A presentation on Digital Content Creation by Rupesh Kumar A, Assistant Professor, Department of Studies and Research in Library and Information Science, Tumkur University, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India.

1. Digital Content Creation
RupeshKumarA
Email:a.rupeshkumar@gmail.com

2. Digitization
• Digitization refers to the process of translating a piece of
information such as a book, journal articles, sound recordings,
pictures, audio tapes or video recordings, etc. into bits.
• Bits are the fundamental units of information in a computer
system.
• Converting information into these binary digits (bits) is called
digitisation.
• Thefirst step in digitizationis scanning.

3. • Whenanobjectisscanned,itisconverted intoadigitalimage.
• A digital image is composed of a set of pixels (picture elements),
arrangedaccording toapre-definedratioofcolumnsandrows.
• An image file can be managed as regular computer file and can be
retrieved,printedandmodifiedusing appropriatesoftware.
• Images containing text can be converted into text files using a
process calledOpticalCharacterRecognition(OCR).

4. OCR
• Optical Character Recognition, or OCR, is a technology that
enables a user to convert different types of documents, such as
scanned paper documents, PDF files or images captured by a
digitalcameraintoeditableand searchable data.
• The mechanical or electronic conversion of images of typed,
handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text, whether
fromascanned document,aphotoofadocument,ascene-photo.

5. Techniquesin OCR
• Pre-processing
• Character recognition
• Post-processing

6. Pre-processing
• Pre-processing involves certain tasks to improve character recognition
and its accuracy.
• Pre-processing includes
• de-skewing: setting the characters perfectly horizontal or vertical if they
are slant
• Despeckle: removing positive and negative spots, smoothing edges
• Binarization:converting images to b&w
• Line removal: clearing non-character lines andboxes
• Line and word detection
• Script recognition: recognizing the script of the text

7. CharacterRecognition
• Character recognition may involve:
• Matrix matching:comparing an image to a stored glyph on a
pixel-by-pixelbasis.
• It is also knownas “patternmatching” or“image correlation”.
• Featureextraction: decomposing (dividing) glyphs into
featureslikelines, closed loops, linedirection and line
intersections.

8. MatrixMatching

9. FeatureExtraction

10. Post-processing
• The output stream may be a plain text stream or fileof
characters.
• More sophisticated OCR systems can preserve the original
layoutof thepage.

11. OCR Software
• Tesseract
• Screenworm
• ABBYY FineReader
• FreeOCR
• SimpleOCR
• OmniPage
• GOCR
• Microsoft OfficeOnenote

12. ElectronicDocument
• Any electronic media content which is intended to be used in either
electronic form or as printed output.
• E-documents donot include computer programs or system files.
• E-documents come in a varietyof file formats.
• Today, most e-docs in different file formats will have at least one file
viewer (e.g. Adobe Reader for PDFfiles).
• File format incompatibility poses achallenge for e-docs.
• Development of non-proprietary, standardized file formats is a solution
to tackle incompatibility (e.g. HTML, OpenDocument).

13. FileFormats (in digitization)
• Several fileformats are used for documentsto be included in
digital libraries.
• Most common formatis PDF.
• Other formats include:
– TIFF: Tagged Image File Format
– JPG (JPEG): Joint Photographic Experts Group
– PNG: Portable Network Graphics
– GIF: Graphics Interchange Format
– PS or EPS: PostScript or Encapsulated PostScript

14. PortableDocumentFormat
• A file format used to present documents in a manner
independentof software, hardware, and operating systems.
• PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout
flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, and other
informationneededtodisplay it.
• A PDF file will look the same way on a variety of computers
irrespective of operating systems.

15. History
• PDFwas developedby AdobeCorporation in early 1990s.
• Before the emergence of World Wide Web and HTML format, PDF
waspopularin DesktopPublishing(DTP).
• PDFwasaproprietary formatcontrolledby Adobetill2008.
• On July 1, 2008, it was released as an open standard and
published by ISO as
ISO 32000-1:2008.

