The document summarizes human evolution from early hominids to modern humans based on paleontological evidence. It describes how humans originated from ape-like ancestors in Africa between 4-5 million years ago. Fossils of early hominids like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus provided evidence that humans evolved to walk upright and have larger brains and tools. Later hominids such as Neanderthals and Homo sapiens exhibited fully modern human traits and behaviors like use of fire and complex tools. The document traces the taxonomic classification of humans and provides an overview of the major stages in human evolution.

1. 
Evolution of Man

2. 
Introduction
Classification of Man in the Animal Kingdom
Origin of Man
 Evolution of Man
Palaeontological evidence
Conclusion
References
Contents

3. Human evolution is a process of change by which people originated
from ape like ancestors.
The animal Homo Sapiens belongs to family Hominidae and sub
order Anthropoidea of the order Primates.
The closest relatives of man in evolution belong to family Simidae,
which include Man like Anthropoid Apes. A large number of fossil
bone and teeth have been found at various places throughout
Africa, Europe and Asia.
 Tools of stone, bone and wood as well as fire hearths, campsites
and burials also have been discovered and excavated.
 As a result of these discoveries a picture of Human Evolution
during the past 4 to 5 million years has emerged.

Introduction

4. 
 KINGDOM  ANIMALIA
 SUB-KINGDOM  METAZOA (including all multi celled animal)
 PHYLUM  CHORDATA (bilaterally symmetrical)
 SUB-PHYLUM  VERTEBRATA (including all fishes, amphibians,
reptiles and birds)
 CLASS  MAMMALIA (including marsupials and egg laying
mammals)
 SUB-CLASS  EUTHERIA (including rodents, carnivore etc)
 ORDER  PRIMATES (including tarsiers, lemurs and tree shrews
placental mammals)
 SUB-ORDER ANTHROPOIDEA (includes old and new monkeys)
 INFRAORDER CATARRHINE
 SUPER-FAMILY  HOMINOIDEA (including the great apes and gibbons)
 FAMILY HOMINIDEA (including all tool-making forms of fossil
 primates)
 GENUS HOMO (including java men, Peking man, Neanderthal
man, Hodocian man and Soloman)
 SPECIES  SAPIENS
Scheme of the classification of Man in the
Animal Kingdom

5. 
Origin of Man

6. 
All primates posses relatively large brain, five finger and five toes
equipped with nails, prehensile hand and feet, a very flexible
arm, a thumb that can be rotated to oppose the other finger, an
eye socket protected by bone and a total of 32 or 34 teeth.
 This combination of characteristic is diagnostic that man is one
of the primates.
There are 3 great groups of higher primates, They are
new world monkey,
The old world monkey and
The Hominoids.
 By 14 million years ago, Hominoids were clearly separated from
the other apes in teeth and diet and probably in behaviour.
Unfortunately, there was a tremendous gap in the fossil record of
Hominoid after 14 million years ago. It is not until 3 million years
ago that the good evidence of human evolution appeared.
In south-Africa, Fossils have been found at several places from
about the same time span.

7. 
 Ramapithecus
 Australopithecus
 Pithecantropus
 Sinanthropus (Peking Man)
 Heidelberg Man
 Neanderthal Man
 Cro-Magnon Man
Evolution of Man

8. 
Ramapithecus
Ramapithecus is one of our non-human primate ancestors from between
12 and 14 million years ago.
 Lewis discovered (1934) one wide curving jaw with arched palate from
Siwalik Hills of India and named it as Ramapithecus.
 . He announced that this one not only belongs to a different genus but
also the most Man like of the lot. After about 25 years Leakey found
similar jaws in Africa and established that it was contemporaneous with
the Ramapithecus of India.
 Since the remains of these creatures are fewer and fragmentary and that
nothing known about Ramapithecus was primitive to Australopithecus.
The entire Pliocene is a total blank as far as Human Fossils Ancestors are
concerned.

