Experimental design involves purposefully introducing changes or treatments to observe their effects. The document discusses key aspects of experimental design, including:
1. Selecting subjects and assigning them to treatment or control groups to measure the effect of changes.
2. Considering factors like the type and amount of information desired, questions the design will and won't answer, and costs when selecting a design.
3. Key terminology like treatment, control, variables, randomness, and validity that are important to experimental design.
PowerPoint presentation created for graduate course in Research Methodologies. Very wordy and not my usual style, but had too much information to include to do much style-wise.
PowerPoint presentation created for graduate course in Research Methodologies. Very wordy and not my usual style, but had too much information to include to do much style-wise.
This PPT slide presentation deals with the Meaning of hypothesis, Types of hypothesis, Parameters of a good hypothesis, Importance of hypothesis, Source of hypothesis, Format of hypotheis & Formulation of testable hypothesis.
Design of experiments is the most common Research design will wide reliability. It is mostly applicable in scientific lab type of research. This method is not applicable for descriptive research.
It involves both qualitative and quantitative data sets. The researchers can manipulate, control, replicate and randomize the experimental variables.
There are several types of experimental design depending on the selection of control, test and standard groups and their experimental setting.
The slides also show the guidelines regarding design of research proposal, Literature survey and important ethics in research. Guiding protocol to prepare a research and review article is also discussed.
Research Design: single subject design -
History of studying the individual
Single subject research
Features of single subject designs
Reversal designs
Multiple baseline designs
Data analysis in single subject research
Advantages of single subject research
Disadvantages of single subject research
This PPT slide presentation deals with the Meaning of hypothesis, Types of hypothesis, Parameters of a good hypothesis, Importance of hypothesis, Source of hypothesis, Format of hypotheis & Formulation of testable hypothesis.
Design of experiments is the most common Research design will wide reliability. It is mostly applicable in scientific lab type of research. This method is not applicable for descriptive research.
It involves both qualitative and quantitative data sets. The researchers can manipulate, control, replicate and randomize the experimental variables.
There are several types of experimental design depending on the selection of control, test and standard groups and their experimental setting.
The slides also show the guidelines regarding design of research proposal, Literature survey and important ethics in research. Guiding protocol to prepare a research and review article is also discussed.
Research Design: single subject design -
History of studying the individual
Single subject research
Features of single subject designs
Reversal designs
Multiple baseline designs
Data analysis in single subject research
Advantages of single subject research
Disadvantages of single subject research
Brief introduction to what an experiment is: Experiment,
Basic elements of experiments, How to choose subjects who will participate in experiment, Experiment noises, External validity, Internal validity. Research questions, Research Hypotheses, Organization of data.
Formula Fueler Design Of Experiments Class ExerciseRamon Balisnomo
There are alternative ways to teach DOE besides using the Statapult (Six Sigma Academy's favorite contraption which cost $300). A $20 toy made by Mattel is an effective teaching aid to full-factorial and fractional DOE's.
Design of Experiment (DOE): Taguchi Method and Full Factorial Design in Surfa...Ahmad Syafiq
Taguchi and full factorial design techniques to highlight the application and to compare the effectiveness of the Taguchi and full factorial design processes as applied on surface
roughness.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. Experimental Design
• Experimental design is a planned interference in the natural order of events by the
researcher
– A selected condition or a change (treatment) is introduced
– Measurements are planned to see the effect of any change in conditions
• Experimental design is also the quest for inference about causes or relationships
– Researchers want to make inferences about what produced, contributed to, or caused
events and rule out alternative causes
• Experimental design entails:
– selecting or assigning subjects to experimental units
– selecting or assigning units for specific treatments or conditions of the experiment
(experimental manipulation)
– specifying the order or arrangement of the treatment or treatments
– specifying the sequence of observations or measurements to be taken
3. Considerations in Design Selection
• The selection of a specific type of design depends primarily on both
the nature and the extent of the information we want to obtain
• Experimental Design is the task of extracting the exact information
needed to solve the research problem
• Two ways of checking potential designs:
1. What questions will this design answer? We should specify
questions the design won't answer as well ones it will answer.
2. What is the relative information gain/cost picture? The major point
here is that the researcher must take a close look at the probable
cost before selecting a design.
4. Experimental Design Terminology
• Treatment group in an experiment receives the specified treatment
• Control Group serves as a baseline against which to measure the effect of the full treatment on the
treatment group
• A variable refers to almost anything (purchasing power, employment, health, education, housing, gender..)
There are only two kinds of stuff in the world for researchers: variables and constants
• Extraneous variables (external to the experiment) are variables that may influence or affect the results of
the treatment on the subject (decline in external remittances with increasing poverty)
• A variable of specific experimental interest is sometimes referred to as a factor.
– Factor is used when an experiment involves more than one variable (poverty variables)
– Level refers to the degree or intensity of a factor (education, gender)
• Randomness refers to the property of completely chance events that are not predictable. If they are truly
random, examining past instances of occurrence should give the researcher no clues as to future
occurrences
• Random assignment of subjects to groups tends to spread out differences between subjects in
unsystematic (random) ways so that there is no tendency to give an edge to any group
5. Experimental Design Terminology
• Ex post facto refers to causal inferences drawn "after the fact” - the causal event of interest has already
happened
• Variance refers to the variability of any event. If one uses a fine enough measuring device, one can find
differences between any two objects or events
• The inside logic of an experiment is referred to as internal validity. Primarily, it asks the question: Does it
seem reasonable to assume that the treatment has really produced the measured effect?
