The document discusses the extraction of iron and aluminum. Iron is extracted through carbon reduction in a blast furnace, while aluminum must be extracted through electrolysis due to its high position on the reactivity series. Both processes are described in detail, including inputs, reactions, and outputs. Recycling of metals is also discussed for its environmental and economic benefits.
This presentation is about Extraction of Aluminium. It covers meaning of 'Extraction of Metal', Hall Heroult's process, Bayer's process and Uses of Aluminium. To make such presentations for a reasonably cheaper price, please visit https://sbsolnlimited.wixsite.com/busnedu/bookings-checkout/hire-designer-for-powerpoint-slides
The Step by Step Process of Extracting Iron from its Ore using the Blast Furnace with details of Chemical Reactions. Question Answers based on the process of extraction of metals.
This presentation is about Extraction of Aluminium. It covers meaning of 'Extraction of Metal', Hall Heroult's process, Bayer's process and Uses of Aluminium. To make such presentations for a reasonably cheaper price, please visit https://sbsolnlimited.wixsite.com/busnedu/bookings-checkout/hire-designer-for-powerpoint-slides
The Step by Step Process of Extracting Iron from its Ore using the Blast Furnace with details of Chemical Reactions. Question Answers based on the process of extraction of metals.
CHAPTER 3 MINERALS ORES AND METHODES OF SEPARATION.pdfWeldebrhan Tesfaye
i. Introduction
ii. Minerals and ores
iii. Sources of metals
iv. Methods of beneficiation of ores and miners
a. Comminution
Size reduction by crushing and grinding
Minerals, ores and methods of beneficiation
Liberation
Laws of crushing and grinding
Sizing
b. Classification and concentration
c. Classification and concentration
d. Magnetic separation
e. Electro- static separation
f. Flotation
Non - Ferrous Extraction of Metals Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
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Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. Metallurgy is also the technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to the production of metals, and the engineering of metal components for use in products for consumers and manufacturers. The production of metals involves the processing of ores to extract the metal they contain, and the mixture of metals, sometimes with other elements, to produce alloys. Metallurgy is distinguished from the craft of metalworking, although metalworking relies on metallurgy, as medicine relies on medical science, for technical advancement.
Metallurgy is subdivided into ferrous metallurgy (sometimes also known as black metallurgy) and non-ferrous metallurgy or colored metallurgy. Ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on iron while non-ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on other metals. The production of ferrous metals accounts for 95 percent of world metal production.
CHAPTER 3 MINERALS ORES AND METHODES OF SEPARATION.pdfWeldebrhan Tesfaye
i. Introduction
ii. Minerals and ores
iii. Sources of metals
iv. Methods of beneficiation of ores and miners
a. Comminution
Size reduction by crushing and grinding
Minerals, ores and methods of beneficiation
Liberation
Laws of crushing and grinding
Sizing
b. Classification and concentration
c. Classification and concentration
d. Magnetic separation
e. Electro- static separation
f. Flotation
Non - Ferrous Extraction of Metals Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. Metallurgy is also the technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to the production of metals, and the engineering of metal components for use in products for consumers and manufacturers. The production of metals involves the processing of ores to extract the metal they contain, and the mixture of metals, sometimes with other elements, to produce alloys. Metallurgy is distinguished from the craft of metalworking, although metalworking relies on metallurgy, as medicine relies on medical science, for technical advancement.
Metallurgy is subdivided into ferrous metallurgy (sometimes also known as black metallurgy) and non-ferrous metallurgy or colored metallurgy. Ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on iron while non-ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on other metals. The production of ferrous metals accounts for 95 percent of world metal production.
TALAT Lecture 5102: Reactivity of the Aluminium Surface in Aqueous SolutionsCORE-Materials
This lecture provides better understanding of the electrochemistry of aluminium; it gives an introduction to the other lectures. Some knowledge in aluminium metallurgy, simple chemistry (thermodynamics and kinetics), electricity and general electrochemistry is assumed.
