1. The document discusses the history and theories of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It traces the major species in our lineage and their defining characteristics.
2. Early hominid species like Australopithecus afarensis and Homo habilis exhibited traits like bipedalism and increased brain size compared to apes. Later species such as Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis used more advanced tools and mastered fire.
3. Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens inhabited Europe and Asia around 200,000 years ago before modern humans emerged in Africa around 50,000 years ago. Theories of human evolution are constantly reevaluated
Darwin theory of evolution was the first insight for understanding life on earth. To get more information about Darwin and his work; contact myassignmenthelp.net
This slide share shares the almost unnoticed part of our profession the wild life: the primates.Its a little attempt to lighten up our mates ' The Primates' hidden behind the shadow of negligence. Sakina Rubab, DVM.
The Living primates is a presentation about the development of primates as the origin of human race. their categories, classifications, what are they alike that has distinctive human characteristics.
Darwin theory of evolution was the first insight for understanding life on earth. To get more information about Darwin and his work; contact myassignmenthelp.net
This slide share shares the almost unnoticed part of our profession the wild life: the primates.Its a little attempt to lighten up our mates ' The Primates' hidden behind the shadow of negligence. Sakina Rubab, DVM.
The Living primates is a presentation about the development of primates as the origin of human race. their categories, classifications, what are they alike that has distinctive human characteristics.
The Noetic perspective (from Greek: noetikos- mental; nous- mind) identifies the [human] mind as the nexus of the future evolution of humanity. At present, human evolution is a mental process rather than biological or technological process.
The Noetic model describes mind as a relation generating complex system arising as a product of biological evolution and manifesting certain defining characteristics such as systemic closure, self reference, plasticity, etc. This model aims to integrate a systemic view with the mental constructs of the subjective plane. According to the Noetic model, human identity is a dynamic constructive process that brings forth the human observer as the subject of its perceptive and mental states. This process is identified as mind. Images and narratives are the elements encompassing the experiential and mental aspects of the identity process as they appear to the human observer.
The idea of mind as the theater of evolutionary processes is further explored: Mind as a complex system can essentially be disassociated from the historical conditions of its emergence; therefore it is virtually unbound in its evolutionary potential. This has deep implications on the understanding of human nature and the human condition. Finally, the ideas of openness and freedom beyond utility are proposed as futuristic directives of consciously guided evolution of mind.
Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species.
Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years.
This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans.
-Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed.
-The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools
https://userupload.net/69zxggv1yww1
The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
This power point discusses the origins of early man and his migration. It incorporates a few YouTube videos and talking points to enhance additional data on the slides.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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4. "Hominid" refers to members of the human family,
Hominidae, which consist of all species from the point
where the human line splits from apes towards present day
humans.
Habitual bipedal locomotion (movement on two legs), an
upright position, and a large brain that has lead to: tool
use, language, and culture characterize hominids.
Introduction
4
6. 1859 – Darwin
publishes ‘The
Origin of Species’
1871- Darwin
predicts that
ancestors of
humans would be
found in Africa
6
7. 1970s – present
• more fossils
• molecular
techniques
• ‘tree model’ of
human evolution
7
8.
9. The precursors of the modern human being1 Humans appeared late in Earth’s history
The earliest ancestors of
humans (hominids) diverged
from apes about 8 million years
ago.
First Europeans:
approx. 780,000
years ago
9
10. THEORIES OF HUMAN EVOLUTION
1. Theory Of Special Creation:- (Father Suarez 1548-1671)
• Living organisms on the earth were created by divine power
• He believed that universe was created in 6days
• Purely a mythological belief followed until middle of 19th
century.
Ref:-G.Sivaramakrishna intermediate 2nd year zoology, telugu akademi publishers, 2007,
pgno.171-189
10
11. 2. Cosmozoic theory or Panspermia
• Life is distributed all over cosmos in the form of resistant
spores.
• Resistant spores living organisms called cosmozoa.
• Spores with cosmic dust might have reached the earth
accidentally from other planets of universe
Ref:-G.Sivaramakrishna intermediate 2nd year zoology, telugu akademi publishers, 2007,
pgno.171-189
11
12. 3. Theory of spontaneous generation or Abiogenesis
• It explained that life originated from nonliving substances.
• Worms Manure
• Insects Dew, rotten slime, dry wood, sweat and meat.
• Frogs & salamanders slime.
• Toads, Snakes & Mice Mud of Nile
• Aristotle, Thales, Plato and Von Helmont believed abiogenesis
until 17th century.
• Franceo Redi, Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur experimentally
disproved abiogenesis theory.
12
13. 4. Biogenesis theory (Louis Pasteur)
• Biogenesis theory states that living organisms originate from
the pre-existing organisms.
