Evolution
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This is "evolution for beginners" and looks a shared derived characteristics, branching tree diagrams and takes a trip to the Galapagos for an activity on natural selection. For the natural selection activity, email me at gjohnston@ssis.edu.vn
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Evolution in a nutshell
This document summarizes key concepts of evolution including Lamarck's theory of acquired traits versus Darwin's theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest. It also discusses evidence that supports common ancestry, such as embryology, similar macromolecules, vestigial structures, biogeography, and homologous/analogous structures. Finally, it outlines different types of evolution like divergent, convergent, and phyletic and explains scientific classification from kingdom to species.
Evolution
This document discusses evidence that supports the theory of evolution through natural selection as described by Charles Darwin. It provides details on Darwin's theory, including his five points of natural selection. It also summarizes several key types of evidence, including fossils that show changes over time, homologous and analogous structures found through comparative anatomy, biogeography patterns, and limitations in the fossil record.
Continuity of Life on Earth
- Life has existed on Earth for approximately 3.5 billion years and evolved from earliest forms into the vast diversity that exists today through the process of evolution by natural selection.
- Charles Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution in his 1859 book "On the Origin of Species", suggesting that species evolve over generations as individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and pass on those traits.
- Significant evidence for evolution includes the fossil record which shows progressive changes in ancient species and the emergence of new species over time, as well as anatomical, developmental, molecular, and biogeographical data that reveal connections between living and extinct organisms.
Classification of organisms
This document discusses the classification of organisms. It begins by stating that biologists have identified approximately 1.6 million species, three-fourths of which are animals. It then discusses systematics and taxonomy, which involve describing new species and organizing animals into groups based on evolutionary relatedness. Phylogenies depict evolutionary histories using tree diagrams. A taxonomy hierarchy from broad to specific includes domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species. Molecular approaches using DNA, genes and proteins provide information for taxonomic studies by reflecting evolutionary relatedness. The three domains are Eubacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Taxonomies are traditionally built assuming vertical gene transfer but recent evidence suggests horizontal gene
Analogous structures
Analogous structures are structures in different species that perform the same function but were not evolved from a common ancestor. They arose through convergent evolution as species adapted to similar environments. Examples include insect wings and bird wings, fish fins and penguin fins, and human, horse and dolphin limbs. While Carolus Linnaeus originally grouped species based only on appearance, analogous structures show that function, not appearance alone, determines evolutionary relationships, and natural selection leads to convergent adaptations over time.
Evolutionary biology
Evolutionary biologists use phylogenetic trees and cladistics to study evolutionary relationships between organisms and construct classifications. Cladistics involves analyzing shared characteristics to hypothesize how groups of organisms evolved from common ancestors over time. A key assumption is that all organisms are related through descent from a shared ancestor. Cladograms graphically represent evolutionary relationships, with shared derived characteristics defining monophyletic clades. Parsimony is used to select the simplest phylogenetic tree that is best supported by evidence.
Homologous Structure (Evolution)
This document defines key terms related to homologous and analogous structures in biology. It explains that homologous structures share an ancestral structure, but may not have the same function, while analogous structures between species have similar functions but different underlying structures. Examples are given of homologous limb bones in vertebrates and vestigial structures providing evidence of evolution from common ancestors. References are also provided.
continuity of organism life
Organisms have existed on Earth for millions of years through a continuity of life sustained by both internal and external factors. Internally, organisms adapt to environmental changes and reproduce to pass on adaptive abilities. Adaptations can be morphological, physiological, or behavioral. Externally, natural selection influences which adaptive organisms survive and reproduce.
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Evolution in a nutshell
This document summarizes key concepts of evolution including Lamarck's theory of acquired traits versus Darwin's theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest. It also discusses evidence that supports common ancestry, such as embryology, similar macromolecules, vestigial structures, biogeography, and homologous/analogous structures. Finally, it outlines different types of evolution like divergent, convergent, and phyletic and explains scientific classification from kingdom to species.
Evolution
This document discusses evidence that supports the theory of evolution through natural selection as described by Charles Darwin. It provides details on Darwin's theory, including his five points of natural selection. It also summarizes several key types of evidence, including fossils that show changes over time, homologous and analogous structures found through comparative anatomy, biogeography patterns, and limitations in the fossil record.
Continuity of Life on Earth
- Life has existed on Earth for approximately 3.5 billion years and evolved from earliest forms into the vast diversity that exists today through the process of evolution by natural selection.
- Charles Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution in his 1859 book "On the Origin of Species", suggesting that species evolve over generations as individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and pass on those traits.
- Significant evidence for evolution includes the fossil record which shows progressive changes in ancient species and the emergence of new species over time, as well as anatomical, developmental, molecular, and biogeographical data that reveal connections between living and extinct organisms.
