This document provides an overview of human evolution, beginning with early primate ancestors such as Propliopithecus that lived 50-25 million years ago. It describes several pre-human ancestors in chronological order, including Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Neanderthals, and Cro-Magnon. It discusses evidence for human evolution from molecular biology and genetics. The document also covers theories of human origins, morphological changes during humanization, and timelines of evolutionary periods.
Evolution is a developmental process from simple to complex form of life. Evolution of elephant started 60mya, from size of a pig. It spread all over world especially Africa and Asia. Today only two species Loxodonta and Elephas exist.
Evolution is a developmental process from simple to complex form of life. Evolution of elephant started 60mya, from size of a pig. It spread all over world especially Africa and Asia. Today only two species Loxodonta and Elephas exist.
The Noetic perspective (from Greek: noetikos- mental; nous- mind) identifies the [human] mind as the nexus of the future evolution of humanity. At present, human evolution is a mental process rather than biological or technological process.
The Noetic model describes mind as a relation generating complex system arising as a product of biological evolution and manifesting certain defining characteristics such as systemic closure, self reference, plasticity, etc. This model aims to integrate a systemic view with the mental constructs of the subjective plane. According to the Noetic model, human identity is a dynamic constructive process that brings forth the human observer as the subject of its perceptive and mental states. This process is identified as mind. Images and narratives are the elements encompassing the experiential and mental aspects of the identity process as they appear to the human observer.
The idea of mind as the theater of evolutionary processes is further explored: Mind as a complex system can essentially be disassociated from the historical conditions of its emergence; therefore it is virtually unbound in its evolutionary potential. This has deep implications on the understanding of human nature and the human condition. Finally, the ideas of openness and freedom beyond utility are proposed as futuristic directives of consciously guided evolution of mind.
Glycogen is the storage from of glucose. The metabolism of glycogen both as glycogenolysis, breakdown of glycogen, and glycogenesis, formation of glycogen along with their regulation is briefed in the slides.
Genesis' mystery of God creating Our Universe is explored through lens of Computer-like Universe Tools verse by verse in the Bible's Genesis 1 & 2 Accounts with thought provoking questions.
* What is the nature of time?
* Was light created when God said "Let there be light?"
* How was the earth lighted with day & night before the sun, moon, and stars were created?
* What scientific possibilities did God illustrate in the creation account?
Universe Tools Paradigm
Universe Schematic
Literal Creator Days
Thought Experiment
Challenging statements & questions & explanations
* What are Literal Creator Days?
* How does this compare to other viewpoints?
* When do science and God's Word fit together?
Learn more at http://creationopia.wordpress.com and http://bibleopia.wordpress.com
https://userupload.net/69zxggv1yww1
The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. It is the process by which human beings developed on Earth from now-extinct primates. It involves the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, ethology, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioural traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Evolutionary Theory
3.0 Process of Evolution
4.0 History of Human Evolution
5.0 Paleoanthropology
6.0 Evidence of Evolution
6.1 Evidence from comparative physiology
6.2 Evidence from comparative anatomy
6.3 Evidence from comparative embryology
6.4 Evidence from comparative morphology
6.5 Evidence from vestigial organs
6.6 Genetics
6.7 Evidence from Molecular Biology
6.8 Evidence from the Fossil Record
7.0 Divergence of the Human Clade from other Great Apes
8.0 Anatomical changes
8.1 Anatomy of bipedalism
8.2 Encephalization
8.3 Sexual dimorphism
8.4 Other changes
9.0 Genus Homo
10.0 Homo Sapiens Taxonomy
Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species.
Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years.
This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans.
-Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed.
