The document defines key concepts in experimental design including independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, threats to internal and external validity, and guidelines for conducting experimental research. It discusses how experimental design involves manipulating independent variables, measuring effects on dependent variables, using random assignment and control groups, and controlling for confounding factors. The goal is to establish causal relationships while ruling out alternative explanations for observed effects.
The video version of this over on quantitative research covers what it is, what are the four types of quantitative research, and how do we go about the decision-making process when choosing what type of research design to use. The video version of this presentation can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/kQMlOfuQdBA.
The video version of this over on quantitative research covers what it is, what are the four types of quantitative research, and how do we go about the decision-making process when choosing what type of research design to use. The video version of this presentation can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/kQMlOfuQdBA.
Mixed method design is often noted as a methodology capitalizing on the advantage of in-depth study in qualitative approaches and the power of generalization in quantitative approaches.
To be useful, acknowledging the fundamental assumption underpinning these two approaches is paramount. Qualitative approach is individualistic where the findings are rich in explaining a phenomenon of interest in context while quantitative approach is normative where the findings represent an average pattern of a phenomenon of interest in a population.
Kurt lewin’s action research model - OD process - Organizational Change and...manumelwin
The process of change involves three steps
Unfreezing: Faced with a dilemma or disconfirmation, the individual or group becomes aware of a need to change.
Changing: The situation is diagnosed and new models of behavior are explored and tested.
Refreezing: Application of new behavior is evaluated, and if reinforcing, adopted.
A Research design is the framework or guide used for the planning, implementation and analysis of a study. It is a systematic plan of what is to be done, how it will be done and how the data will be analyzed
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
Mixed method design is often noted as a methodology capitalizing on the advantage of in-depth study in qualitative approaches and the power of generalization in quantitative approaches.
To be useful, acknowledging the fundamental assumption underpinning these two approaches is paramount. Qualitative approach is individualistic where the findings are rich in explaining a phenomenon of interest in context while quantitative approach is normative where the findings represent an average pattern of a phenomenon of interest in a population.
Kurt lewin’s action research model - OD process - Organizational Change and...manumelwin
The process of change involves three steps
Unfreezing: Faced with a dilemma or disconfirmation, the individual or group becomes aware of a need to change.
Changing: The situation is diagnosed and new models of behavior are explored and tested.
Refreezing: Application of new behavior is evaluated, and if reinforcing, adopted.
A Research design is the framework or guide used for the planning, implementation and analysis of a study. It is a systematic plan of what is to be done, how it will be done and how the data will be analyzed
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
FDA’s emphasis on quality by design began with the recognition that increased testing does not improve product quality (this has long been recognized in other industries).In order for quality to increase, it must be built into the product. To do this requires understanding how formulation and manufacturing process variables influence product quality.Quality by Design (QbD) is a systematic approach to pharmaceutical development that begins with predefined objectives and emphasizes product and process understanding and process control, based on sound science and quality risk management.
This presentation - Part VI in the series- deals with the concepts of Design of Experiments. This presentation was compiled from material freely available from FDA , ICH , EMEA and other free resources on the world wide web.
Here is a piece of detailed information about the experimental design used in the field of statistics. This also features some information on the three most widely accepted and most widely used designs.
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2. 2
Causal Relationship
A precondition influencing a variable of
interest, or, more strictly, a change in
one variable that produces a change in
another variable
3. 3
Independent Variable
The variable that can be manipulated,
changed or altered by the experimenter,
independently of any variable. The
independent variable is hypothesized to
be the causal influence.
4. 4
Dependent Variable
The variable whose value is dependent on
the experimenter’s manipulations. It is the
criterion or the standard by which the results
or the experiment are judged. Changes is the
dependent variable are presumed to be the
effect of changes in the independent variable.
5. 5
Manipulation
Creating different levels of the independent
variable is known as manipulation the
variable. In the experiment, the independent
variable is manipulated, and the effect on
each level of manipulation on the dependent
variable is observed
6. 6
Experimental Treatments
Experimental treatments are the alternative
manipulation of the independent variable
being investigated.
For example, low exposure level, medium
exposure level, and high exposure level might
be experimental treatments in an advertising
experiment.
8. 8
Control Group
The group of subjects not exposed to
the experimental treatments are termed
the experimental group
9. 9
Extraneous Variable
Variables other than the manipulated variable
that affect the response of the test units and
hence the results of the experimental
research. These variables interfere with the
change in the dependent variable and thus
confound the results of the experiment.
Hence they are also known as confounding
variables.
10. 10
Selection Bias
If an experimental group is systematically
different in some relevant way from the
population being studied, it invalidates the
results of the experiment. This is known as
selection bias. Also, if the subjects assigned
to the experimental group differ
systematically from the subjects assigned to
the control group, then the result of the
experiment could be attributed to the
differences between the groups than to the
experimental manipulations.
11. 11
Randomization
A procedure in which the assignment of
subjects and treatment to groups is based on
chance. Randomization ensures control over
extraneous variables and increases the
experiment’s reliability
12. 12
Blocking
Even after adopting random assignments of
subjects and treatments to groups, it is
possible at times for the experimental groups
to differ in systematic manner on some
relevant variable.
