A measurable characteristic that varies and may change from group to group, person to person, or even within one person over time.
Variable is a logical grouping of attributes, characteristics or qualities that describe an object. It may be either height, weight, anxiety levels, body temperature, income and so on.
Variable is frequently used in quantitative research projects pertinent to define and identify variables.
A variable incites excitement in any research than constants as it facilitate accurate explanation of relationship between the variables.
Applied vs basic research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joy manumelwin
Â
When discussing research methodology, it is important to distinguish between applied and basic research. Applied research examines a specific set of circumstances, and its ultimate goal is relating the results to a particular situation. That is, applied research uses the data directly for real world application.
A measurable characteristic that varies and may change from group to group, person to person, or even within one person over time.
Variable is a logical grouping of attributes, characteristics or qualities that describe an object. It may be either height, weight, anxiety levels, body temperature, income and so on.
Variable is frequently used in quantitative research projects pertinent to define and identify variables.
A variable incites excitement in any research than constants as it facilitate accurate explanation of relationship between the variables.
Applied vs basic research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joy manumelwin
Â
When discussing research methodology, it is important to distinguish between applied and basic research. Applied research examines a specific set of circumstances, and its ultimate goal is relating the results to a particular situation. That is, applied research uses the data directly for real world application.
Experimental Research Design - Meaning, Characteristics and ClassificationSundar B N
Â
This ppt contains Experimental Research Design Which covers Meaning, Characteristics and Classification of Experimental Research Design.
Subscribe to Vision Academy
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
Experimental Research Design - Meaning, Characteristics and ClassificationSundar B N
Â
This ppt contains Experimental Research Design Which covers Meaning, Characteristics and Classification of Experimental Research Design.
Subscribe to Vision Academy
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
It is a tremendous challenge to deliver quality emergency services education. The hurdles that have to be overcome by program directors and individual educators to meet objectives and help students achieve competencies can be discouraging at best. That's why we have to stick together. Here is a treasure-trove of top-tips for educators.
It is a tremendous challenge to deliver quality emergency services education. The hurdles that have to be overcome by program directors and individual educators to meet objectives and help students achieve competencies can be discouraging at best. That's why we have to stick together. Here is a treasure-trove of top-tips for educators.
A discussion of Scholarly Teaching, with a focus on three areas:
- Active engagement during class time
- Effective preparation (students & instructors)
- Feedback loops and iterative learning
How to approach the design of flipped classroom. Discuss the rational and motivation to adopt flipped learning, the use of resources and the steps designing a module.
SIO Workshop: Course Design 2 - Alternatives to LecturePeter Newbury
Â
Presented at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California on November 14, 2014.
Peter Newbury
Center for Teaching Development, UC San Diego
ctd.ucsd.edu
1st week middle school life science course introjschmied
Â
Notes for the typical first days of science seven class, including course overview, intro to leadership, participation and teamwork goal setting, class rules, expectations, with links to presentations and characteristics of scientists. Lead in to What is and isn't science presentation, as well as, Observations and Inferences.
The Scientific Method for the Little OnesBrearn Wright
Â
This Power Point presentation discusses how to incorporate the scientific method in an early childhood classroom. This Power Point presentation will assist teachers and teacher assistants in the domain of instructional support and the dimension of concept development. More importantly, this Power Point presentation shows educators how the scientific method is aligned with the early learning frameworks.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder â active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
Â
đĽ Speed, accuracy, and scaling â discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Miningâ˘:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing â with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs â GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
đ¨âđŤ Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
đŠâđŤ Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
Â
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Â
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
Â
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Â
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Â
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Â
Monitoring and observability arenât traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current companyâs observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumbleâŚ.many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilotâ˘UiPathCommunity
Â
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalitĂ di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
đ Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
đ¨âđŤđ¨âđť Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Â
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
⢠What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
⢠How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
⢠How to get started with SAP Fiori today
⢠How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
⢠How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
⢠How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Â
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Â
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Â
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navyâs DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATOâs (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Â
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
2. Can you test these? How?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
You accidentally swallow about 8 spiders a year.
You only use 10% of your brain.
Men think about sex every seven seconds.
There are more people than chickens in the world.
The Great Wall of China is the only human-made
object visible from the moon.
Sneezing seven times in a row is the same as an
orgasm.
If you sneeze with your eyes open your eyes will pop
out of your head.
It is impossible to lick your elbow.
Dogs and cats are colour-blind.
Goldfish only have a 7 second memory.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
2
3. Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson you:
⢠Must be able identify and describe the different
types of experimental methodology in
Psychology.
⢠Should be able to identify the idenpendent and
dependent variables from an experimental aim.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
3
5. Types of Experiments
⢠Laboratory experiments
â Highly controlled / artificial situation
â The experimenter has explicit control over the IV
⢠Field experiments
â Controlled variables in a natural environment
⢠Quasi (natural*) experiments
â No control over the independent variable and Pps
cannot be randomly allocated to a condition.
â itâs ânaturallyâ occurring (eg Gender)
* Do not get this confused with a Field experiment!
