A digital library is a collection of digital objects like text, images, audio, and video that are organized and accessible electronically. The document discusses the genesis and early development of digital libraries from the ideas of Vannevar Bush and J.C.R. Licklider in the 1940s-1960s. It also covers the objectives and scope of digital libraries, which aim to provide broad access to information through services and collections available via electronic means. Key input devices for digitizing materials include scanners, digital cameras, and video cameras.

1. Wel comes you
VBT Institute of
Library & Information Science
C.U.Shah University Wadhwan
2017-18

2. MLISc Sem-I Unit 1
Digital Library Theory
and Practical

3. MLISc-Semester-I
• Subject: : Digital Libraries:Theory &
• Practical Unit-1
Revised Syllabus : 2017-18
Prepare by : D.D.Dholakiya
Dept.of Lib & Info.Sci
C.U.Shah University

4. Digital Libraries:
Genesis,definition,objectives & Scope,
Digitization Processes
• A digital library is a special library with a focused collection of digital
objects that can include text, visual material, audio material, video
material, stored as electronic media formats (as opposed to print,
microform, or other media), along with means for organizing, storing, and
retrieving the files and media contained in the library collection. Digital
libraries can vary immensely in size and scope, and can be maintained by
individuals, organizations, or affiliated with established physical library
buildings or institutions, or with academic institutions.[1] The digital
content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer
networks. An electronic library is a type of information retrieval system.

5. • Many academic libraries are actively involved in building
institutional repositories of the institution's books, papers,
theses, and other works which can be digitized or were
'born digital'. Many of these repositories are made available
to the general public with few restrictions, in accordance
with the goals of open access, in contrast to the publication
of research in commercial journals, where the publishers
often limit access rights. Institutional, truly free, and
corporate repositories are sometimes referred to as digital
libraries.

6. Digital Libraries
• Many academic libraries are actively involved in building institutional
repositories of the institution's books, papers, theses, and other works
which can be digitized or were 'born digital'. Many of these repositories
are made available to the general public with few restrictions, in
accordance with the goals of open access, in contrast to the publication
of research in commercial journals, where the publishers often limit
access rights. Institutional, truly free, and corporate repositories are
sometimes referred to as digital libraries.
• What is a digital library?
• A digital library is a collection of documents in organized electronic form,
available on the Internet or on CD-ROM (compact-disk read-only memory)
disks. Depending on the specific library, a user may be able to access
magazine articles, books, papers, images, sound files, and videos.

7. Digital Libraries
Genesis of Digital Libraries:
Digital Libraries have achieved a fundamental role in our knowledge society. By
making the wealth of material contained in libraries, museum, archives and any
knowledge repository worldwide available they are giving citizens in every place of
the world the opportunity to appreciate their global cultural heritage and use it for
study, work or leisure. They are revolutionising the whole knowledge management
lifecycle. In this chapter, the history characterizing these “knowledge enabling
technologies” is described. The history starts from the early attempts toward
systems supporting knowledge discovery and reaches the current age in which a
plethora of different realizations of digital library systems coexist

8. Digital Libraries
• The evolutionary process conducting to the current,
multi-instanced and still evolving status of affairs as
well as the motivations governing it are identified
and presented. The main initiatives and milestones
producing the nowadays instances of these
knowledge enabling systems are mentioned. Finally,
the impact these systems had and are having on
various aspects of our society is discussed.

9. Digital Libraries: The Early
Times
• The digital library concept can be traced back to the famous papers of foreseer
scientists like Vannevar Bush and J.C.R. Licklider identifying and pursuing the goal
of innovative technologies and approaches toward knowledge sharing as
fundamental instruments for progress. Bush (Bush, 1945) devised “a device in
which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is
mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility.”.
Moreover, on top of it there is “a transparent platen. On this are placed longhand
notes, photographs, memoranda, all sorts of things”. Because of the lack of digital
support, he identified in “improved microfilm” the means for content storage and
exchange: “contents are purchased on microfilm ready for insertion. Books of all
sorts, pictures, current periodicals, newspapers, are thus obtained and dropped
into place”. Of course, he envisaged also support for knowledge discovery
(“provision for consultation of the record by the usual scheme of indexing”), access
(“to consult a certain book, he taps its code on the keyboard, and the title page of
the book promptly appears before him”) and management .

