhodopsin absorbs green light around 570 nm
The retinal of bacteriorhodopsin, which normally exists in a trans configuration
(RetT), becomes excited and converts to the cis (RetC) form.
Then
This transformation iscoupled to the translocation of a proton across the
cytoplasmic membrane.
22. The proton pump is then ready to repeat the cycle. As protons
accumulate on the outer surface of the membrane, a proton motive force
is generated that is coupled to ATP synthesis through the activity of a
proton-translocating ATPase.
Bacteriorhodopsin-mediated ATP production in H. salinarum
supports slow growth of this organism under anoxic conditions.
Antiport
The light-stimulated proton pump of H. salinarum also functions
to pump Na+ out of the cell by activity of a Na+__H+ antiport system
and also drives the uptake of nutrients, including the K+
needed for osmotic balance.
Symport
Amino acid uptake by H. salinarum is indirectly driven by light because
amino acids are cotransported into the cell with Na+ by an amino acid–Na+
symporter removal of Na+ from the cell occurs by way of the light-driven
Na+–H+ antiporter.