Experimental research involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable while controlling other factors. There are several key steps to the experimental process including forming a hypothesis, designing an experiment to test it, conducting the experiment, analyzing results, and determining validity. Validity refers to whether the experimental treatment caused the effect or if other variables influenced the results. Researchers use various control methods like physical, selective, and statistical controls to minimize threats to internal and external validity.
Experimental Research Design - Meaning, Characteristics and ClassificationSundar B N
This ppt contains Experimental Research Design Which covers Meaning, Characteristics and Classification of Experimental Research Design.
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Research Variables are the variables affecting one's research study. They are the Independent Variable, Dependent Variable, Constant/Controlled Variable, Extraneous Variables and Intervening Variables.
A measurable characteristic that varies and may change from group to group, person to person, or even within one person over time.
Variable is a logical grouping of attributes, characteristics or qualities that describe an object. It may be either height, weight, anxiety levels, body temperature, income and so on.
Variable is frequently used in quantitative research projects pertinent to define and identify variables.
A variable incites excitement in any research than constants as it facilitate accurate explanation of relationship between the variables.
Experimental Research Design - Meaning, Characteristics and ClassificationSundar B N
This ppt contains Experimental Research Design Which covers Meaning, Characteristics and Classification of Experimental Research Design.
Subscribe to Vision Academy
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
Research Variables are the variables affecting one's research study. They are the Independent Variable, Dependent Variable, Constant/Controlled Variable, Extraneous Variables and Intervening Variables.
A measurable characteristic that varies and may change from group to group, person to person, or even within one person over time.
Variable is a logical grouping of attributes, characteristics or qualities that describe an object. It may be either height, weight, anxiety levels, body temperature, income and so on.
Variable is frequently used in quantitative research projects pertinent to define and identify variables.
A variable incites excitement in any research than constants as it facilitate accurate explanation of relationship between the variables.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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2. Experimental Research
Experimental research is an attempt by
the researcher to maintain control over
all factors that may affect the result of
an experiment. In doing this, the
researcher attempts to determine or
predict what may occur.
3. Experimental Design
Experimental design is a blueprint of
the procedure that enables the
researcher to test his hypothesis by
reaching valid conclusions about
relationships between independent and
dependent variables.
4. Experimental Study Steps
Identify and define the problem.
Formulate hypothesis and deduce its
consequence.
Construct an experimental that represents all
the elements, conditions, and relations to the
consequence.
Conduct the experiment.
Compile raw data and reduce to usable form.
Apply an appropriate test of significance.
5. Research Essentials
Manipulation of an independent
variable.
All variables except the dependent
variable are held constant (control).
Manipulation of the dependent
variable by the independent variable is
observed (observation).
8. Physical Control
Gives all subjects equal exposure to the
independent variable.
Controls non-experimental variables
that effect the dependent variable.
13. History
The events occurring between the first
and second measurements in addition
to the experimental variable which
might affect the measurement.
14. Maturation
The process of maturing which takes
place in the individual during the
duration of the experiment which is not
a result of specific events but of simply
growing older, growing tired or similar
changes.
16. Measuring Instruments
Changes in instruments, calibration of
instruments, observers or scorers may
cause changes in the measurements.
17. Statistical Regression
Where groups are chosen because of
extreme scores of measurements, those
scores tend to move toward the mean
with repeated measurements even
without an experimental variable.
19. Experimental Mortality
The loss of subjects from comparison
groups could greatly affect the
comparisons because of unique
characteristics of those subjects. Groups
to be compared need to be the same as
before the experiment.
20. Interaction of Factors
Combinations of many of these factors
may interact especially in multiple
group comparisons to produce
erroneous measurements.
21. External Validity
To what populations, settings,
treatment variables and
measurement variables can this
observed effect be generalized?
23. Pre-Testing
Individuals who were pre-tested might
be less or more sensitive to the
experimental variable or might have
learned from the pre-test making them
unrepresentative of the population who
had not been pre-tested.
24. Differential Selection
The selection of the subjects determines
how the findings may be generalized.
Subjects selected from a small group or
one with particular characteristics
would limit generalizability.
26. Multiple Treatment Interference
If the subjects are exposed to more than
one treatment, then the findings could
only be generalized to individuals
exposed to the same treatments in the
same order of presentation.
27. Tools to Control Validity
Jeopardizing Factors
Pre-test
Control group
Randomization
Additional groups