-The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools
The Importance Of Human Evolution
Evolution Of The Human Society
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Human Evolution
The Evolution of Man
Homo Sapien Human Evolution
Human Evolution Essay
The Evolution of Humans Essay
The Evolution Of Homo Sapiens
The Evolution of Man
Evolution Essay
Origin of Man Essay
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Evolution Of Human Evolution
Physical And Cultural Effects Of Human Evolution
The Evolution Of The Human Species
Essay on The Importance of Human Evolution
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. CONTENTS
Introduction
History of human evolution
Major sites of human fossils
Places of origin of man
Time of origin of man
Monophyletic or polyphyletic origin of man
Punctuated equilibrium in human evolution
Primate heritage
Genomic changes in human evolution
Geological time scale
Pre-human ancestors
Future of man
3. INTRODUCTION
•Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by
which people originated from apelike ancestors.
Scientific evidence shows that the physical and
behavioral traits shared by all people originated
from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of
approximately six million years.
•Humans are primates. Physical and genetic
similarities show that the modern human species,
Homo sapiens, has a very close relationship to
another group of primate species, the apes. Humans
and the great apes (large apes) of Africa --
chimpanzees (including bonobos, or so-called
“pygmy chimpanzees”) and gorillas -- share a
common ancestor that lived between 8 and 6 million
years ago..
4. HISTORY OF HUMAN EVOLUTION
T.H. HUXLEY (1863) made first attempt to man’s origin in
his book ‘Man’s Place In Nature’ and visualized apes the
closest human relatives. Later in 1871, Charles Darwin
advocated his idea about man’s ancestry in his book ‘The
Descent With Man’ and propounded origin of man from
apes
First fossils of human ancestors were described by
Eugene Dobois in 1880’s.This includes skull cap, lower
law jaw fragments and Thigh bones from East Indies.
Most pre human fossils were discovered and studied
from 1920 onwards.
The main contributors for the study of human evolution
were Raymond Dart (1920s), Davidson Black (1934), L.S.B
Leakey and Mary Leakey and their son Richard.
5. MAJOR SITES OF HUMAN FOSSILS
HUMANS AND PREHUMAN FOSSILS HAVE
BEEN OBTAINED FROM Africa, India,
China, Algeria and Europe. In South
Africa, fossils of Australopithacus,
Paranthropus ,Homo erectus and Neanderthal
man were Tanzania, Java, Zambia and
Kenya respectively. East Africa,
Israel, Iraq and Lebanon were rich in
human fossil deposits of Neanderthal,
Heidelberg and Cro-Magnon man.
6. PLACE AND TIME OF ORIGIN OF
MAN
The fossils of pre-human and ancestral human forms
have been obtain from widely diverse regions of Africa,
Asia and Europe which indicate that man’s centre of
origin was probably in Asia and Africa. Most precisely
in Central Asia
Primates are presumed to have started evolving in
Eocene of Tertiary Period between 75 and 60 million
years ago . They were small lemur like animals . They
were primarily arboreal with a long tail and small face .
In late Oligocene, about 25 to 30 million years ago, when
these evergreen forests were replaced by drier
Savannah Grasslands, some tree dwelling primates
returned back to the ground and became ancestors of
apes and man . Thus evolution of man and apes started
together about 25 to 30 million years ago. Humanization
separated from other apes about 6 million years ago in
Pliocene ( in Africa ) .
7. MONOPHYLETIC ORIGIN OF MAN
There are two main views about the
origin of modern man ( Homo sapiens
sapiens ). These are :
Single origin Hypothesis : According
to these hypothesis modern man has
evolved in one locality ( In Africa )
about two millions years ago . From
here ancestors migrated to all
others continents Old World and
replaced all others extant
populations of Homo sapiens .
Multiregional Hypothesis : According
to this model, human evolution has
occurred almost simultaneously in
different unconnected localities in
the Old World . Several populations
in different regions of the Old World
evolved independently to become
Homo sapiens and then further evolved
into modern humans showing parallel
evolutions
8. PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM IN
HUMAN EVOLUTION
According to this theory,
evolutionary changes
occurred in rapid bursts.