A SHORT REVIEW ON ALUMINIUM ANODIZING: AN ECO-FRIENDLY METAL FINISHING PROCESSJournal For Research
Protection of aluminium alloys is most commonly done by forming anodic films. Anodic films can also be formed on metals like titanium, zinc, magnesium, niobium, and tantalum. Aluminium alloy parts are anodized to greatly increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer for corrosion resistance. A thin aluminium oxide film, that seals the aluminium from further oxidation when it is exposed to air. The anodizing process increases the thickness of the oxidized surface. Anodizing is accomplished by immersing the aluminium into an acid electrolyte bath and passing an electric current through the medium. In an anodizing cell, the aluminium work piece is made the anode by connecting it to the positive terminal of a dc power supply and the cathode is connected to the negative terminal of the dc source. Sealing is needed to seal the pores in oxide layer to prevent further corrosion. Oxide layer on the anodized aluminium has a highly ordered, porous structure that allows for secondary processes such as dyeing, printing and sealing. Nanowires and nanotubes can be made by using the pores in the oxide layer as templates.
This lecture describes the process of anodic oxidation of aluminium, which is one of the most unique and commonly used surface treatment techniques for aluminium; it illustrates the weathering behaviour of anodized surfaces. Some familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101- 5104 is assumed.
Effect of Nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) Characteristics On Solar Abs...A Behzadmehr
Nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) has been used in many different fields of science and technology, due to its great structural characteristics. Solar selective surface is an important application of this type porous material. This paper investigates the effect of nanoporous AAO properties, including; film thickness, pore area percentage and pore diameter, on absorption spectra in the range of solar radiation. The parameters were verified individually depending on anodization condition, and the absorption spectra were characterized using spectrophotometer analysis. The results showed that the absorptivity was increased with growth of the film thickness. Furthermore, increasing the pore diameter shifted the absorption spectra to the right range, and vice versa. The investigation revealed the presence of an optimum pore area percentage around 14% in which the absorptivity was at its maximum value.
A presentation giving the basic principles of corrosion. Electrochemical nature of corrosion, anodic and cathodic reactions, electrode potentials, mixed potential theory and kinetics of corrosion, thermodynamics of corrosion and Pourbaix diagrams, and passivization behavior of metals are outlined.
TALAT Lecture 5301: The Surface Treatment and Coil Coating of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the continuous coil coating processes for aluminium in sufficient detail in order to understand the industrial coating technology and its application potential. General background in materials engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5100 and 5200 is assumed.
10 major industrial applications of sulfuric acidrita martin
sulfuric acid commonly known as king of chemicals and also as oil of vitriol find its applications across many industries like lubricants, drugs, rayon, metal processing, batteries, chemical manufacturing and more
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements.pptxDamnScared
t is usually contaminated with earthly or undesired materials known as gangue. The extraction and isolation of metals from ores involves the following major steps: • Concentration of the ore, • Isolation of the metal from its concentrated ore, and • Purification of the metal.
Introduction
Winning of metals from sulphide ores
Extraction of Copper
a. Hydro - metallurgy of copper
b. Pyro - metallurgical extraction of copper
c. Newer process for copper extraction
d. Energy concepts in copper smelting
Extraction of metals from oxide members
Extraction of Lead
i. Treatments of ores of lead and its production
ii. Modern developments in lead smelting
Extraction of Zinc
a. Pyro - metallurgical extraction
b. Hydro – metallurgical extraction
c. Imperial smelting process
d. Production of other metals by ISP
e. Zinc from lead slags by slag fuming
Extraction of Nickel
Pyro – metallurgical process
This is a presentation on Extraction Of Metals from it's ores. If anyone of you do not like my presentation please do inform me that what changes I have to make
2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
OCCURRENCE
• ores of some metals are very common (iron, aluminium)
• others occur only in limited quantities in selected areas
• high grade ores are cheaper to process because,
ores need to be purified before being reduced to the metal
3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
THEORY
The method used to extract metals depends on the . . .