10. Digital Libraries: The Early
Times
• Likelier realized that computers were getting to be powerful
enough to support the type of automated library systems that
Bush had described and in 1965, wrote his book (Licklider,
1965) about how a computer could provide an automated
library with simultaneous remote use by many different
people through access to a common database. Because of
this, Licklider is also considered a pioneer of Internet and in its
book he established the connection between Internet and
digital library. Thus, it is not surprising that research and
development activity on digital libraries started in the early
1990s, with the Internet proliferation, and that Internet has
created unprecedented possibilities to discover and deliver
human knowledge.

11. Objective &Scope of DL
• The term "Digital Library" has a variety of potential meanings, ranging from a
digitized collection of material that one might find in a traditional library through
to the collection of all digital information along with the services that make that
information useful to all possible users. As the WG discussed possible scenarios
and challenge problems to drive our discussion of metrics, we found the need to
come to at least a loose agreement on the scope of the digital library. This
document is intended to serve that purpose.
• Much of the question about the scope of the term is how broad a view should be
taken of the digital library. Does it encompass all of information management or is
a more tightly constrained view appropriate? In this document, and for the
purposes of the deliberations of the WG, we choose to take a very broad view. This
is driven by the recognition that to do otherwise would require setting boundaries
that are fairly artificial.
• The structure of this document is as follows. In the first section, a brief definition
of the term "digital library" is given, as a set of characteristics. The remainder of
the document elaborates each of those characteristics.

12. Objective &Scope of DL
• The Digital Library is:
– The collection of services
– And the collection of information objects
– That support users in dealing with information objects
– And the organization and presentation of those objects
– Available directly or indirectly
– Via electronic/digital means.
– A digital library is much more than just the collection of material in its
repositories. It provides a variety of services to all of its users (both humans
and machines, and producers, managers, and consumers of information).
Thus we start our definition with the notion of the collection of services that
the digital library represents. There are a large and varied set of such services,
including services to support management of collections, services to provide
replicated and reliable storage, services to aid in query formulation and
execution, services to assist in name resolution and location, etc.

13. Objective &Scope of DL
• Function of Digital Library
• Access to large amounts of information to users wherever
they are and whenever they need it.
• Access to primary information sources.
• Support multimedia content along with text
• Network accessibility on Intranet and Internet
• User-friendly interface
• Hypertext links for navigation
• Client-server architecture
• Advanced search and retrieval.
• Integration with other digital libraries.

14. Objective &Scope of DL
• Advantages of a Digital Library
• The advantages of digital libraries include
• Nearly unlimited storage space at a much lower cost
• Re-allocate funds from some staff, collection maintenance, and additional books.
• No physical boundary
• Round the clock availability
• Multiple access
• Enhanced information retrieval.
• Preservation for some print material
• Added value Universal accessibility

15. Input Capture Devices
• Scanner
• A device that ‘scans’ images, book pages,
etc.
Scanning is basically taking a close-up
photograph (just very slowly and with
great detail). The scanned image data is
passed to the computer.
The most common type of scanner is the
flat-bed scanner which has a glass plate
on which the item to be scanned is
placed. The item is illuminated and an
image of it is captured by a moving scan
‘head’.
Scanned images can be further
processed once inside the computer, e.g.
OCR of printed text.

16. Input Capture Devices
• Digital Camera
• A device that captures digital photographs.
Most digital cameras do not directly input data into a computer - they
store photographs on memory cards. The photographs can later be
transferred to a computer.
A modern digital camera can capture 10 Megapixels or more per
photograph - that’s 10,000,000 coloured dots (pixels) in every photo!

17. Input Capture Devices
• Video Camera
• A device that captures moving images, or video.
Like a digital camera, most video cameras do not directly input data into a
computer – the captured movies are stored on video-tape or memory
cards and later transferred to a computer.
However, there are some situations where video cameras do feed video
data directly into a computer: television production and video-
conferencing. In these situations the video data is required in real-time.

18. Input Capture Devices
• Web Cam
• This is a very basic video camera used to feed live video into a
computer.
The video data from a web cam is low quality compared to a
full video camera. However it is good enough for web chats
(e.g. using a messenger application such as MSN Messenger
or Skype).
Usually a web cam is clipped to the top of a monitor, but
many laptops now have web cams built into the edge of the
screen.

19. Image Editing Software &
OCR
• Affinity Photo. Platform: Mac. ...
• Photoshop CC. Platform: Windows/Mac. ...
• Pixlr. Pixlr's mobile photo editing software comes
with more than 600 effects. ...
• Serif PhotoPlus X8. PhotoPlus X6 explicity sets out to
recreate Photoshop's functionality. ...
• Acorn. ...
• GIMP. ...
• Photoshop Elements 14. ...
• Adobe Lightroom.