16. TechnicalAspectsof PDF
• PDFuses the followingtechnologies:
– PostScript page description programming language, for generating
the layout and graphics.
– A font-embedding/replacement system to allow fonts to travel
with the documents
– A structured storage system to bundle these elements and any
associated content into a single file, with data compression where
appropriate.

17. SpecialFeatures
• PDF files may contain interactive elements such as
annotations, form fields, video and Flash animation. Such
filesare called “RichMediaPDF”.
• A PDF file may be encrypted for security, or digitally signed
for authentication.
• PDF documents can contain display settings, including the
pagedisplay layout and zoom level.

18. Borndigitalandlegacydocuments
• Born digital documents are resources or items created and
managedin digital form.
• They may be: digital photographs, digital documents,
harvested Web content, digital manuscripts, electronic
records, staticdata sets, digital art, digital mediapublications.
• Born digital documents can be easily processed for inclusion
in thedigitallibrary as they are nativelyin digitalformat.

19. Legacy documents
• Legacy documents are resources or items which are originally in ‘non-digital’
form and have to be converted into ‘digital’ form for inclusion in a digital
library.
• Photographs, documents, manuscripts, print records, art, media publications
are examplesoflegacydocuments.
• The process of converting legacy documents into digital form to make them
compatiblefordigitallibrariesisknownas‘digitization’.
• Legacy documents pose greater challenge for digital libraries as their
conversiontodigitalformisverytedious.

20. ScholarlyCommunication
• Scholarly communication is the process by which academics,
scholars and researchers share and publish their research findings
so that they are available to the wider academic community and
beyond.
• Scholarly communication is “the system through which research
and other scholarly writings are created, evaluated for quality,
disseminated to the scholarly community, and preserved for
futureuse.”

21. ScholarlyLiterature
• Writings in a scholarly journals& books, E-journals
• Reviews, preprints and working papers,
• Writings in encyclopaedias, dictionaries,and annotated
content,data,
• blogs, discussion forums, professional and scholarlyhubs and
conference papers.
• Sound and video recordings

22. Terminologyin ScholarlyCommunication
• Manuscript:a scholarly documentwhich has notyetbeen
submittedforpublication.
• Preprint: a scholarly documentacceptedforpublicationin a
journal or book;materialacceptedto beusedin a presentationat
a conference.
• Article: a scholarly documentwhich has beenpublished.
• Paper: a scholarly documentor materialwhich have been
presentedataconference.
• E-Script:an electronicmanuscript.

23. ElectronicPublishing
• E-publishing includes the digital publication of e-books, digital
magazines, and the development of digital libraries and
catalogues.
• The electronic publishing process follows some aspects of the
traditional paper-based publishing process but differs from
traditionalpublishingin twoways:
– 1)itdoesnotincludeusingan offsetprintingpresstoprintthefinal
productand
– 2)itavoidsthedistributionofaphysicalproduct(e.g.,paper books,
papermagazines,orpapernewspapers).

24. • Because the content is electronic, it may be distributed over
theInternetand throughelectronic bookstores.
• Users can read the material on a range of electronic and
digital devices, including desktop computers, laptops, tablet
computers, smartphones or e-reader tablets.

25. E-Journal
• Electronic journals, also known as ejournals, ejournals, and electronic
serials, are scholarly journals or intellectual magazines that can be
accessed viaelectronic transmission.
• An e-journal closely resembles a print journal in structure, but will be in
electronic format.
• Often a journal article will be available for download in two formats - as a
PDF and in HTML format.
• E-journals allow new types on content to be included in journals, for
example video material, or the data sets on which research has been
based.

26. E-book
• An electronic book (or e-book) is a book publication made
available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both,
readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other
electronic devices.
• An e-book may be an e-only book or an electronic version of a
printedbook.

27. E-book fileformats
• PDF(.pdf)
• Open eBook (.opf)
• EPUB (.epub)
• Compiled html(chm)
• DjVu (.djvu)
• Mobipocket (.mobi)