Blocking is a procedure by which a
nonmanipulated variable is introduced into
the experiment to ensure that the groups are
equalized on that variable
13. 13
Matching
A procedure for the assignment of subjects to
groups that ensures each of group of
respondents is matched on the basis of
pertinent characteristics. Matching helps
reduce the experimental error that arises out
of selection bias.
14. 14
Treatment Effect
Conducting the experiment by itself can
alter the effects of the manipulations
and thus affect the results of the
experiment
15. 15
Hawthorne Effect
A form of treatment effect where in the
results of the experimental research are
altered unintentionally by the subjects
being aware that they are participating
in an experiment.
16. 16
A Classification of Experimental DesignsA Classification of Experimental Designs
Preexperimental Designs
-One-group, After-Only design
-One-group, Befor-After Design
-Nonmatched Control Group Design
True Experimental Designs
-Two-group, After-only Design
-Solomon Four Group Design
Quasi experimental Designs
-Time series Design
-Continuous Panel Design
Completely Randomized Design
Randomized-Block Design
Latin Square Design
Factorial Design
Statistical
Design
Classical
Design
Experimental
Design
17. 17
Preexperimental Designs
Are somewhat exploratory types of
studies that have almost no control over
the influence of extraneous factors on the
results of the experiment.
20. 20
True Experimental Designs
Experimental designs that adopt that
random assignment procedure.
The designs are generally far superior
to preexperimetal designs in making
causal inferences with confidence.
23. 23
Quasi-Experimental Designs
An experimental design with some
degree of control (more than
preexperimental designs), but there is
random assignment of subjects as there
is for true experimental designs.
24. 24
Quasi-Experimental Design
Time-Series Designs: similar to the one group, before
after design except that a series of measurements is
employed during which an experimental treatment
occurs.
EG O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8
Continuous Panel Design: an experimental design
which is collect a series of a measurements on the
same sample of test units, over an extended period
of time.
25. 25
Completely Randomized Design
Is the simplest type of statistical design.
The experimental treatments are assigned to
test units on a random basis.
The notation is :
EG1 R X1 O1
EG2 R X2 O2
EG2 R X3 O3
26. 26
Randomized Block Design
A randomized control group design employs the
randomization process for all variables, since there
should be no tendency for an experimental groups to
differ systematically from the others on any
dimension.
The notation is:
EG1 R X O1
CG1 R O2
EG2 R X O3
CG2 R O3
27. 27
Factorial Design
An experimental design which is two or more
experimental variables are considered simultaneously.
The notation is :
EG1 R X1(Hi Adv, Hi Price) O1 n=6
EG2 R X2(Hi Adv, Low Price) O2 n=6
EG3 R X3(Low Adv, Hi Price) O3 n=6
EG4 R X4(Low Adv, Low Price) O4 n=6
EG5 R X5(No Adv, Hi Price) O5 n=6
EG6 R X6(No Adv, Low Price) O6 n=6
28. 28
Latin Square Design
Is a method to reduce the number of
groups involved when interactions
between the treatment levels and the
control variables can be considered
unimportant
29. 29
Latin Square DesignLatin Square Design
1 2 3 4
Private Brand A
21 Cents
III IV I II
Private Brand B
22 Cents
II III IV I
Private Brand A
25 Cents
I II III IV
Private Brand B
26 Cents
IV I II III
Stores
30. 30
Laboratory And Field Experiments
Field experiment is the experimental
treatment or intervention introduced in a
completely natural setting.
Laboratory experiment is an experiment
in which the experimental treatment is
introduced in an artificial or laboratory
setting.
33. 33
Threats to Internal Validity
1. History: events external to the experiment
that affect the responses of the people
involved in the experiment.
2. Maturation : Changes in the respondents
that are a consequence of time, such as
aging, getting hungry, or getting tired.
3. Testing: The effects of taking a test on the
results of a subsequent test
34. 34
Threats to Internal Validity
4. Instrumentation: The measuring instrument
may change, as when different interviews
are used
5. Statistical regression: Operates where
groups have been selected on the basis of
their extreme scores
6. Selection bias: An experimental group is
systematically different in some relevant
way from the population being studied
35. 35
Threats to Internal Validity
7. Mortality: Respondents dropping out
of the experiment while the
experimental research is in progress
8. Selection-maturation interaction: In
certain experimental designs, the
selection-maturation interaction effect
might be mistaken for the effect of the
experimental variable.
36. 36
Threats to External Validity
1. The reactive or interaction effect of
testing
2. The interaction effect of selection
biases and the experimental variable
3. Reactive effects of experimental
arrangements
4. Multiple treatment interference
37. 37
Guidelines For Conducting Experimental
Research
1. Recognition of and statement of the
problem.
2. Choice of factors and levels.
3. Selection of the response variable.
4. Choice of experimental design.
5. Performing the experiment.
6. Data analysis.
7. Conclusion and recommendation.
39. 39
Experimental DesignExperimental Design
A set of procedures that guide an experimental study
by specifying
what independent variables are to be
manipulated,
what dependent variables are to be measured,
what levels of the experimental treatment are to
be used,
how to select test units and assign them to
different group,
how to control for selection bias, and
how to minimize the influence of extraneous
variables on the results of the experiment