• purity required
• energy requirements
• cost of the reducing agent
• position of the metal in the reactivity series
4. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
REACTIVITY SERIES
K Na Ca Mg Al C Zn Fe H Cu Ag
• lists metals in descending reactivity
• hydrogen and carbon are often added
• the more reactive a metal the less likely it will be found in
its pure, or native, state
• consequently, it will be harder to convert it back to the metal.
5. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
METHODS - GENERAL
Low in series occur native or
Cu, Ag extracted by roasting an ore
Middle of series metals below carbon are extracted by reduction
Zn, Fe of the oxide with carbon or carbon monoxide
High in series reactive metals are extracted using electrolysis
Na, Al - an expensive method due to energy costs
Variations can occur due to special properties of the metal.
6. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
METHODS - SPECIFIC
• reduction of metal oxides with carbon IRON
• reduction of metal oxides by electrolysis ALUMINIUM
8. EXTRACTION OF IRON
GENERAL PROCESS
• occurs in the BLAST FURNACE
• high temperature process
• continuous
• iron ores are REDUCED by carbon / carbon monoxide
• is possible because iron is below carbon in the reactivity series
9. EXTRACTION OF IRON
RAW MATERIALS
HAEMATITE - Fe2O3 a source of iron
COKE fuel / reducing agent
CHEAP AND PLENTIFUL
LIMESTONE conversion of silica into slag
(calcium silicate) – USED IN THE
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
AIR source of oxygen for combustion
10. THE BLAST FURNACE
G
IN THE BLAST
FURNACE IRON ORE
IS REDUCED TO IRON.
A
THE REACTION IS
POSSIBLE BECAUSE C
CARBON IS ABOVE IRON
IN THE REACTIVITY
SERIES D
Click on the letters to see B B
what is taking place
E
F
11. THE BLAST FURNACE
COKE, LIMESTONE
Now move the
AND IRON ORE ARE cursor away
ADDED AT THE TOP
A from the tower
12. THE BLAST FURNACE
HOT AIR IS BLOWN IN
NEAR THE BOTTOM
CARBON + OXYGEN CARBON + HEAT
DIOXIDE
C + O2 CO2
OXYGEN IN THE AIR
REACTS WITH CARBON IN
THE COKE. THE REACTION
IS HIGHLY EXOTHERMIC B B
AND GIVES OUT HEAT.
Now move the
cursor away
from the tower
13. THE BLAST FURNACE
THE CARBON DIOXIDE
PRODUCED REACTS
WITH MORE CARBON
TO PRODUCE Now move the
CARBON MONOXIDE C cursor away
from the tower
CARBON + CARBON CARBON
DIOXIDE MONOXIDE
C + CO2 2CO
14. THE BLAST FURNACE
THE CARBON
MONOXIDE REDUCES
THE IRON OXIDE
CARBON + IRON CARBON + IRON
MONOXIDE OXIDE DIOXIDE
Now move the
3CO + Fe2O3 3CO2 + 2Fe D cursor away
from the tower
REDUCTION INVOLVES
REMOVING OXYGEN
15. THE BLAST FURNACE
SILICA IN THE IRON
ORE IS REMOVED BY
REACTING WITH LIME
PRODUCED FROM
THE THERMAL
DECOMPOSITION OF
LIMESTONE
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
CALCIUM SILICATE (SLAG)
IS PRODUCED
E
MOLTEN SLAG IS RUN OFF Now move the
AND COOLED cursor away
from the tower
16. THE BLAST FURNACE
MOLTEN IRON RUNS
TO THE BOTTOM OF
THE FURNACE.