• Swan-neck flask experiment
Ref:-G.Sivaramakrishna intermediate 2nd year zoology, telugu akademi publishers, 2007,
pgno.171-189
13
14. Theory of Catastrophism (Cuvier)
• He advocated that the earth was subjected to periodic
catastrophes.
• These catastrophes destroyed the life from time to time and
created new and special form of life.
Ref:-G.Sivaramakrishna intermediate 2nd year zoology, telugu akademi publishers, 2007,
pgno.171-189
14
15. Theory of Organic Evolution
• The origin of primordial life on the earth was associated with the
origin of universe.
• Primitive organisms evolved spontaneously from the inorganic
matter as a result of formative action of physical forces like
electric charges, U.V radiations, and radiations of radio-active
elements.
• This theory was strongly supported by Darwin, Haldane,
A.I.Oparin, H.Urey and Stanley Miller.
15
16. • Darwin, Haldane & A.I.Oparin the first phase of the origin of life
was the spontaneous generation of early molecules.
• These molecules later transformed into protobionts.
• Protobionts evolved in to early living organisms
• Thus origin of life is a phenomenon of chemical evolution that
led to biological evolution
Ref:-G.Sivaramakrishna intermediate 2nd year zoology, telugu akademi publishers, 2007,
pgno.171-189
16
17. Paleolithic Age:
( Old Stone Age )
2,500,000 BCE
to 8,000 BCE
1. 4,000,000 BCE - 1,000,000 BCE
2. 1,500,000 BCE - 2,50,000 BCE
3. 2,50,000 BCE - 30,000 BCE
4. 30,000 BCE - 10,000 BCE
17
18. 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
hunting (men) & gathering (women)
small bands of 20-30 humans
NOMADIC
Made tools
“PALEOLITHIC” – OLD STONE AGE
18
19. Humans during this period found shelter in caves.
Cave paintings left behind.
Purpose??
19
20. “Neolithic” “New Stone” Age
10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE
Gradual shift from:
Nomadic lifestyle settled, stationery lifestyle.
Hunting/Gathering agricultural production and
domestication of animals.
20
21. 8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE
Agriculture developed independently in
different parts of the world.
SLASH-AND-BURN Farming
Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia
8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE
21
22. Humans have evolved form 2 species:
1) Australopithecine species
2) Homo species
22
23. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE
Hominids --> any member
of the family of two-legged
primates that includes all
humans.
Australopithecines
An Apposable
Thumb
23
24. The Australopithecines
• Generally refers to any species in the related
genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus.
• Occurred in the Plio-Pleistocene era
• The genus Homo (humans, appear about 2.4
million years ago with Homo habilis) appear to be
descended from australopithecine ancestors, more
precisely from Kenyanthropus platyops branching
off Australopithecus some 3.5 million years ago.
24
C. E. OXNARD*The place of the australopithecines in human evolution: grounds
for doubt? Nature 258, 389 - 395 (04 December 1975); doi:10.1038/258389a0
25. Characteristics
i. Bipedal and dentally similar to humans
ii. Brain size not much larger than modern apes
iii. Lacking the encephalization characteristics of the genus
Homo.
25
26. Australopithecus afarensis
One of the earliest of modern man's
ancestors.
They lived between 3.2 to 4 million
years ago in eastern Africa.
Fossils are found in Tanzania and
Ethiopia .
26
27. Features
i. Long curved fingers, long arms relative to the length of their
legs.
ii. Small brain capacity (380-430 cc).
iii. Had a large face relative to the rest of the cranium. The
forehead is very small.
iv. The Zygomatic arches flair to the side and produce the
characteristically broad face.
27
28. v. Sagittal ridge where strong chewing muscles are attached.
vi. Marked prognathism of the face.
vii The cranium attaches to the backbone in a relatively
backward position when compared with humans.
28
29. Dentition status:
i. Large pointed dimorphic upper canines
ii. Presence of primate spaces
iii. The molars are larger in size than in modern humans
iv. The arcade is omega shaped, intermediate between the box
row in apes and the parabolic curve in humans.
29
30. Australopithecus africanus
Lived between 2.3 to 3.0 million years ago,
mostly in South Africa although remains
have been found else where.
First discovered by Raymond Dart in 1925.
Direct descendent of A. afarensis.
30
31. Characteristics
i. Cranial capacity - between 435cc and 530cc.
ii. Body consists of longer arms and shorter legs as compared to
A. afarensis .
iii. The zygomatic arch is less robust than other
australopithecines
iv. No sagittal ridge or crest.
v. Less prognathic than A. afarensis with a more rounded jaw
and larger back teeth and canines.
31
32. Dentition status:
i. Specialized than the dentition of A. afarensis.
ii. The size of A. africanus teeth are larger
iii. The molar teeth are relatively larger in size than the earlier
form, for powerful chewing.
iv. The rows of teeth in A. africanus are more parallel rather
than being parabolic.
v. The incisors are angled forward instead of being vertical in
position.
