The document summarizes the Mesozoic Era stratigraphy in three periods: Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous. It describes the lithology and fossil content of formations from these periods found in various regions of India, including the Himalayas, Kashmir, Spiti, and the Indian peninsula. Key points include the marine deposits of the Triassic in Spiti and Kashmir characterized by limestones and shales, and the Jurassic rock units of Spiti, Kashmir, and Kutch divided into named members.

1. Mesozoic Era
Stratigraphy
BY:
THOMAS CHINNAPPAN .A ,
M.SC.APPLIED GEOLOGY,
PERIYAR UNIVERSITY,
SALEM.

2. Introduction :
• It began at 230mya & closed at 65 mya
• Three periods : Triassic , Jurassic , Cretaceous
• At end of palaeozoic era,sometimes in Upper
carboniferous,mount building activityof semi global
scale
• Lot of changes in distributions of land and sea in
india,south america & africa, Australia,etc
• Ancient continents,Early to late mesozoic were mostly
of shallow water and lacustarine type

3. • Marked difference in fossil fauna of two formations.
• Occur both in extra penninsula & peninsula region.
• At same period,Tethys sea to recieve sediments for
part of triassic & jurassic eras.
• End of Cretaceous, tethys migrates to indian sea.
• It results of tectonic changes, The record of mesozoic
group under two groups
* Marine deposit in extra peninsula
*Shallow deposit in peninsula india -the gondwana.

5. • At the beginning of the mesozoic the continents
were assembled into a super continents.
• Pangea formed in the late palaeozoic by the
collision and joining of the continents to form a
single landmass surrounded by a wast ocean.
• In equatorial, between africa & europe , between
india & asia, that empayment is called as tethys
•
Pangaea

6. Pangaea began to breakup in the mesozoic
The northern continentswere called laurasia & the
southern continent were called as goundwana.
As north America & europe separated they were called
laurentia & baltica.
Breakup of pangaea

7. Triassic Jurassic
Cretaceous

9. Mesozoic era:
• Triassic
• Jurassic
• Cretaceous

10. Triassic System :
Formations of marine origin aremainly confined to
himalayan region,perticularly to kumaon
,spiti,kashmir & salt range.
Occur in peninsula region are fluviatile origin & part
of gondwana super group.

11. Triassic of spiti :
Basal system of meso group & permian rocks in salt
range & kashmir.
Lithology :it consist chiefly limestone and shale
Quartizites are found upper zone of system.
Classification : lower ; middle ; upper triassic
Corresponding to bunter,muschelkalk & divison of
european triassic system

12. Triassic of spiti

13. Triassic of kashmir :
Formation of kashmir area overlies the zewan beds of
permian age.
Consist of thick successionof limestone and shales
Yield rich triassic fauna.
It divied into three divisions : lower ; middle ; upper
triassic rocks
Lithology :blue color limestone in lower triassic.
Shale & sandstone in middle triassic.
Massive limestones are predominant rock types.

14. Zonal classification of triassic rock in kashmir

15. • Life : spiti,kashmir Triassic have also yeild a rich
assemblage of ammonite fauna.
• No.of lamellibranches & brachiopoda
fossils.zonal classification is based on important
generic type of ammonite fossils.
• Among the
lamellibranches,pseudomnotis,modiola,anomia.

16. Salt range :
• In the salt range proper, lower triassic well
developed, though on trans indus side, complete
Triassic sequence has been studied.
• Salt are also known as ceratite beds ; because of
occurrence of fossils in good abundance.
• Lithology : broadly similar to that kashmir & spiti
flaggy limestone predominant with intercalation of
shales & sandstones

17. Attock district:
The Attock Slates are overlain here directly by
the Kioto (MEGALODON) Limestone which is partly
Upper Triassic and partly Liassic. Good sections are
seen in the Kala Chitta
Burma :
The AxIAL SYSTEM in the Arakan Yomas includes
Triassic rocks in its lower portion, with Halobia
lommeli and Monotis sp.

18. Jurassic System :
• Jurassic system overlies Triassic System rocks in
the standard scale and in well represented in
Indian Stratigraphy both in extra-peninsular and
Peninsular India.
• In the extra-peninsula, the Jurassic rocks of
marine facies conformably overlie in the Triassic
rocks at many places such as in Spiti, Kashmir
and Salt Range.

19. • In Peninsular India, development of coastal
marine and estuarine facies of Jurassic rocks has
been studied in Rajashthan, Kutchh and east
coast of the Peninsula.

