This document discusses the evolution of early human species from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens sapiens. It describes four species of Australopithecus classified based on brain size and jaw/tooth morphology. Homo habilis is identified as the first true human able to make and use tools. Homo erectus is noted as the first to control fire and use basic stone tools. Later species such as Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens sapiens exhibited increased brain size and sophistication in tool use, hunting, shelter building, and burial of the dead. Paleontological evidence of this evolution includes growth of the brain, perfection

1. Cultural, Social, Political and
Economic Symbols and Practices

2. EVOLUTION
A natural process of biological changes
occurring in a population across successive
generations. It helps us identify and analyze man’s
physiological development which is important in
his subsistence. Baleña (2016)

4. AUSTRALOPITHECUS
According to Baleña (2016), the fossil which
assumes to be the intermediate between Man
and Ape was discovered in Pleistocene cave
deposited of South Africa in 1924 by Dart.
Australopithecus has been divided into four
species based on the thin teeth, jaw and brain
size.

5. Australopithecus Aferensis
It has a brain size a little larger
than chimpanzees. Size is about 400 to
500 cc. Chinless lower jaw, flat nose,
ape like face with a sloping forehead
and they lived between 3 and 3.9
million years ago.

6. Australopithecus Africanus
This was quite similar to
Australopithecus aferensis. Brain size was
ranging up to 500 cc. The shape of the jaw
was like human and size of the chewing
teeth remained large. They lived between 2
and 3 million years ago.

7. Australopithecus Robustus
Its brain size was up to 525 cc. Large
face, was flat and with no forehead. Size
of jaw and chewing teeth were large.
They lived between 1.5 and 2 million
years ago.

8. Australopithecus Boisei
They were quite similar to Robustus.
Brain size was up to 525 cc. Size of jaw
and chewing teeth were large. They lived
1.1 and 2.1 million years ago.

9. Homonization
According to Baleña (2016), for
humans, history started at homonization
the evolutionary of human
characteristics that differentiate
homonids (organisms belonging in the
Homo genus) distinct from their primate
ancestors.

10. HOMONIDS
According to Baleña (2016), homonids differ
from their predecessor, the australopithecines, in
the series that they were the first to use stone
stools for survival. Both general are known to be
bipedal, but beings in the genus Homo have
expanded brains enlarged bodies, less sexual
dimorphism, narrower limb proportions, reduce size
of cheek, teeth and crania.

12. Homo Rudolfensis
According to Baleña (2016), the first homonid is homo
rudolfensis discovered by anthropologists Richard Leakey and
Meave Leakey in Kenya in 1972. However, some scholars believe
that this species should be classified under the genus
Australopithecus, since its molar and premolar teeth resemble
those of its predecessor, although its brain is similar to those of
the other homonids.

13. Homo Habilis
The species name means “Handy man”
because the ability to make and use tools. This
species is recognized to the first true human.
Lived about 1.4 to 2.4 million years ago
scavenging for food. Baleña (2016).

14. Homo Erectus
• Remains of the most famous of all fossils so
called Java, “ape-man”, erectus were discovered
near Trinil, Java by the Dutch physician Eugene
Dubois (1891). The fossil collection includes a
skull cap, a thigh bone and two molar teeth.
Cranialcapacity was 900-1000 cc.

15. Homo Erectus
• The cranium was low especially in the frontal
regions,and the bony brow ridges above the eyes
were comparatively heavy. Probably they even
knew how to use fire and small tool of wood and
stone but there is no evidence that they used fire.
The species name means “Upright man” with
body proportion similar to that of modern
humans. Baleña (2016)

16. Homo Erectus
• Peking Man - Brain Capacity was 850 to
1200 cc. Thick cranial walls, low receding
forehead, low cranial dome, Mandible
chinless with massive canine teeth. Peking
man is supposed to be the variant of Java
man. This man was the first to use fire for
cooking. Baleña (2016)

17. Homo Floresiensis
• Species nicknamed “Hobbit” due to
their small stature with a height of more
or less 3 feet and lived 95,000 to 17,000
years ago in the islands of Flores,
Indonesia. Baleña (2016)

18. Homo Heidelbergensis
Large heavy jaw like ape, with a
combination of teeth, of moderate size.
The chin slopes away, teeth continuous in
series. Heidelberg man moved freely in
Europe during the first half of
Pleistocene. The cranial capacity was
believed to be about 1300 cc.

19. Homo Heidelbergensis
They were the first of early human
species to live in colder climates,first to
hunt large animals on routine basis using
spears and first to construction human
shelter. Baleña (2016).

20. Homo Sapiens
The species to which all modern human
beings belong. Homo sapiens is one of
several species grouped into the genus
Homo, but it is the only one that is not
extinct. The species name means “wise
man” that appeared from 200,000 years
old.Baleña (2016).

21. Homo Neanderthalensis
•Neanderthals or the beings under the specie
Homo Neanderthalensis, were similar to Homo
erectus, who walked. Subspecies with short yet
stocky in body builds adapted to winter climates
especially in icy cold places in Europe and Asia.
This man was short heavily built. Eyebrows were
heavily overhanging. Shoulders stooped, head
was thrust forward, and face large, upper jaw
projected forward cranium forward cranium
low.

22. Homo Neanderthalensis
•Thigh bones curved, knees were bent
slightly. The first to practice burial of their
dead, hunting and gathering food and sewing
clothes from animal skin using bone needles.
Baleña (2016)

23. Homo Sapiens Sapiens
•Subspecies known as Cro-Magnon characterized
to be anatomically modern humans and lived in
the last Ice Age of Europe from 10,000 to 40,000
years ago. First fossil found in the Cro-Magnon
valley of France. Brain capacity of about
1600cc. Large, narrow skull with broad face.
Jaws were thick and had hominoid teeth. They
had erect posture and express their feelings by
drawings and making sculptures in cave. Baleña
(2016)

24. Paleontological Evidences
1. The growth and elaboration of the brain
2. The perfection of the erect posture
3. A slowing down of post-natal development
4. The growth in human population

25. To do..
•Research about the biological and
cultural development of the
hominids. Write it on a yellow
paper to be pass on tuesday