The document describes the key aspects of experimental research methodology. It discusses the meaning of experimental research as making observations in a controlled situation to discover relationships between variables. It defines the different types of variables - independent, dependent, control, moderator, and intervening. It then outlines the main steps in conducting experimental research, including selecting the research area and problem, formulating hypotheses, identifying variables, developing a research tool, selecting a research design and sample, planning and implementing the experiment, collecting and analyzing data, replicating the experiment, deriving findings, and writing the research report.

1. Experimental
Research Method

2. Contents

3. Meaning
• It is an effort to see what happens in an known situation.
• It is an observation carried out in a controlled situation.
• It is a discovery of active relation associating between two
different factors / events
• It is a all other factors save one and then
to observe , measure and generalise its
effect on any phenomenon.

4. DEFINITION

5. Types
of
variables
Independent
variable
Dependent variable
Control variable
Moderator variable
Intervening variable

6. Independent Variable :
An independent variable is a
variable which a researcher selects,
manipulates or measures to ascertain
its relation to an event under
observation.

7. Dependent Variable :
The dependent Variable is the
condition or characteristics that
appear , disappear , or change when
the independent variable is
introduced , removed or
changed.The variable which is in
effect from becomes a dependent
variable.

8. Control Variable :
The Researcher while
examining the effects of
independent variable on
dependent variable should take
care that other variables do not
have a confounding effect. The
researcher should control all
such other variables.

9. Moderator Variable :
Moderator variable is a special type
of auxillary independent variable
whioch is selected to examine the
effect of relation between main
independent variable and dependent
variable. In this way, the researcher
studies or observes on both the
categories or level of moderator
variable while he studies for effect of
independent variable to Dependent
Variable.

10. Intervening Variable :
Intervening variable is such a
variable which affects the
dependent variable but which
cannot be observed, measured
or implemented. It means that
intervening variable is a
hypothetical variable.

11. Steps of Experimental
Research Method

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Selection of the
Area of Research
Clarification of the
problem and
Objectives
Formation of
Hypotheses
Clarification of
Variables
Selection or
Construction of
Research Tool
Selection of
Research Design
Defining
Population
and
Selection of
Sample
Planning of
Experiment
Pre Test
Implementation of
Experiment
Data Collection
Data Analysis and
Interpretation
Replication of
Experiment
Derivation of
Findings
Report Writing

13. Selectionof the AreaOf Research
Area of research is selected first, in
which scope for developmental
research has been there. Most of the
areas concerned with education,
psychology provide opportunities for
conducting developmental researches.
By Reviewing theoretical literature, the
researcher can select a research area
according to his need and abilities.

14. Clarificationof the problemandObjectives
Research Problem is finalised on
the basis of research gap and it is
defined precisely in clear and easy
language in the form of research
title.Objectives of research are
also decided at this stage, By
keeping in mind the type of
research method

15. formulationof hypotheses
Hypotheses are formulated at this
stage of experimental research.
Hypotheses must be based on
research objectives.Only such IVs
should be selected, that can be
manipulated properly in
controlled environment.

16. clarificationof Variables
Variables of research are defined and
clarified precisely at this stage of
research. All five types of variables
must be defined in the context of the
research. No such dependent ,
independent and MVs should be
defined here, which are not
mentioned in the objectives and
hypotheses of research.

17. selectionor constructionof research tool
After conducting the experiment, subjects
are to be measured in terms of DV in order
to know clear effect of treatment.So, an
appropriate tool should be selected for
measuring DV. The research tool should
be reliable and valid. Generally, any of
check list, rating scale , schedule,
questionnaire, record schedule,
psychological test, achievement test,
diagnostic test, observation and interview
is used as a research tool in experimental
researches.

18. selection of researchdesign
Various research design are there for experimental research.The researcher should select an
appropriate design by keeping in mind the ability of controlling extraneous variable of the
same.By keeping in mind the expected degree of control over extraneous variable, any of
the following experimental research design is selected.
• One Group Pre - test , post - test Design
• Two Groups Static Design
• Two Groups - Randomised Subjects - Post - test - only Design
• Two Randomized Groups - Matched Subjects - Post - test - only Design
• two Randomized Groups - pre - test - Post test - only Design
• Solomon Three Randomized Groups Design
• Solomon Four Randomized Groups Design
• Factorial Design
• Counterbalanced Design
• Non Randomized Two Groups Pre- test , Post - test Design
• One Group Time Series Design
• Control Group Time Series Design

19. DefiningPopulation andSelection of Sample
Population of research is defined at this
stage.While Deciding it, the researcher should take
care of selection of such a sample that can represent
it properly. He should limit his population by
keeping in mind this point.
Proper method should be used for sampling by
keeping in mind the experiemntal design selected for
research because each design needs specific type of
sample.
As replication of experiment is an experiment is
an essential element of experimental research ,
researcher should decide about the selection of
sample for each trial of experiment. Probable size of
Sample is also decided here. Method of making the
group equivalent , if required , is also decided at this
stage.

20. Planning of Experiment
Detailed plan for conducting an
experiment is prepared here with
precision. Many variables have to be
controlled in experimental research,
so the plan is prepared to control the
situation perfectly as far as possible.
External and internal validity of an
experiment also have to be
maintained to get true result of
experiment. So, while planning the
experiment, this factor is also kept in
mind.

21. Pre Test
implementation of experiment
This step is followed only of the
Pre – test - post – test type of research
design is adopted for research, otherwise
this step in ignored. Appropriate research
tool is used at this stage for collecting
data. Data are maintained properly for
analysis after completion of experiment.
Experiment is conducted at this stage.
Researcher takes enough care to stick to
the plan and to control the situation in a
planned way. If required, he implements
an alternate plan in the case of emergency.

22. dataAnalysis and Interpretation
dataCollection
Data are collected after completion of research
by using a tool developed or selected by the
researcher. Sometimes data are collected at
different stages of experiment depending upon
the design selected for experiment.
Data analysis is done at this stage in order to obtain the
results of experiment. An appropriate statistical technique is
used for that. The researcher should use parametric test,
only if the basic conditions of the same can be fulfilled,
otherwise non parametric test should be applied for data
analysis. Data analysis should be done in such a way that all
the hypotheses of research can be tested properly. Results
are interpreted after data analysis.

23. Replicationof Experiment
The experiment is replicated at this stage. Data
on the basis of replication are also collected
and analysed at this stage and results are
interpreted. Replication of the experiment must
be done in experimental research that is
conducted in any subject. It must be done in
the field of education, psychology and
sociology also because such researches are
carried out to study behaviours of living beings
and many uncontrollable extraneous variables
affect their behaviours. So, for getting true
results of experiment, the replication of
experiment must be done in the researches of
these fields.

24. Derivation of findings
REport Writing
Findings are derived at this stage on the basis
of interpretation of the result of both
experiment and replication of experiment. If
the same result are found in both, more
reliable findings in terms of effect of an IV
can be derived. Findings are written in easy
and clear language without using any
statistical and research related terminologies.
At the end of research process, the research
report is prepared contained details of entire
process.

25. THANK YOU