32
C. E. OXNARD*The place of the australopithecines in human evolution: grounds
for doubt? Nature 258, 389 - 395 (04 December 1975); doi:10.1038/258389a0
33. Paranthropus robustus
First appeared about 1.8 million years ago
and disappeared around 1 million
years ago.
This species was first discovered and
named by Dr. Robert Broom.
Mostly lived in eastern Africa.
33
35. Paranthropus boisei
Lived from around 1.3 million years to
about 2.2 million years ago.
The first specimen of this species was
discovered by Mary Leaky in 1959.
Found in East Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya and
Tanzania.
35
36. CHARACTERISTICS
i. Slightly larger cranial capacity (490-530cc) than early
hominids
ii. Huge chewing apparatus with enormous molar teeth
iii. Thick jaw and check bones
iv. More pronounced cranial crest
36
37. HOMO SPECIES
It is the genus that includes modern humans
and species closely related to them.
The genus is estimated to be about 2.3 to 2.4
million years old evolving from
australopithecine ancestors with the
appearance of Homo habilis.
All species of the genus except Homo sapiens
(modern humans) are extinct.
37
38. HOMO HABILIS
( “Man of Skills” )
found in East Africa.
created stone tools.
38
Chris Stringer, Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia, Nature 423, 692-695
(12 June 2003) | doi:10.1038/423692a
39. Homo habilis
First appeared around 2.5 million years
ago at the beginning of the
Pleistocene period.
Fossils were first discovered in
Tanzania, East Africa between 1962
and 1964.
Named by Louis Leakey, Phillip Tobias,
and John Napier.
39
40. Tool making
Homo habilis onwards
• Tool-making was considered a ‘human trait’
H.heidelbergensis made Hand
axes, wooden spears etc. Oldowan Tools
40
41. CHARACTERISTICS
i. Handy man/ tool user hominid.
ii. Bipedal, larger cranial capacity (700 cc) than
australopithecines (500 cc).
iii. An “apelike” (long arms and a small body) body structure
was characteristic of the Homo habilis.
41
42. • Dentition status:
i. Flat face and large molars.
ii. Molar teeth present a more squared outline and are more
identifiably modern.
iii. Posterior teeth & canines have undergone a reduction as
compared to A. africanus.
iv. Crenulations are lost
v. Maxilla and mandible are decreased in size and bone
thickness because the teeth are decreased in size.
42
43. 1,600,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE
HOMO ERECTUS
( “Upright Human Being” )
Larger and more varied
tools --> primitive technology
First hominid to migrate and
leave Africa to Europe and
Asia.
First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )
BIPEDALISM
43
44. Homo erectus
Extinct species of hominid that originated in
Africa and is the first species which move
out of Africa.
Lived about 1.6 million years ago to around
400,000 years ago.
It was first discovered in 1891 by Dr. Eugene
Dubois.
44
45. CHARACTERISTICS
i. Systematic hunting and ‘home base camps’ for living.
ii. Systematic tool-making
iii. Controlled fire for cooking food and other purposes
iv. Sexual dimorphism
v. Relatively greater cranial capacity (800 - 1300 cc)
45
47. Dentition status
i. Jaws and teeth are still larger compared to those of modern
humans but smaller than those of earlier hominids.
ii. Sizes of the back teeth are decreased as compared to
Australopithecines.
iii. Anterior teeth are larger than those of modern humans.
iv. Upper central incisors are distinctively shovel-shaped.
47
48. 200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
HOMO SAPIENS
( “Wise Human Being” )
Neanderthals
( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )
Cro-Magnons
( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )
48
Chris Stringer, Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia, Nature 423, 692-695 (12
June 2003) | doi:10.1038/423692a
50. CHARACTERISTICS
i. Short build dominated by enormous noses
ii. Barrel-shaped chest
iii. Slightly bent thigh bones
iv. Stronger fingers and toes
v. Severe arthritis
50
51. vi Worn teeth
vii Fractures like rodeo riders
viii Large brain (average 1400 cc, up to
1750 cc)
ix. Low forehead
51
52. Dentition status
i. Jaw was massive and large and lacked a prominent chin
ii. Large wisdom tooth with ample retro-molar space
iii. Taurodontism
iv. Very large canines and incisors relative to their molars and
premolars.
52
53. Theories on prehistory and early man
constantly change as new evidence
comes to light.
- Louis Leakey, British
paleoanthropologist
53
55. Homo neanderthalensis
Extinct member of the genus Homo.
Lived around 50,000 years ago .
Found in Europe and parts of western
and Central Asia.
55
56. Homo sapiens
Only living species in the Homo genus.
Anatomically modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000
years ago, reaching full behavioural modernity around 50,000
years ago.
