The document discusses institutional repositories (IR) and the open access movement, highlighting IR as a digital archive for managing and disseminating institutional intellectual outputs, which offer benefits such as expanded knowledge sharing and improved scholarly communication. It details various aspects of open access, including its definitions, advantages, and types like green, gold, and diamond access, as well as the history and key initiatives supporting the movement. Additionally, it lists notable advocates and organizations that champion open access, emphasizing the cooperative efforts to enhance scholarly communication globally.

1. Institutional Repositoriesand Open Access
Movement
RupeshKumarA
Email:a.rupeshkumar@gmail.com

2. Institutional Repository
• An institutional repository (IR) is an online archive for collecting, preserving, and
disseminating digital copies of the intellectual output of an institution, particularly a
researchinstitution.
• IR can be defined as "...a set of services that a university offers to members of its
community for the management and dissemination of digital materials created by the
institutionand itscommunity members.”
• IR may be defined as “a set of services for the management and dissemination of
digital materials created by the institution and its community members.” (Cliff Lynch,
2003)
• IR means and includes “…digital collections capturing and preserving the intellectual
output of a singleormulti universitycommunity.”

3. Characteristicsof IR
• Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
(SPARC) illustrates four characteristics of IR:
– “Institutionally defined”
– “Scholarly content”
– “Cumulative andperpetual”
– “interoperable andopen access”

4. Advantagesof IR
• For users:
– Expansionoftherange ofknowledgethatcanbeshared
– Opportunitiestosimplifyandextenddissemination
• For institutions:
– EnablingofIPRtobeexploitedmoreeffectivelyatinstitutionallevel
– Leverage ofexistinginvestmentininformationandcontent
managementsystems
– highlightingofthequalityofintellectualcapital

5. Advantagesof IR
• For all:
– Opportunities for new forms of scholarly communication
– Flexible ways to develop existing scholarly communications

6. Drawbacksof IR
• They rely on unproven methodsfor long term digital
preservation.
• They may needquick winstosustaininstitutionalsupport.
• Initial costs may be high as contributors perceive high risks
andduplicate effort toreduce them

7. Open Access

8. Open Access
• Open Access refers to online research outputs that are free of
restrictions on access (e.g. access tolls/charges) and
restrictions on use (certain copyright and licence restrictions).
• Open access can be applied to all forms of published research
output, including peer reviewed and non peer-reviewed
academic journal articles, conference papers, theses, book
chapters, and monographs.

9. Open AccessLiterature
• Peter Suber, a pioneer in open access defines, “Open Access
literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most
copyright and licensingrestrictions.”

10. Degreesof Open Access
• Gratisopen access:onlineaccess to informationfree of
charge.
• Libreopen access: onlineaccess free of charge and some
additional usagerights. Additional usage rights are often
granted throughtheuse of specificCreativeCommons
licenses.

11. Channelsor Methods of OpenAccess
• There are different ways in which open access can be provided:
– Green open access: a method where authors first publish their scholarly work
in some sourceand then self-archive it in a repository where itcan be accessed
for free. In this method, the publisher imposes an ‘embargo’ on when a
publication can be madeavailable for open access.
– Gold open access: authors can make their work open access by publishing it
in such a way that makes their research output immediately available from the
publisher. Many journals charge processing fee to make an article available for
open access.
– Diamond or Platinum open access: making publishing completely open access
without any fee.

12. Open AccessMovement
• Open access movement refers to the efforts and initiatives
across the world to accept and practise open access in
scholarly communication.

13. History & Development of Open Access Movement
Timeline Developments
1971 • Project Gutenberg was started by Michael Hart
1991 • Emergenceof the World Wide Web
• arXiv.org was launched
2000 • PubMed Centralrepository was launched
• Eprints software was released
• BioMed Central journals were launched.
2001 • OJS (Open JournalSystems) Software was released
2002 • Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) was launched.
• DSpace software was released
• Creative Commons License was released
• Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI)Declaration was made.
• OAIster Database service was launched
2003 • Berlin and Bethesda Declarations were made.

14. History & Development of Open Access Movement
Timeline Developments
2003 • World Summit on the Information Society(WSIS) Action Lineswerelaunched
• DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)were launched
2006 • OpenDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories) was launched
2007 • Celebration of Open Access Week started
• Every yearOctober 24-30is celebrated as Open Access Week
2008 • Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) was launched
2012 • BOAI Declaration was updated.

15. A Brief History of Open Access Movement

16. Project Gutenberg
• Founded by Michael Hart in 1971
• Containsfree public domain textfiles
• More than50,000 ebooks
• Downloads: approx. 3 million per month

17. GNU Project
• Started in 1983 by Richard Stallman
• The GNU General Public License is a widely used free
software license, which guarantees end users the freedoms
torun, study, share (copy), and modify thesoftware

18. arXiv.org
• Started in 1991
• Hosted at Cornell University libraries
• Open access to over 1.2 millioneprints
• Downloads: approx. 4 million per month

19. Public KnowledgeProject(PKP)
• Founded in 1998 by John Willinsky at the University of
British Columbia, Canada.
• a non-profit research initiative that is focused on the
importance of making the results of publicly funded research
freely available throughopen access policies.
• In 2001, PKP released Open Journal Systems (OJS), a software
solution for management of peer-reviewed academic
journals.