These punctuated episodes
were separated from long
periods of stasis in
hominid lineages during
which little or no
morphological change took
place. This is described as
rectangular pattern
instead of tree like
pattern as found in the
evolution of different
groups.
10. COMPELLING CAUSES OF EVOLUTION OF MAN
According to the distinguished anthropologist Sherwood Washburn,
divergence of human and apes from their primate ancestors must
have occurred after the development of brachiation because they
still retained certain brachiating characters such as broad trunk,
flexible arm and strong collar bone. What lead to their return to
ground must be the climatic changes.
The Pliocene Period was characterized by continental evolution
and consequently increased aridity of climate. With this increased
aridity, heat and tempering of tropical condition, the forest
dwindled and shrinked towards the equator. They were replaced by
widely spread Savanna and grassland. Dart presume that the
gradual shrinking of forest and reduction in the number of trees
compelled tree-dwelling forms to get down to the ground. Once on
the ground, they rapidly acquired such adaptation as were
necessary to ensure survival in the new habitat. The adaptation
included :
Prolonged childhood
Retarded maturity of the skull
Increase of the brain and finally
The adaptation to live in open country. These changes framed out
individuals which are called HUMANS.
11. MORPHOLOGICAL SIMILARITIES AND
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MAN AND APES
Great similarities between ape and man indicates that they
have evolved simultaneously and from some common ancestral
stock for quite some time. After that man’s ancestors assumed
bipedal gait and upright posture, whereas ape’s ancestors still
used their knuckles. Following are the special features of man
which have been acquired during humanization:
Bipedal locomotion
Upright posture
Forelimbs evolved into efficient grasping manipulation and
maneuvering devices for making tools, hurling weapons,
carrying objects.
Opposable thumbs
Large brain and high cranial capacity.
Face became orthognathous, simian shelf absent, chin present
eye brow ridges absent
12.
13. In man dental arch is rounded parabola, canines and
incisors are small, simian gap is absent in the upper jaw
between incisors and canines.
Man is omnivorous now
Intelligence reached highest level
Humans have evolved large forwardly directed eyes with
great power of accommodation and possess binocular and
stereoscopic vision enabling depth perception and distance
estimation
Olfactory lobe is less developed
Birth rate is reduced and polyembryony was lost.
Loss of body hair
Social and cultural organization
All difference between modern apes and man indicates both
might have evolved from some common ancestors
simultaneously but on 2 different path. Apes tool to
brachiation and man returned back to ground habit.
14.
15. EVIDENCES FROM MOLECULAR BIOLOGY IN
SUPPORT OF HOMINID EVOLUTION FROM APES
Advancement in the field of molecular biology has solved the degree of
closeness between different primates and tracing their relationship.
Comparison of amino acids sequences in considerable number of
homologous proteins (such as hemoglobin, cytochrome c, serum albumin)
or cross reactivity of such proteins found in man and ape has clearly
indicated close relationship between man and ape and chimpanzees is the
closest to man.The relationship between two is described in terms of
immunological distance between their homologous proteins and the time of
their divergence. some of similarities are follows:
Structure of hemoglobin: comparison in the sequence of amino acids in the
polypeptide chains of hemoglobin of man, chimpanzee, and monkey shows
that there is absolute no difference in the sequencing of141 amino acid in
each alpha chain and 146 amino acids in each beta chain oh hemoglobin of
man and chimpanzee.There are only 2 differences out of 287 amino acids
between hemoglobin of man and chimpanzee and between that of man and
monkey there are 12 differences.
Molecular structure of other proteins: molecular structure of cytochrome c,
insulin and serum albumin in man and apes exhibits minimum difference.
Humans and chimpanzee’s polypeptide exhibits on an average 99%
similarity.This makes chimpanzee closest living relative of man.
16. Chromosomes: somatic cells of man have 46 (23 pairs)
chromosomes. In apes their number is 48. Man has evolved from an
ancestor having 48 chromosomes by the centromeric fusion of 2
chromosomes.