IT IS TAKEN OUT
(CAST) AT REGULAR
INTERVALS
CAST IRON
- cheap and easily moulded
- used for drainpipes, engine blocks
F Now move the
cursor away
from the tower
17. THE BLAST FURNACE
G
HOT WASTE GASES
ARE RECYCLED TO
AVOID POLLUTION
AND SAVE ENERGY
CARBON MONOXIDE - POISONOUS
SULPHUR DIOXIDE - ACIDIC RAIN
CARBON DIOXIDE - GREENHOUSE GAS
RECAP
18. SLAG PRODUCTION
• silica (sand) is found with the iron ore
• it is removed by reacting it with limestone
• calcium silicate (SLAG) is produced
• molten slag is run off and cooled
• it is used for building blocks and road foundations
19. SLAG PRODUCTION
• silica (sand) is found with the iron ore
• it is removed by reacting it with limestone
• calcium silicate (SLAG) is produced
• molten slag is run off and cooled
• it is used for building blocks and road foundations
EQUATIONS
limestone decomposes on heating CaCO3 —> CaO + CO2
calcium oxide combines with silica CaO + SiO2 —> CaSiO3
overall CaCO3 + SiO2 —> CaSiO3 + CO2
20. WASTE GASES AND POLLUTION
SULPHUR DIOXIDE
• sulphur is found in the coke; sulphides occur in the iron ore
• burning sulphur and sulphides S + O2 ——> SO2
produces sulphur dioxide
• sulphur dioxide gives SO2 + H2O ——> H2SO3
rise to acid rain sulphurous acid
CARBON DIOXIDE
• burning fossil fuels increases the amount of this greenhouse gas
21. LIMITATIONS OF CARBON REDUCTION
Theoretically, several other important metals can be extracted this way
but are not because they combine with the carbon to form a carbide
e.g. Molybdenum, Titanium, Vanadium, Tungsten
22. STEEL MAKING
Iron produced in the blast furnace is very brittle due to the high
amount of carbon it contains.
In the Basic Oxygen Process, the excess carbon is burnt off in a
converter and the correct amount of carbon added to make steel.
Other metals (e.g. chromium) can be added to make specialist steels.
Removal of impurities
SILICA add calcium oxide CaO + SiO2 ——> CaSiO3
CARBON add oxygen C + O2 ——> CO2
PHOSPHORUS add oxygen 2P + 5O2 ——> P4O10
SULPHUR add magnesium Mg + S ——> MgS
23. TYPES OF STEEL
MILD easily pressed into shape chains and pylons
LOW CARBON soft, easily shaped
HIGH CARBON strong but brittle chisels, razor blades, saws
STAINLESS hard, resistant to corrosion tools, sinks, cutlery
(contains chromium and nickel)
COBALT can take a sharp edge high speed cutting tools
can be magnetised permanent magnets
MANGANESE increased strength points in railway tracks
NICKEL resists heat and acids industrial plant, cutlery
TUNGSTEN stays hard at high temps high speed cutting tools
26. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
Aluminium is above carbon in the series so it cannot be extracted from
its ores in the same way as carbon.
Electrolysis of molten aluminium ore (alumina) must be used
As energy is required to melt the alumina and electrolyse it, a large
amount of energy is required.
27. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
RAW MATERIALS
BAUXITE aluminium ore
Bauxite contains alumina (Al2O3 aluminium oxide) plus
impurities such as iron oxide – it is purified before use.
28. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
RAW MATERIALS
BAUXITE aluminium ore
Bauxite contains alumina (Al2O3 aluminium oxide) plus
impurities such as iron oxide – it is purified before use.
CRYOLITE Aluminium oxide has a very
high melting point.
Adding cryolite lowers the
melting point and saves energy.
29. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTROLYSIS
Unlike iron, aluminium cannot be extracted using carbon.
(Aluminium is above carbon in the reactivity series)
30. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTROLYSIS
Unlike iron, aluminium cannot be extracted using carbon.
(Aluminium is above carbon in the reactivity series)
Reactive metals are extracted using electrolysis
31. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTROLYSIS
Unlike iron, aluminium cannot be extracted using carbon.