• External validity refers to the proposed interpretation of the results of the study. If asks the question:
With what other groups could we reasonably expect to get the same results if we used the same
treatment?
• Blocks usually refers to categories of subjects with a treatment group (low income block, middle income
block..)
• Interaction refers to variables in the treatment which may interact with each other. It may make a
difference whether a variable is used by itself, with another, or with different levels or degrees of another.
6. Poverty Experimental Design
Poverty Factors
Income security
Recurring Income
Increase asset value
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7. Village Business Experimental Design
Village Business
Model
Income security
Recurring Income
Increase asset value
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8. Classes of information
There are six major classes of information with
which an experimental designer must cope:
1. post -treatment behavior or physical measurement
2. pre-treatment behavior or physical measurement
3. internal threats to validity
4. comparable groups
5. experiment errors
6. relationship to treatment
9. Post-Treatment Behavior
Usually only immediate or short-range results are obtained
Five categories of post-treatment behavior or physical measurement can be
identified:
1. behavior or measurement immediately after treatment
2. a comparison of post-treatment behavior between experimental and
control groups
3. a comparison of the post-treatment behavior between experimental
groups or blocks
4. long-term effects with continuing treatment and periodic
observations
5. long-term effects without continuing treatment but with
observation(s)
10. Pre-Treatment Behavior
Information concerning pre-treatment behavior or condition requires
observation, a test, or measurement, to be administered before the
experimental manipulation.
Several classes of pre-treatment information can be acquired:
1. behavior or measurement immediately before treatment
2. comparing pre-treatment to post-treatment behavior or
measurement
3. a comparison of pre-treatment behavior or measurement
between different pairs of subjects
4. a comparison of the differences between pre-treatment and post-
treatment behavior among groups of subjects
5. the effect of the pre-treatment observation or measurement on
subsequent behavior or measurement of the subject
11. Internal Threats to Validity
This class of information refers to some rival hypothesis that threatens
clear interpretation of the experiment. Typically, the rival hypothesis
asserts that something outside of the experiment proper produced the
behavior or measurement of interest.
Typically, internal threats to validity include:
1. the subjects exhibited behavior because of some event other than
the treatment
2. some other drug or process caused the change
3. the subject changed naturally (just improved)
4. the subject had a massive change in attitude or emotion
5. some other physical change occurred
6. the subject could or would perform the behavior, or would have
exhibited the measurement without the treatment
12. Comparable Groups
This class of information concerns subjects in the different units were
about the same in relevant attributes before the treatment, and during
the treatment, except for the treatment condition itself.
There are two types of comparability information:
1. were the groups (either experimental or control) comparable before the
treatment?
2. did the groups receive a comparable degree of experiences during the
time of the study (except for differences in treatment?)
13. Experimental Errors
Experiment error refers to some unwanted side effect of the experiment itself
which may be producing effect rather than the treatment.
Two types of strategies exist to deal with the Hawthorne effect:
1. provide for a placebo treatment group which gets the attention, but not
the "real" treatment and use blind and double blind strategies as needed
2. continue the treatment over a longer period of time; research shows
that the Hawthorne effect tends to be short-lived
14. Relationship to Treatment
This class of information deals with the possible interaction of the treatment effects
with: different kinds of subjects, other treatments, different factors within a
complicated treatment, different degrees of intensity, repeated applications or
continuation of the treatment, and different sequences or orders of the treatment or
several treatments.
Typically, information of this type is acquired from blocking, from factorial designs, and
various repeated measures designs.
1. did the treatment interact with subject characteristics so that subjects with
different characteristics behaved or reacted differently?
2. how does the treatment interact when combined with other sorts of treatment?
3. does the treatment contain different factors which may operate differentially on
the subjects?
4. what is the effect of different levels or degrees of the treatment?
5. what is the effect of different orders or sequences of various treatments?
15. Basic Experimental Designs
Eleven commonly used experimental designs:
1. One-Shot
2. One-Group, Pre-Post
3. Static Group
4. Random Group
5. Pre-Post Randomized Group
6. Solomon Four Group
7. Randomized Block
8. Factorial
9. One-Shot Repeated Measures
10. Randomized Groups Repeated Measures
11. Latin Square
16. Discussion topics when setting up an
experimental Design
An experimental design or randomized clinical trial requires careful consideration of several factors
before actually doing the experiment. An experimental design is the laying out of a detailed
experimental plan in advance of doing the experiment.
1. How many factors does the design have? and are the levels of these factors fixed or random?
2. Are control conditions needed, and what should they be?
3. Manipulation checks; did the manipulation really work?
4. what are the background variables?
5. What is the sample size. How many units must be collected for the experiment to be generalisable and have
enough power?
6. What is the relevance of interactions between factors?
7. What is the influence of delayed effects of substantive factors on outcomes?
8. How do response shifts affect self-report measures?
9. How feasible is repeated administration of the same measurement instruments to the same units at different
occasions, with a post-test and follow-up tests?
10. What about using a proxy pretest?
11. Are there locking variables?
12. Should the client/patient, researcher or even the analyst of the data be blind to conditions?
13. What is the feasibility of subsequent application of different conditions to the same units?
14. How many of each control and noise factors should be taken into account?