20. Image Editing Software
• 1. Inpixio Maximizer
• This software is very easy to use and in some instances you
can increase the size of your photos by over 1000%. You may
be thinking that you don't want to lose quality when you do
this and with most software types, you will but with this one
you don't have to worry about a thing. You can re-size your
photos as much as you want and you will also find that it
comes with a zoom function as well. On top of this, you can
adjust your photos with clarity and the easy interface makes it
incredibly easy to use when compared to other types of
software that are on the marke

21. Image Editing Software
• 2. Inpixio Photo Focus
• This software allows you to make your blurry photos sharp
and clear in one simple click as well as making sure that they
look the best that they can be. You can do all of this in a single
click and you will also find that you can add some creative
filters as well. This means that you can save money because
you don't need to go out and buy expensive photography
equipment and it also means that you can touch up old
photos as well. Of course, this software is ideal for beginners
and it is great for those who have never used software before.

22. Image Editing Software
• 3. In paint
•
• InPaint is great if you want to Remove tourists, watermarks,
date stamps, text or logo, and any other unwanted objects
from your photos. Or you can also repair old photos, erase
wrinkles and skin blemishes, digital facial retouching and
more. This will only take you a couple of minutes and it is so
easy to do as well. If you have never used any software like
this before then you shouldn't have any problems either and
it is a great way for you to get started on your road to
becoming an excellent photo editor!

23. Image Editing Software
• 4. Adobe Photoshop
• Photoshop is one of the top editing software
products out there. The reason why Photoshop is so
good is because it provides options to those who are
experienced as well as options to those who are not
experienced as well, so you really can do as much or
as little as you want with a photo. You may be able to
download a free trial from the website and this is a
great way for you to get started on your photo
editing adventure!

24. Image Editing Software
• 5. Photo plus
• Photo Plus is very similar to Photoshop, in fact, the
only difference is that one is owned by Adobe and
one is owned by Serif. Of course, you will find that
Photo Plus is easier to use but that doesn't mean
that Adobe is difficult, it's all down to the interface
and the way things are presented so this is
something that you really do need to keep in mind.

25. File Format
• This is a list of file formats used by computers, organized by
type. Filename extensions are usually noted in parentheses if
they differ from the format name or abbreviation. Many
operating systems do not limit filenames to a single extension
shorter than 4 characters, as was common with some
operating systems that supported the FAT file system.
Examples of operating systems that do not impose this limit
include Unix-like systems. Also, Microsoft Windows NT, 95, 98,
and Me do not have a three character limit on extensions for
32-bit or 64-bit applications on file systems other than pre-
Windows 95/Windows NT 3.5 versions of the FAT file system.
Some filenames are given extensions longer than three
characters.

26. Image Format
• Image format" redirects here. For the camera sensor format, see Image sensor format.
• This article is about digital image formats used to store photographic and other images. For
disk-image file formats, see Disk image. For digital file formats in general, see File format.
• Image file formats are standardized means of organizing and storing digital images. Image
files are composed of digital data in one of these formats that can be rasterized for use on a
computer display or printer. An image file format may store data in uncompressed,
compressed, or vector formats. Once rasterized, an image becomes a grid of pixels, each of
which has a number of bits to designate its color equal to the color depth of the device
displaying it.
• Jpeg 2000
• Exif
• Tiff
• Gif
• Bmp
• Png

27. Audio Format
• An audio file format is a file format for storing digital
audio data on a computer system. The bit layout of
the audio data (excluding metadata) is called the
audio coding format and can be uncompressed, or
compressed to reduce the file size, often using lossy
compression. The data can be a raw bitstream in an
audio coding format, but it is usually embedded in a
container format or an audio data format with
defined storage layer.

28. Audio Format
• There are three major groups of audio file formats:
• Uncompressed audio formats, such as WAV, AIFF, AU or raw
header-less PCM;
• Formats with lossless compression, such as FLAC, Monkey's
Audio (filename extension .ape), WavPack (filename
extension .wv), TTA, ATRAC Advanced Lossless, ALAC
(filename extension .m4a), MPEG-4 SLS, MPEG-4 ALS, MPEG-4
DST, Windows Media Audio Lossless (WMA Lossless), and
Shorten (SHN).
• Formats with lossy compression, such as Opus, MP3, Vorbis,
Musepack, AAC, ATRAC and Windows Media Audio Lossy
(WMA lossy).