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
5
7. Research investigating if there is a
difference between students who
are deprived of sleep and students
who have had plenty of sleep.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
7
8. An experiment to investigate if men
are more obedient than women
when an experimenter asks them to
inflict pain onto another person.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
8
9. A study to investigate if people on a
train travelling from Hull to York
would help someone who falls over
more if they were dressed as a
disabled person or a drunk.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
9
10. We want to investigate if a person
will remember images or words
better having been exposed to them
for thirty seconds.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
10
11. Will white rats be able to run a maze
quicker than grey rats?
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
11
13. Task
Based on the way the research
questions are written complete the
Independent Variable (IV) and
Dependent Variable (DV) boxes only.
You can work in pairs if you wish.
Time: 10 minutes
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
13
15. ⢠independent variable: that variable that is being
manipulated; the difference between the
experimental conditions.
⢠dependent variable: the variable that is being
measured by the experimenter.
⢠extraneous variable: a variable which could affect
the dependent variable but which is controlled so
that it does not become a confounding variable.
⢠confounding variable: a variable which has an
unintentional effect on the dependent variable.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
15
16. Review
Using your course reader (pg. 54-57)
make a review sheet on the types of
experiment. Ensuring you have notes
on laboratory, field and quasi
experiments.
You can choose how you want to lay it
out. Some ideas:
â˘Mind map
â˘Full notes
â˘Tri-page fold âtype-thing
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
16
17. Design your own âŚ
Choose 5 of the experiments from last
lessonâs handout. For each of these consider:
a)How would you design the experiment?
What would the procedure be?
b)What experiment type would you use and
why?
c)What experimental design would you use
and why?
d)What other measures would you use to
control for confounding variables?
19. Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson you:
⢠Must be able to list the ethical issues in
psychological research.
⢠Should be able to describe the different types of
controls in psychological research.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
19
20. â[The studies] are often
brilliantly controlled and
scientifically
rigorous but
bear as much
resemblance to
[real life] as an Oxo
cube does to a cow.
Such studies can be
described as
impeccable trivia.â
Banyard and Grayson, 2008
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
20
29. The experimenter
The experimenter
effect is a term used
effect is a term used
to describe subtle
to describe subtle
cues or signals from
cues or signals from
an experimenter
an experimenter
that affect the
that affect the
performance of
performance of
participants in
participants in
studies.
studies.
The cues may be unconscious nonverbal cues,
The cues may be unconscious nonverbal cues,
such as muscular tension or gestures. They
such as muscular tension or gestures. They
may be vocal cues, such as tone of voice.
may be vocal cues, such as tone of voice.
33. Landis (1924)
Participants required to behead a live rat with a butchers knife
Johnson et al. (1939)
Children deliberately pressured psychologically to induce
stuttering resulting in lifelong emotional suffering
Sheridan & King (1939)
Participants required to administer electric shocks to
puppies to such an extent that death occurred
Willowbrook (1956)
Children fed extracts of stool from individuals infected
with hepatitis
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
33
34. The Ethics Love Affair
How to remember the ethical guidelines
A pair of consenting adults were deceiving
their partners and having a love affair even
after their colleagues had advised them not
to. They had gone to the park to âmake loveâ
so they debriefed but they didnât have any
protection so he had to withdraw. Some perv
was observing and told everyone about it and
their affair was confidential no more.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
34
37. Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson you:
⢠Must be able to do this âŚ
⢠Should be able to do that âŚ
⢠And maybe, if youâre good, do this âŚ
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
37
38. Experiments
⢠Independent
Measures
⢠Participants are only
in one condition.
Condition 1 Condition 2
Repeated Measures
⢠The same participants
repeat the two
conditions
Condition 1
Condition 2
Counter balancing â alter order of Ppâs
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
38
44. Strength
Weakness
Independent
Measures
No Order Effects
Fewer Demand
Characteristics
Individual
Differences
Repeated
Measures
No Individual
Differences
Order Effects
(counter balancing)
Evaluation of Experimental Designs
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
44
45. Experiments
Matched Pairs â make two groups of participants
as similar as possible.
Condition 1
Condition 2
Male
21
IQ = 105
Male
21
IQ = 105
Female
25
IQ = 115
Wednesday 12 February 2014
Female
25
IQ = 115
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
45
46. Strength
Weakness
Independent
Measures
No Order Effects
Fewer Demand
Characteristics
Individual
Differences
Repeated
Measures
No Individual
Differences
Order Effects
Matched
Pairs
Controls for
Individual
Differences
(counter balancing)
Can be difficult
and costly.
Evaluation of Experimental Designs
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
46
50. Sampling
Opportunity Sample
Random Sample
⢠People who are there at
the time.
⢠Each person in the GP
has an equal chance of
being chosen.
⢠Quick / Cheap / Easy
⢠Not representative
⢠Expensive and time
consuming.
⢠Representative sample
51. Sampling
Self-Selected
Snowball Sampling
⢠Participants volunteer to
be in the sample following
advert etc.