56
57. CHARACTERISTICS
i. Skulls were slightly rounder and larger.
ii. Forehead rises vertically above the eye orbits and does not
slope as in Neanderthal.
iii. Brow ridges are small.
iv. Orthognathic face with a strong chin
v. Teeth and jaws were noticeably smaller as compared to other
previous species.
57
58. vi. Brain capacity averaged an impressive 1,350 cc.
vii. Bipedal locomotion.
58
59. Dentition status
Larger back teeth with massive muscular structures to aid
chewing.
parabolic shape of the palate.
59
60. Modern humans arose about 200,000 years
ago.
Homo sapiens fossils date to 200,000 years ago.
Human evolution is influenced by a tool-based
culture.
There is a trend toward increased brain size in
hominids.
Australopithecus
afarensis
Homo habilis Homo
neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
60
64. What differentiates Ape from Man?
Critical Characteristics:
Large brain
Foramen magnum
Dentition – Teeth
Bipedal skeletal structure & musculature
S-shaped spinal column [not C]
pelvic structure [shortening-bowl shaped]
muscular (gluteal & hamstring)
lengthening of lower limb [femur]
changes in feet to become weight-bearing
structures
64
65. Bipedalism
• Advantages:
• Freed hands to carry objects
• See predators better in grasslands
• Access to foods not previously available
• Carry children
• Protection from sun in grasslands
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66. Human vs. Chimp
• chimps 280 - 400 cc
• modern man 1000 - 2000 cc
Brain Size
66
68. Foramen Magnum
Position of foramen magnum
strong indicator of the angle of
the spinal column to the head
Habitual bipedalism
68
69. Dentition / Teeth
Reduction in size of incisors &
canines
Ape canines displays of
aggression and as defensive
weapons
Premolar & molar with flat
occlusal wear pattern Chimpanzee
Human
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70. Skeletal Structure
Upper legs angled inward from hip joints position knees to better support
body during upright walking [apes away from side to side]
A = femur b = tibia c = weight-bearing axis
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71. Comparison of Pelvis Structure
Human Pelvis
Chimpanzee Pelvis
• position of big toe
• Foot shorter – less
flexible toes more
rigid lever for pushing
off with each step
• Arch shock absorber
Human Ilium shorter and broader allows hip muscles to steady the body during
each bipedal step
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72. Gorilla vs. Human Skeleton Comparisons
Shape and position of the
skull
Relative size of the neck
Relative length of the arm
Relative length and shape
of pelvis
Posture especially shape
of the spine
C-shaped vs. S-shaped
72
73. Comparison of some soft tissue involved in biomechanical differences between
chimps and humans [American Museum of Natural History webpage]
• Humans 2 of 3 semicircular
canals [balance] specialized
to stabilize head
• Less muscle between head and
shoulders in humans
• Chimps have to fight gravity to hold
heads up while walking.
• Our head just sits on our necks
• Humans more gluteus maximus
muscle
• Stabilizes femur into pelvis and
helps keeps trunk and leg moving
together.
• Achilles tendon and tendon of arch
of the foot larger in humans
• In running act like springs,
absorbing and releasing energy 73
74. • Homo sapiens survived extinction in late
Pleistocene
• ‘bottlenecks’ (drastic reduction in population size )
• cultural explosion
• Societies became co-operative (‘troop-to-tribe
transition’)
Social relationships, art, and culture
74
75. Indian evolution
1. It is not definitely known when civilization has actually started
in India. Whether Vedic culture(1750–500 BCE) has pre-
existed Harappan (3300–1300 BCE) civilization.
2. They very unambiguously stated that “Gods” are inventions of
and created by, humans.
3. The evolution of Indian culture will be followed here by
observing the evolution of spiritual texts, religions, social
institutions, social and political philosophies, social justice
movements, which have influenced the origin, being and
advancement of various schools of thought and cultures.
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76. Conclusion
There is no alleviation for the sufferings of man-kind except
veracity of thought and of action, and the resolute facing of the
world as it is when the garment of make-believe by which pious
hands have hidden its uglier features is stripped off
Thomas Henry Huxley, 1909
76
Are we still evolving?????
77. 1. Richard D. alexander: How did Humans evolve? Special
publication No.1, 1990, pg.no. 1-38
2. G.Sivaramakrishna intermediate 2nd year zoology, telugu
akademi publishers, 2007, pgno.171-189 .
3. C. E. OXNARD*The place of the australopithecines in
human evolution: grounds for doubt? Nature 258, 389 - 395
(04 December 1975); doi:10.1038/258389a0.
4. Chris Stringer, Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia,
Nature 423, 692-695 (12 June 2003)
| doi:10.1038/423692a . 77
78. 5. Human evolution Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution. accessed
on 2/10/2015
78