Human evolution in relations to ape, Scientific classification of humans, The evolution of physical characteristics in humans, Development of social traits in humans.

1. STORY OF HUMANS
What is the reason for great diversity on planet
earth?

2. Theory of Natural selection(1859)
Human beings are evolved from
Monkey(1871)
“The descent of man”
 Similarities between Man and apes
 Suggested Man, apes, And monkeys have common ancestor

5. Our closest living relatives gorilla and
chimpanzees
Recent studies have Indicated that the blood pigment of man and gorilla are
differ only in one amino acid
DNA of man and gorilla differ only about two percent !

6. What characteristics do we Share with other primates ?
• Primates have a distinct face in place of a snout observed in
other mammals.
• Most of the Skull is posterior to the eyes.
• Eyes directed Forward, enabling binocular vision.
• Free movement of the digit, especially the thumb which can
oppose other digit.
• Claws modified into nails.
• Enlarged brain, especially the cerebral hemispheres.
• Only two mammary Glades to nourish the young ones.
• Typically and generally only one offspring in each pregnancy.

7. Comparative study of humans and existing primates suggests only what
might have happened .
But what did really happen – one has to look into study of human
fossils .
1. About 15 million years ago
𝐸𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑
Semi erect terrestrial form of primates
Proconsul(Ancestors of apes and humans )
• Strong muscular arms
• Arms longer then legs
• Fossils – Europe and china
• Modern apes – orangutan, gorilla and human ancestors are presumed is
Evolved as Dryopithecus

8. Further evolution
Stronger and straighter legs with feet(walking)
Stereoscopic vision and acute hearing mechanism retained
Prehensile nature of big toe gradually lost
Started using grasping hands for various purposes
Upright posture
Evolutionary Changes
Pelvic girdle and associated muscles changed
into broad basin like structure to support
the trunk.
The hole in the skull through which brain comes out got shifted to lower
surface – cerebrum as showed enlargement.
The eyes to focus an objects which it could hold
Able to Manipulating the objects with flexible hands
Pre humans Zinzanthropus

9. About 13 -14 Million years ago
Prehuman
Ramapithecus
(India)
(Indian origin) (apes)
‘True ancestor of modern man’
Only fossils of face and Jaw bones Have been recovered and studied.
• Siwalik range of our country
• Observed in – Australia and Africa
After this period
Shifts in earths crust
Severe changes in the climate
Resulted in conversion of large forests in grass lands.
Accelerated the evolution of our early ancestors

10. About 5 millions years ago
Southern apes
Australopithecus
(Eastern and southern Africa dry land) ‘First Human’
Short (about 4
1
2
Feet height)
Fore head was low
Brain capacity equal to much taller modern gorilla.
Cranial capacity
1
3
of modern man
Walked erect, hunted in group used – pebbles and bones as tools.

11. About 2.5 million years ago
(fossil skull)
Homo habilis(Brain 700cc)
Limb bones resembled – Modern Man
Used tools and weapons

12. About 1.5 million years ago
Spreaded all over the world
Homo erectus
Java man
(Dutch scientist eugene dubois )
 Java in Indonesia several individuals including child with crude stones
Peking man
(Canadian biologist)
 Peking in China
 Chopping tools made of stones, occurrence on charcoal along fossils
 Using fire

13. About 250,000 years ago Homo sapiens
Larger Brain capacity
Intellectual capacity was much higher
Developed Language
Using sophisticated tools and weapons

14. Earliest homo sapiens Neanderthal man
(1856 – first fossil discovered in Neanderthal valley of Germany)
Neanderthal man appeared in Eurasia and
northern Africa
He was rather short, heavily built and
strong
Brow ridges were heavy
Forehead was sloping with small chin
and protruding jaws
Good in making tools
Developed Speech.
Note : Perhaps Neanderthal man were exterminated because of their inability to compete with a
culturally more advanced group of man, armed with better tools and weapons.

15. 3000 years ago
End of ice age
Cro-Magnon man
Superb paintings in caves France and Spain –
Tells about association with animals
First fossils discovered in
caves
Large stature
Active and intelligent
Finally chipped stone arrows
and sphere points were used
They carved tools and
ornaments from ivory

16. Comparison between modern man and Cro-Magnon man
Not very much difference in terms of biological evolution. What sets apart is only
the cultural evolution
Culturally modern man - advanced
Capable of – Thinking, memorizing, Speaking, Reading and writing.
He developed – Agriculture and Started domesticating animals
Learnt – manipulate nature according to his needs
He has developed – science and technology using his intelligence
He has emerged as the dominant creature on this planet earth.