20. Scholarly Publishingand AcademicResources
Coalition(SPARC)
• An international alliance of academic and research libraries
developed by the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) in
1998.
• Its objective is to promote open access to scholarly content.
• SPARC currently has over 800 institutions in North America,
Europe, Japan,Chinaand Australia.

21. BiomedCentral(BMC)
• BMC is an earlyopen-access scholarly publisher.
• It is an STM (Science, Technology and Medicine) publisher
witha large portfolio of peer-reviewed open access journals.
• Foundedin 2000
• Acquired by Springer in 2008

22. Public Libraryof Science(PLoS)
• PLoSwasfoundedin 2001.
• a non-profit open access scientific publishing project aimed at
creating a library of open access journals and other scientific
literatureunderan opencontentlicense.
• Thefirstjournal PLoSBiologywaslaunchedin2003.
• More than 1,50,000open access articlespublishedto date.
• 2 milliondownloadsper month

23. CreativeCommons (CC)
• CC was foundedin 2001
• an American non-profit organization devoted to expanding
the range of creative works available for others to build upon
legallyand toshare.
• As of January 2016 there were an estimated 1.1 billion works
licensedunder thevarious Creative Commons licenses.

24. Budapest OpenAccess Initiative (BOAI)
• BOAI is a public statement of principles relating to open
access to the research literature, which was released to the
public on February 14, 2002.
• It arose from a conference convened in Budapest by the Open
Society Institute on December 1–2, 2001 to promote open
access – at the timealso knownas Free OnlineScholarship.
• BOAI is considered the most important development in open
access movement.

25. SHERPA
• SHERPA (Securing a Hybrid Environment for Research
Preservation and Access) is an organisation originallyset up in
2002 torun and managethe SHERPAProject.
• SHERPA began as an endeavour to support the establishment
of a number of open access institutional repositories based in
UK universities.

26. SHERPA Services
• SHERPA/RoMEO: A definitive listing of publishers' copyright
agreementsand retainedauthorrights.
• SHERPA/JULIET: Research funder’s archiving mandates and
guidelines.
• OpenDOAR: a directory of worldwide open access
repositories.

27. PubMed Central(PMC)
• PMC is a free digital repository that archives publicly
accessible full-text scholarly articles that have been published
withinthebiomedical and lifesciences journal literature.
• Launchedin February 2000.
• Containsmore than3 millionarticles.
• About 4000 journals voluntarily deposit their article into
PMC.

28. Directory of OpenAccess Journals(DOAJ)
• Founded in 2003.
• Lists 9,391 open access journals from 128 countries with
more than23,00,000 articles.
• Containsboth APC*and non-APCjournals
*Article Processing Charges

29. OpenAccess ScholarlyPublishers Association
(OASPA)
• A non-profit trade association representing the interests of
open access journal publishers globally in all scientific,
technicaland scholarly disciplines.
• Formed in 2008.
• OASPA brings together the major open access publishers and
hybrid open access publishers.

30. ConfederationofOpen Access Repositories(COAR)
• COAR was launchedin October 2009.
• It is a not-for-profit association of repository initiatives.
• It aims to enhance greater visibility and application of
research outputs through global networks of Open Access
digitalrepositories.

31. Coalitionof OpenAccess PolicyInstitutions
(COAPI)
• COAPI is a membership organization that has been working
(in the northern American region) since 2011 to advance the
promotion, passage, and implementation of Open Access
policies at institutionsof highereducation.
• COAPInow includes 85 institutions.
• Membership is open to all North American institutions with
(open access) policies in place, or those working to pass
policies.

32. Well-knownadvocates of OpenAccess
Peter Suber
A leading voice in the open access movement
Director,Harvard Office forScholarly Communication
Director,Harvard Open Access Project(HOAP)

33. Well-knownadvocates of OpenAccess
Stevan Harnad
Cognitive Scientist & Open Access advocate

34. Well-knownadvocates of OpenAccess
Jeffrey Beall
Librarian, Auraria Library
Associate Professor,University of Colorado, Denver

35. Well-knownadvocates of OpenAccess
Erin McKiernan
Researcher in Biophysics, Physiology, Neuroscience
Professor at University of Namibia

36. Well-knownadvocates of OpenAccess
Richard Poynder
Independent Journalist
Advocate of Open Access Movement

37. Well-knownadvocates of OpenAccess
Alexandra Elbakyan
A Kazakhstani graduate student
Founder of Sci-Hub
Sci-Hub an online search engine with over 58,000,000 academic papers andarticles available fordirect download,bypassing
publisher paywalls.