Chromosomes of man and apes have been studied with special
staining techniques and it has been established that:
Chromosomes of man and apes have similar bending pattern
Some chromosome of man and apes have identical BANDS
Similarities in the bands of 6th and 8th chromosomes indicates that
both apes and man have evolved from common ancestors
Similarities in DNA: in 1971 Bill Hoyer, David, Kohne and others
compared the similarities of DNA between apes and man by DNA-
DNA hybridization method.This indicates the similarity in the
nucleotide sequence between the DNA molecules of the two
species.There exists a difference of 2.5 %between the DNA of
chimpanzee and man. Difference in the DNA of man and monkey is
about 10%
17.
18. GENOMIC CHANGES IN HUMAN
EVOLUTION
Evolution of man from chimpanzee is attributed to gradual
changes in the genome or DNA. Scientists from U.S, Belgium and
France have identified 49 human accelerated regions
(HARs)where significant changes in the nucleotide arrangements
have occurred during 10 million years or so.The most active
HARs identified has HAR1 is found to have 8 out of
116nucleotides changed since the evolutionary separations of
humans from chimps about 6 million years ago.
Most probably the HAR1 region of the genome is associated with
the critical steps in the development of brain. However, it
appears that the evolution of just one region in the genome could
not make all the difference between humans and chimp’s brains.
It is much likely that a series of many small changes have got
added up to produce the result.These changes in brain
development are produced during the key formatives period for
human brain from 7 to 19 weeks of gestation.
22. PROLIOPITHECUS
APE-LIKE PRIMATE.
SHORT ARMS.
LIVED IN OLIGOCENE
PERIOD
ANCESTORS OF MODERN
APES AND MAN.
THEIR DENTAL FORMULA IS 2,
1, 2, 3x2
Their incisor teeth were vertical
rather than direct forward and
molars had 5 cusps each
24. DRYOPITHECUS
• LIVED IN OLIGOCENE PERIOD
OR EARLY MIOCENE PERIOD.
• DESCENDED FROM
PROPLIOPITHECUS.
• HAD ARMS AND LEGS OF
SAME LENGTH,HAS
SEMIERECT POSTURE,
WITHOUT BROWRIGDES
• IT WAS ARBOREAL, KNUCKLE
WALKER, ATE SOFT FRUITS
AND LEAVES.
• COMMON ANCESTORS OF
MAN AND APES.
25. RAMAPITHECUS
PRIOR TO APEMAN
LIVED IN LATE MIOCENE AND
EARLY PLIOCENE PERIOD.
FOSSIL CONTAINS ONLY JAWS AND
DENTITION( V SHAPED .
COLLECTED FROM INDIA AND
AFRICA.
DIRECT ANCESTOR TO MAN.
WALKED ERECT ON ITS HIND FEET
HAD SMALL CANINES AND LOW
CROWNED MOLARS CAPPED WITH
THICK LAYER OF ENAMEL,ATE
HARD NUTS AND SEEDS
26. AUSTRALOPITHECUS
APE-MAN.
LIVED IN PLEISTOCENE PERIOD
CONNECTING LINK BETWEEN MAN
AND APE.
AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS IS A
COMMON FOSSIL
ERECT POSTURE WITH 4 FT HEIGHT.
BIPEDAL LOCOMOTION.
BASIN-LIKE PELVIC GIRDLE.
DENTITION LIKE MAN.
HANDS USED FOR NON-LOCOMOTORY
FUNCTIONS.
CRANIAL CAPACITY IS 500 CC
BROW RIGDES PROJECTED OVER
EYES,DID NOT HAVE CHIN
27. HOMO HABILIS
• FIRST TRUE MAN.
• PRIMITIVE MAN.
• LIVED IN PLEISTOCENE PEROID
• ALSO CALLED SKILLFUL MAN OR
TOOL MAKER.
BIPEDAL LOCOMOTION.