29. • Storage Media Format
• Here is an alphabetical list of different storage media formats that you
may encounter or use. We all have perticular reasons we want to use a
type of format, or not use another type. Many reasons are just personal
opinions based on what people have seen or experienced while browsing
the internet. Some times these reasons are justified, and sometimes they
are because of not knowing any better.
• When you are looking into different storage media types, keep in mind
what types of files you are working with. Tape media usually offer
compression - however this usually does not do anything with already
compressed image files. DVD media offers great audiovideo
compression, but once again, compressed image files will not be
compressed any more.

30. Storage Media Format
• Most of these devices can come in a variety of
hardware configurations. These include Towers,
JukeboxesLibrariesAuto-Loaders, and Stand-Alone
devices. Hard-Drives normally do not come in any of
the above hardware configurations.
• Hard-Drives are normally the only types of media
that can be used in RAID configurations. You can
often use TAPES - with an Auto-Loader - and
accomplish close to a RAID configuration.

31. Storage Media Format
CD-ROM
CD-RW
DVD
DVD-RAM
Hard Drive
Magneto-Optical

32. Storage Media life cycle
• Storage media are devices that store
application and user information. The primary
storage media for a computer is usually the
internal hard drive. Most internal drives are
regular IDE hard drives that come with the
computer.

33. • Storage media are devices that store application and user information. The
primary storage media for a computer is usually the internal hard drive.
Most internal drives are regular IDE hard drives that come with the
computer. A removable drive is another popular storage device that is
usually connected by firewire, USB, or parallel port (e.g. portable Zip
drives, Jaz drives, or CD/DVD drives). Newer forms of external storage
include USB thumb drives and camera storage media.
• Most external drives enable flexible data transfer from one computer to
another. A computer that has had external drives connected to it usually
has evidence in the computer’s registry of using the subject device. When
performing a forensic examination during discovery proceedings for
litigation, determining if external drives were connected to the computer
may help in obtaining additional evidence for discovery.

34. Storage Media Life Cycle
• Storage keeps data, information and instructions for use in the future. All
computers use storage to keep the software that makes the hardware
work.
As a user you store a variety of data and information on your computer or
on storage media. Storage media are the physical materials on which data,
information and instructions are kept. When a user saves information or
data to a storage medium he or she is storing a file, and this process is
called writing.
When the file is opened the process is called reading. Common storage
media are:
• Hard Drive: This storage medium which looks like the one below, is a hard
drive. This medium comes with the computer and is always inside the
computer.
It stores all the programs that the computer needs to work. In addition
users store their data and information on the hard drive.

35. Storage Media
• Floppy Disk CD Drive
and USB Drive

36. Content Management:
Word Press,Drupal,Joomla
• Content management (CM) is the
administration of digital content throughout
its lifecycle, from creation to permanent
storage or deletion. The content involved may
be images, video, audio and multimedia as
well as text. The usual stages in digital content
management are: Creation. Editing.

37. • Content management (CM) is the administration of digital content throughout its lifecycle,
from creation to permanent storage or deletion. The content involved may be images, video,
audio and multimedia as well as text.
• The usual stages in digital content management are:
• Creation
• Editing
• Publishing (publishing, in this context, means making the content available to users, whether
Web site visitors or enterprise employees.
• Oversight, including managing updates and version control.
• Removal.
• Content management systems (CMS) vary according to the specific industry. A Web content
management system, for example, will include components for that purpose, such as a
content management application (CMA) that automates the production of HTML. An
enterprise content management (ECM) system, on the other hand, has components that will
help deal with enterprise data effectively. ECM components are geared to goals like
streamlining access, eliminating bottlenecks and minimizing overhead.

38. Word press
• Everything you see here, from the documentation to the code itself, was
created by and for the community. WordPress is an Open Source project,
which means there are hundreds of people all over the world working on
it. (More than most commercial platforms.) It also means you are free to
use it for anything from your recipe site to a Fortune 500 web site without
paying anyone a license fee and a number of other important freedoms.
• About WordPress.org
• On this site you can download and install a software script called
WordPress. To do this you need a web host who meets the minimum
requirements and a little time. WordPress is completely customizable and
can be used for almost anything. There is also a service called
WordPress.com which lets you get started with a new and free WordPress-
based blog in seconds, but varies in several ways and is less flexible than
the WordPress you download and install yourself.