9. 
 The fossil which assumes to be the intermediate
between Man and Ape was discovered in Pleistocene
cave deposite of South Africa in 1924 by Dart.
Australopithecus have been divided into four species
base on the thin Teeth, Jaw and Brain size. They are
 Australopithecus aferensis
 Australopithecus africanus
 Australopithecus robustus
 Australopithecus boisei
Australopithecus

10. 
Australopithecus aferensis
Australopithecus afrensis has a brain size a little larger than
chimpanzees. Size is about 400 to 500 cc. Chinless lower jaw, flat
nose, ape like face with a sloping forehead and they lived between
3.9 and 3 million years ago.
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus Africanus was quite similar to Australopithecus
aferensis. Brain size was ranging up to 500 cc. The shape of the jaw
was like human and size of the chewing teeth remained large.
They lived between 3 and 2 million years ago

11. 
Australopithecus robustus
Brain size was up to 525 cc. Large face, was flat and with no
forehead. Size of jaw and chewing teeth were large. They
lived between 2 and 1.5 million years ago
Australopithecus boisei
They were quite similar to robustus. Brain size was up to 525 cc. Size of
jaw and chewing teeth were large.They lived 2.1 and 1.1 million years
ago.

12. 
Remains of the most famous of all fossil so called Java, “ape-man”,
Pithecanthropus erectus were discovered near Trinil, Java by the Dutch physician
Eugene Dubois (1891).
The fossil collection includes a skull cap, a thigh bone and 2 molar teeth. Cranial
capacity was 900-1000 cc. The cranium was low especially in the frontal regions,
and the bony brow ridges above the eyes were comparatively heavy.
 The jaws were strong and large and were projected further forward than the
jaw in the Modern Man, the chin rather was receding
 These early men were ground living
erect walking hominoids.
 Probably they even knew how to use fire and
small tool of wood and stone but there
is no evidence that they used fire.
Pithecantropus

13. 
Brain Capacity was 850 to 1200 cc.
 Thick cranial walls, low receding forehead, low
cranial dome, Mandible chinless with massive canine
teeth Peking man is supposed to be the variant of
java man.
 This man was the first to use fire for cooking.
Sinanthropus (peking
man)

14. 
Large heavy jaw like ape, with a combination of teeth, of
moderate size.
 The chin slopes away, teeth continuous in series.
Heidelberg man moved freely in Europe during the first
half of Pleistocene.
The cranial capacity was believed to be about 1300 cc.
Heidelberg Man

15. 
All the Men other than the Pithecanthropus have been placed in
the Genus Homo.
 Homoneanderthalini who lived
3rd
Interglacial Period of the Late
Pleistocene in Europe, Asia and Africa.
1st
discovered in 1856 –
Neander valley of Germany.
 This Man was short heavily built.
Eyebrows were heavily overhanging.
 Shoulders stooped, head was thrust forward, and face large,
upper Jaw projected forward cranium forward cranium low.
Thigh bones curved, knees were bent slightly. Brain case, which
varied in size from 1400 cc – 1600 cc
Neanderthal Man

16.  First Fossil found in the Cro-Magnon valley of France.
 Brain capacity of about 1600 cc. Large, narrow skull with
broad face.
 Jaws were thick and had
hominoid teeth.
 They had erect posture and
express their feelings by
drawings and making sculptures in cave.
Cro-Magnon Man

17. 
The four prime importance factors in determining the
evolutionary trend of man from ape-like primate are
below.
1.The growth and elaboration of the brain
2.The perfection of the erect posture
3.A slowing down of post-natal development
4.The growth in human population
Palaeontological Evidences

18. 
 The appearance of man was a climatic event in the
the history of earth
 Man evolved from Ramapithecus to Recent man
 Evolution was of short span of time i.e Pleistocene to
Holocene
 Distribution is according to Natural Resources
 Man is the finest product in the Evolution
Conclusion

19. Books
1)A.P.Tyagi ,1976“An Introduction to palaeontology”
chand and company Ltd.Pp.112 -121
2)Bracel and Montagu,1977,human evolution collier canada
ltd.,Pp.279-287
3)Richard Coewn,1976 “History of Life” McGraw-Hill Book
companyPp-122-124
4)Edwin colbert,1963 ,introduction to vertebrate
palaeontology,dorling kindersley pvt.ltd,Pp.156-178
Website
1.http://www.onelife.com/evol/manner.html
2.http://www.google.com
References

20. 
Thank you