(Aluminium is above carbon in the reactivity series)
Reactive metals are extracted using electrolysis
Electrolysis is expensive - it requires a lot of energy…
- ore must be molten (have high melting points)
- electricity is needed for the electrolysis process
32. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTROLYSIS
SOLID IONIC COMPOUNDS DON’T CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
THIS IS BECAUSE THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE
33. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTROLYSIS
SOLID IONIC COMPOUNDS DON’T CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
THIS IS BECAUSE THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE
DISSOLVING IN WATER or… MELTING
ALLOWS THE IONS TO MOVE FREELY
34. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTROLYSIS
SOLID IONIC COMPOUNDS DON’T CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
THIS IS BECAUSE THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE
DISSOLVING IN WATER or… MELTING
ALLOWS THE IONS TO MOVE FREELY
POSITIVE IONS MOVE TO THE NEGATIVE ELECTRODE
NEGATIVE IONS MOVE TO THE POSITIVE ELECTRODE
37. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
STEEL
CATHODE
CARBON
LINING
THE CELL CONSISTS OF A CARBON LINED
STEEL CATHODE
38. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
MOLTEN
ALUMINA and
CRYOLITE
ALUMINA IS DISSOLVED IN MOLTEN CRYOLITE Na3AlF6
SAVES ENERGY - the mixture melts at a lower temperature
39. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
MOLTEN
ALUMINA and
CRYOLITE
ALUMINA IS DISSOLVED IN MOLTEN CRYOLITE Na3AlF6
aluminium and oxide ions are now free to move
40. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
POSITIVE
ALUMINIUM IONS
ARE ATTRACTED
TO THE
NEGATIVE
CATHODE
CARBON CATHODE
Al3+ + 3e- Al
EACH ION PICKS UP 3 ELECTRONS AND IS DISCHARGED
41. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
NEGATIVE OXIDE
IONS ARE CARBON ANODE
ATTRACTED TO
THE POSITIVE
ANODE
O2- O + 2e-
EACH ION GIVES UP 2 ELECTRONS AND IS DISCHARGED
43. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTRONS
OXIDATION (LOSS OF
ELECTRONS) TAKES PLACE
AT THE ANODE
CARBON ANODE
ANODE 2O2- O2 + 4e- OXIDATION
44. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTRONS
OXIDATION (LOSS OF
ELECTRONS) TAKES PLACE
AT THE ANODE
REDUCTION (GAIN
OF ELECTRONS)
TAKES PLACE AT
THE CATHODE CARBON CATHODE
ANODE 2O2- O2 + 4e- OXIDATION
CATHODE Al3+ + 4e- Al REDUCTION
45. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTRONS
OXIDATION (LOSS OF
ELECTRONS) TAKES PLACE
AT THE ANODE
CARBON ANODE
REDUCTION (GAIN
OF ELECTRONS)
TAKES PLACE AT
THE CATHODE CARBON CATHODE
ANODE 2O2- O2 + 4e- OXIDATION
CATHODE Al3+ + 4e- Al REDUCTION
46. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
CARBON DIOXIDE
PROBLEM
THE CARBON
CARBON ANODE
ANODES REACT
WITH THE
OXYGEN TO
PRODUCE
CARBON DIOXIDE
47. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
CARBON DIOXIDE
PROBLEM
THE CARBON
CARBON ANODE
ANODES REACT
WITH THE
OXYGEN TO
PRODUCE
CARBON DIOXIDE
THE ANODES HAVE TO BE REPLACED AT
REGULAR INTERVALS, THUS ADDING TO THE
COST OF THE EXTRACTION PROCESS
48. PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM
ALUMINIUM IS NOT AS REACTIVE AS ITS POSITION
IN THE REACTIVITY SERIES SUGGESTS
THIS IS BECAUSE A THIN LAYER OF ALUMINIUM
OXIDE QUICKLY FORMS ON ITS SURFACE AND
PREVENTS FURTHER REACTION TAKING PLACE
THIN LAYER
OF OXIDE
ANODISING PUTS ON A CONTROLLED LAYER SO
THAT THE METAL CAN BE USED FOR HOUSEHOLD
ITEMS SUCH AS PANS AND ELECTRICAL GOODS
49. RECYCLING
Problems • high cost of collection and sorting
• unsightly plant
• high energy process
Social • less visible pollution of environment by waste
benefits • provides employment
• reduces the amount of new mining required
Economic • maintains the use of valuable resources
benefits • strategic resources can be left underground