39. Word press
• WordPress
• WordPress is the world’s most popular content management system.
• Despite it’s humble blogging beginnings, WordPress has taken the world by storm (literally),
powering over over 60 millions websites today.
• If that’s not impressive, WordPress is also used on over 40% of CMS-based websites – leading
the market of DIY CMS websites by a wiiiiiiide margin.
• Here’s why it’s so popular.
• Easy to Install – Many web hosting companies (like Bluehost) offer instant, automated
WordPress installs. That means you can get a brand new website up-and-running in less than
five minutes! (It takes longer to go brew a cup of coffee than it does to have new WordPress
website online.)
• Customizable – WordPress has significantly more plug-ins, themes and other customizations
available than any other CMS. Because of it’s widespread popularity, more third-party
designers and developers will create free (or relatively inexpensive) new WordPress tools to
help you create/start a blog that looks like a high-dollar custom website (while only setting
you back less than $100).
• Free– WordPress is absolutely, no-strings-attached free to use. And building on the last point,
there are easily tens of thousands of free plug-ins and themes available to choose from. This
is perfect for most beginners putting together their first site because it keeps costs down.

40. Drupal
• Drupal is the second most popular content management system available
today, used by sites both large and small.
• It’s among the most powerful open sourced options available, which
means it’s learning curve is also a bit steeper.
• Here’s where Drupal excels:
• Technically Advanced – Drupal is the most technically advanced of these
three content management systems. Good for technical people who like to
get their hands dirty.
• Improved Performance – Drupal pages typically load more quickly, and
have faster response times than those made with WordPress or Joomla.
Part of the reason is because it’s less resource-intensive, requiring a less
expensive server or hosting setup. (However like with all CMS, adding too
many third party plugins can bog down performance.)

41. Drupal
• Customizable – Drupal is easy to customize with
many widely available plug-ins, themes and other
configurable options to choose from. You can also
edit the root files directly, perfect for those
developers who need to make more significant
changes.
• Free – You can download the Drupal software for
free, and install it on your own hosting server.

42. Joomla
• Joomla is like the compromise between WordPress and Drupal.
• It’s powerful enough to run most websites without any problems, and it doesn’t require the same level of
technical experience to run as Drupal either.
• As the second most used CMS (behind WordPress), Joomla also has a lot of plug-ins and themes available
to choose from (around 6000 or so)similar to both WordPress and Drupal. So customizing the look and feel
of your site shouldn’t be problem.
• Here are a few more reasons Joomla might be ideal for you:
• Social Networking – Joomla makes creating social networks of all three options. Social networks can be a
powerful asset for many sites, and with Joomla, you can have one up and running extremely quickly and
easily.
• Commerce Sites – Joomla also makes setting up an online store quick and painless. You can setup
eCommerce shops with both Drupal and WordPress, but it tends to require more effort and special
customizations.
• Not too Technical – Joomla has found the middle ground between the ease of managing a WordPress
website and the power of a Drupal site. The good news is that most non-tech savvy people should be able
to run a great Joomla site without needing any technical support.
• Help Portal – Joomla offers a great help portal for asking questions and getting technical support. It’s not
fast or extensive as WordPress’ community-based support pages, but is definitely quicker (and cheaper)
than Drupal’s technical support options.
• Free – Like both WordPress and Drupal, Joomla is another free option to use on your own web servers.
However similar to Drupal, there is no option to have it hosted for free like WordPress offers.

43. Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence
exhibited by machines. In computer science,
an ideal "intelligent" machine is a flexible
rational agent that perceives its environment
and takes actions that maximize its chance of
success at some goal.

44. Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines. In computer science, an ideal
"intelligent" machine is a flexible rational agent that perceives its environment and takes
actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal.[1] Colloquially, the term "artificial
intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans associate
with other human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving".[2] As machines become
increasingly capable, facilities once thought to require intelligence are removed from the
definition. For example, optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an exemplar
of "artificial intelligence" having become a routine technology.[3] Capabilities still classified as
AI include advanced Chess and Go systems and self-driving cars.
• AI research is divided into subfields[4] that focus on specific problems or on specific
approaches or on the use of a particular tool or towards satisfying particular applications.
• The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning,
learning, natural language processing (communication), perception and the ability to move
and manipulate objects.[5] General intelligence is among the field's long-term goals.[6]
Approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence, soft computing (e.g.
machine learning), and traditional symbolic AI. Many tools are used in AI, including versions
of search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and
economics. The AI field draws upon computer science, mathematics, psychology, linguistics,
philosophy, neuroscience and artificial psychology.