⢠One person tells others
who tell others âŚ
⢠Quick / Cheap / Easy
⢠Not representative
What kind of person volunteers
for a psychology experiment?
⢠Allows us to collect
difficult to locate people.
⢠Time consuming.
52. The population is the group of people from whom the
sample is drawn.
For example if the sample of participants is taken from
sixth form colleges in a city, the findings of the study
can only be applied to that group of people and not all
sixth form students in the UK and certainly not all
people in the world.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
52
53. Obviously it is not (usually) possible to test everyone in the
target population so therefore psychologists use sampling
techniques to choose people who are representative (typical)
of the population as a whole.
=
If your sample is representative then you can generalise
the results of your study to the wider population.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
53
54. Geek
!
Want to
be in my
study?
Opportunity sampling is the sampling technique most
used by psychology students. It consists of taking the
sample from people who are available at the time the study
is carried out and fit the criteria you are looking for.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
54
55. This is a sampling technique which is defined as a sample
in which every member of the population has an equal
chance of being chosen.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
55
56. Volunteerslove
I just needed for
Sounds
Iâve
Gotta do
psychological studyalways
to be
rubbishâŚhair..
wanted to be in
my
helpfulâŚ.
on learning
a studyâŚ.
Self selected sampling (or volunteer sampling) consists of
participants becoming part of a study because they volunteer
when asked or in response to an advert.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
56
57. = 60% female
40% male
= 60% female
40% male
Stratified sampling involves classifying the population into
categories and then choosing a sample which consists of
participants from each category in the same proportions as
they are in the population.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
57
58. Experiments â Hypotheses
How are we
measuring
memory?
Whatâs better or
worse? Higher /
Lower? More / Less?
Participants memory will be much worse
when there is a distraction in the room than
What is the
when there is no distraction.
distraction? How are
we manipulating it?
Operationalising your hypothesis
How have you manipulated your IV?
How have you measured your DV?
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
58
59. Experiments â Hypotheses
Participants memory will be much worse
when there is a distraction in the room than
when there is no distraction.
Participants will remember significantly
more words from a list of 20 presented for
60 seconds when they are in a room with
no distractions than participants who are in
a room where rock music is playing in the
background.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
59
60. Alternate
Participants who [do something] will be
significantly [faster/better/quicker etc] at
[something] than participants who [do
something else].
Null
Experiments â Hypotheses
There will be no significant difference
between participants who [do something]
and those who [do something else]. Any
difference will be down to chance.
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
60
61. Experiments â Hypotheses
1Tailed
Participants who [do something] will be
significantly [faster/better/quicker etc] at
[something] than participants who [do
something else].
2Tailed
There will be a significant difference
between participants who [do something]
and those who [do something else].
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
61
62. Independent &
Independent &
Dependent Variables
Dependent Variables
Confounding &
Confounding &
Extraneous Variables
Extraneous Variables
Types of
Types of
Experiments
Experiments
Laboratory
Laboratory
Field
Field
Quasi (natural)
Quasi (natural)
Sampling
Sampling
Methods
Methods
Opportunity
Opportunity
Random
Random
Snowball
Snowball
Stratified
Stratified
Self-Selected
Self-Selected
Wednesday 12 February 2014
Experiment
Experiment
al Methods
al Methods
Cause &
Cause &
Effect
Effect
Independent
Independent
Measures
Measures
Repeated Measures
Repeated Measures
Matched-Pairs
Matched-Pairs
Ethics
Ethics
Ecological Validity
Ecological Validity
Reliability
Reliability
Validity
Validity
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
Âą
62
64. Data Analysis
Nominal - measure of central tendency: mode
Data in categories (finished, fell, started)
Ordinal - measure of central tendency: median
Data which are ranked or in order (1st 2nd 3rd)
Interval - measure of central tendency: mean
Precise and measured using units of equal intervals
(1m54s, 1m59s, 2m03s)
Measure of dispersion = range (Highest â Lowest)
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
64
65. Levels of Measurement
â˘
â˘
â˘
â˘
Time
Weight
Length
Number of âkeepieupsâ
⢠Age (years old)
Wednesday 12 February 2014
⢠Colours
⢠Score on a test
⢠Extroversion score on
a scale of 1-10
⢠Money
⢠Age (young /
teenager / middle age
/ old)
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
65
66. Descriptive Statistics
measurement of central tendency (average)
measurement of dispersion (range or standard deviation)
graphs & visual displays
Inferential Statistics
statistical tests â making inferences from the results
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
66
67. Which Statistical Test?
NOMINAL
DATA
ORDINAL
DATA
INTERVAL
DATA
REPEATED
MEASURES
Sign test
Wilcoxon sign test
Related t
test*
MATCHED
PAIRS
Sign test
Wilcoxon sign test
Related t
test*
INDEPENDENT
MEASURES
Chi-squared
Mann-Whitney
'U'
Unrelated t
test*
CORRELATION
Chi-squared
Spearman
Rho
Pearson
moment*
Wednesday 12 February 2014
www.jamiesmind.co.uk
67