TALLER THAN
AUSTRALOPITHECUS.
FLATTENED SKULL.
CANNIBALISTIC.
THEY WERE HUNTERS AND
GATHERERS.
LESS BODY HAIR
BRAIN CAPACITY 700-800 CC
WAS FIRST TO USE TOOLS
28. HOMO ERECTUS
• FORE-RUNNER OF MODERN MAN.
• PRIMITIVE MAN.
• EVOLVED FROM Homo habilis
• 1.5-1.8 METERS HIGH
• HAD PROTRUDING JAWS,
PROJECTING BROW RIDGE
AND SMALL CANINES AND
LARGE MOLAR TEETH
• CRANIUM CAPACITY IS
800-1300 CC
• HE USE FIRE
• ALSO CALLED JAVA MAN.
• LIVED IN JAVA AND PEKING
29. HEIDELBERG MAN
EARLY Homo
sapeins.
LIVED IN LATE
PLEIOSTOCENE PERIOD
FOUND NEAR HEIDELBERG
RIVER.
ANCESTOR TO
NEANDERTHAL MAN.
CRANIAL CAPACITY 1300CC
KNOWN FROM THEIR
MASSIVE LOWER JAW
JAW IS LARGE AND HEAVY
AND LACK A CHIN
30. NEANDERTHAL MAN
• ADVANCED PRIMITIVE MAN.
• FOUND IN NEANDER VALLEY.
SLIGHTLY SHORTER THAN MODERN
MAN.
HAD SLIGHTLY PROGNATHOUS FACE
BRAIN CAPACITY 1300-1600 CC
WALK UPRIGHT , LOW BROWS,
RECEDING JAWS,LARGE TEETH AND
DOMED HEAD
SKILLFUL USE OF TOOLS.
DEVELOPED SPEECH.
CAVE DWELLERS
ADAPTED TO COLD ENVIRONMENT
31. RHODESIAN MAN
PRIMITIVE MAN.
FOUND IN
RHODESIA.
LIVED IN LATE
PLIOCENE PERIOD.
RECEDING
FOREHEAD AND
HEAVY BROWS.
CRANIAL CAPACITY
1300CC
32. CRO-MAGNON MAN
• EXTINCT MODERN MAN.
• LIVED IN OLD STONE AGE.
• LIVED IN CAVES.
• THEY WERE HUNTERS AND ARTISTS.
• CRANIAL CAPACITY 1650 cc
• FACE ORTHOGNATHOUS WITH AN
ARROW, ELEVATED NOSE, BROAD
AND ARCHED FOREHEAD,
MODERATE BROW RIDGES, STRONG
JAWS WITH MAN LIKE DENTITION
AND A WELL DEVELOPED CHIN
• WERE DIRECT ANCESTOR OF LIVING
MODERN MAN.
33. HOMO SAPIEND SAPIENS(MODERN MAN)
EVOLVED FROM CRO- MAGNON
APPEAR FROM HOLOCENE EPOCH
NEAR MEDITERRANEAN SEAS
CRANIAL CAPACITY 1450 cc
ADVANCED IN FORMING
TECHNIQUES
DOMESTICATEANIMALS
ESTABLISHMENTOFTOWN
PRESENCEOF 4 CURVES IN
VERTEBRALCOLUMN
COURSE OF CULTURAL
EVOLUTION HAS BEEN DIVIDED
INTO PALEAOLITHIC, MESOLITHIC,
NEOLITHIC, BRONZEAGEANDTHE
PRESENT IRONAGE.
34. FUTURE OF MAN
Cultural and industrial evolution today has
reached that stage that man can change his
environmental conditions.This has reduced the
impact of biological evolution on human races.
Anthropologist Shapiro, has imagined that
man in future will be tall, slim, and without
body hair.Their skull will be domed shaped and
brain will be large.Their lifespan will increase
and the 5th digit in the feet will be lost.This
future race of man is named as Homo futuris.