20. Jurassic of spiti :
• Rocks of Jurassic age succeed the Upper Triassic
formations in Spiti
• The Kioto Limestones and an upper Group chiefly
composed of Shales and hence known as Spiti
shales
• It is separated by an unconformity at the base
from so called Sulcacutus beds.

21. • The Belemnite beds are made up of brown shales
of earthy texture containing calcareous
concretions
• The Chidamu Beds overlie the Belembite beds
and consist of black shales with iron oxide
partings.
• The Lochambal beds are similar to Chidamu beds
in their lithology
• Spiti shales distinguish in three stages -
Belemnite beds, Chidamu beds and Lochambal
beds

22. Jurassic of kashmir :
Jurassic rocks have been traced in Ladakh and Banihal
areas in Kashmir.
At Ladakh, Jurassic formations comprising chiefly of
Limestones and Shales
In Banihal, they occur on the north side of Banihal
pass within a synclinal sequence of Triassic rocks.

23. Salt range :
• Ceratite beds of Triassic age are overlain by Jurassic
rocks of middle to upper Jurassic age in Salt Range.
• Lithologically these comprise sandstones, shales
and Limestones, the latter being oolitic.
• Fossils found from Upper Jurassic include Pecten,
Lima(Lamellibranchs), Ammonites and some
Belemnites.
• Middle Jurassic formations are traversed by thin
coal seams at a few places.

24. Jurassic of kutch :
Jurassic rocks are regarded as the oldest and most
important stratigraphical formations in Kutchh.
The System has been divided into four series as
follows:
1) Patcham series
2) Chari series
3) Katrol series
4) Umia series

25. Four series as follows :

26. PATCHAM SERIES :
It is made up mostly Limestones which are Shelly in
texture.
CHARI SERIES :
The series has yielded fossils like Corbula lyrata and
species of Trigonia belonging to Peldcypod group.
It is a complex series distinguished in to five
prominent stages that are Macrocephalus stage,
Disdematus zone, Rehmani zone, Ancep beds and
Dhosa oolites.

27. Rich assemblages of Jurassic fossils such as
Macrocephalites, Indocephalites, Rieneckeia,
Perisphinctes, Mayaites and Dhosaites.
Age from Callovain to Lower Oxfordian in Standard
Stratigraphic Scale.
KATROL SERIES :
It is made up of sandstones and Shales.
The series has yielded Fossils of Epimayaites sp,
Prosophinctes sp of upoer Oxfordian age.

28. UMIA SERIES :
This Overlies the Katrol series and made of Shales,
sandstones and conglomerates.
This series divided in to three stages:
Umia stage
Ukra stage
Bhuj stage

29. The formations have yielded Fossils of Trigonia,
Australiceras, Ptilophyllum.

30. *Cretaceous is the most widespread and
lithologically most complex system of indian
stratigraphy.
*This system includes rock fragments formed under
entirely different conditions during the same time
span.
Cretaceous system :

31. Such As ;
* Marine rocks of northern Himalayas and
coromendel coast.
*Fluviatite rocks of Madhya Pradesh.
*Igneous rocks (volcanic and plutonic) of Deccan
traps.
"Heterogeneous constitution of Cretaceous"

32. 1) The coromandal coast :
Marine facies of Cretaceous
system :
*Coromandal cretaceous rocks are upper cretaceous
age,and these are mostly throughly studied formation
of southern India. Because of its palaeontological
importance.
* These rocks cover large area starting from
coromandal coast and extending into the valley of
cauvery.

33. Cretaceous of Trichinopoly

34. Cretaceous of narmada valley :
* Bagh beds of Narbada Valley provide a best
example for marine facies of Cretaceous rocks in
Peninsular india.
*Bagh area is distinguished into
#Lower series
#upper series.

35. Lower bagh ;
*Lower bagh beda are called Nimar sandstones which
rest over basal conglomerate.
*These sandstone are excellent quality building
stone and millstones.
UPPER BAGH ;
* Upper Bagh beds are made of three layers of rocks.
# Nodular clay limestone
# Deola Marls
# Coralline limestone.

36. Marine Cretaceous of extra
penninsula :
In extra peninsular,marine cretaceous rocks are
developed at spiti, Northern hazarasind and
Baluchistan
In spiti, Rocks of Cretaceous age are divided into
two series ;
#Chikkim series.
#Guimal series.

37. • Chikkim series is primarily made up of limestones.
• Whereas,.
• Guimal series is made up of sandstone and
quartzites overlying the spiti shales of Jurassic
age.
• Flysch formation totally unfossilferous both the
guimal & chikkim series have yeild rich
Cretaceous fauna
• And also developed in kumon and tibet part of
Himalayas.

38. Thankyou