Classification of organisms
This document discusses the classification of organisms. It begins by stating that biologists have identified approximately 1.6 million species, three-fourths of which are animals. It then discusses systematics and taxonomy, which involve describing new species and organizing animals into groups based on evolutionary relatedness. Phylogenies depict evolutionary histories using tree diagrams. A taxonomy hierarchy from broad to specific includes domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species. Molecular approaches using DNA, genes and proteins provide information for taxonomic studies by reflecting evolutionary relatedness. The three domains are Eubacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Taxonomies are traditionally built assuming vertical gene transfer but recent evidence suggests horizontal gene
Analogous structures
Analogous structures are structures in different species that perform the same function but were not evolved from a common ancestor. They arose through convergent evolution as species adapted to similar environments. Examples include insect wings and bird wings, fish fins and penguin fins, and human, horse and dolphin limbs. While Carolus Linnaeus originally grouped species based only on appearance, analogous structures show that function, not appearance alone, determines evolutionary relationships, and natural selection leads to convergent adaptations over time.
Evolutionary biology
Evolutionary biologists use phylogenetic trees and cladistics to study evolutionary relationships between organisms and construct classifications. Cladistics involves analyzing shared characteristics to hypothesize how groups of organisms evolved from common ancestors over time. A key assumption is that all organisms are related through descent from a shared ancestor. Cladograms graphically represent evolutionary relationships, with shared derived characteristics defining monophyletic clades. Parsimony is used to select the simplest phylogenetic tree that is best supported by evidence.
Homologous Structure (Evolution)
This document defines key terms related to homologous and analogous structures in biology. It explains that homologous structures share an ancestral structure, but may not have the same function, while analogous structures between species have similar functions but different underlying structures. Examples are given of homologous limb bones in vertebrates and vestigial structures providing evidence of evolution from common ancestors. References are also provided.
continuity of organism life
Organisms have existed on Earth for millions of years through a continuity of life sustained by both internal and external factors. Internally, organisms adapt to environmental changes and reproduce to pass on adaptive abilities. Adaptations can be morphological, physiological, or behavioral. Externally, natural selection influences which adaptive organisms survive and reproduce.
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- A description of the process of natural selection, including how random genetic variations, interaction with the environment, and differential reproductive success can lead to adaptation over time.
- A phylogenetic tree showing the evolutionary relationships between major primate groups like humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, and old and new world monkeys.
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2. Embryology finds that more closely related species have more similar embryo development.
3. Molecular biology, such as comparing DNA sequences, finds that a higher similarity in genes and proteins indicates a closer evolutionary relationship between living species. This provides further evidence supporting theories from comparative anatomy and the fossil record.
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Gregor Mendel studied traits in pea plants such as color and height. He found that traits are controlled by alleles - dominant alleles will be expressed over recessive alleles in the first generation. Through subsequent generations and self-pollination, he discovered that recessive traits can be expressed according to his laws of inheritance and principles of dominance and segregation. Mendel's experiments laid the foundations for modern genetics.
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The document discusses multiple lines of evidence that support evolution, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, biogeography, embryology, and biochemistry. It explains how fossils are formed through processes like compression, petrification, and becoming molds or casts, and how fossils are used to relatively or absolutely date organisms. Comparative anatomy examines homologous and analogous structures between organisms. Biogeography and continental drift help explain the distribution of species. Embryology shows that embryos of different species resemble each other at early stages. Biochemistry finds that DNA and proteins are similar between closely related species.
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- A phylogenetic tree showing the evolutionary relationships between major primate groups like humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, and old and new world monkeys.
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3. Molecular biology, such as comparing DNA sequences, finds that a higher similarity in genes and proteins indicates a closer evolutionary relationship between living species. This provides further evidence supporting theories from comparative anatomy and the fossil record.
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Gregor Mendel studied traits in pea plants such as color and height. He found that traits are controlled by alleles - dominant alleles will be expressed over recessive alleles in the first generation. Through subsequent generations and self-pollination, he discovered that recessive traits can be expressed according to his laws of inheritance and principles of dominance and segregation. Mendel's experiments laid the foundations for modern genetics.
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The document summarizes key concepts about the evolution of animal diversity. It describes the major splits in animal evolution including acoelomates vs coelomates, radiates vs bilateria, and protosomes vs deuterosomes. The Cambrian explosion occurred around 500 million years ago, resulting in the emergence of modern animal phyla. Today's animals can be classified into over 35 phyla based on their adult forms, embryological development, body symmetry, and presence of tissues and body cavities. Examples of major phyla include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, arthropods, mollusks, and chordates.
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The document discusses several key topics related to evolution:
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2. It discusses Charles Darwin's contributions including his voyage on the HMS Beagle and publishing On the Origin of Species in 1859 introducing natural selection.
3. It provides examples of adaptations through structures like camouflage and mimicry as well as physiological adaptations in bacteria that provide evidence of evolution.
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Theory Of Evolution of Natural Selection by DARWIN
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Protists
Organisms in the kingdom protista are some of the most varied life forms on the planet. Some are unicellular, some multicellular. Some are heterotrophs, some are autotrophs.
Bacteria
Bacteria are a very interesting form of life because of their various shapes and reproductive capabilities. In this session, we'll look at their role in the ecosystem and see examples of them. If you have a microscope, consider looking at prepared slides.
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This covers some of the reproductive charachteristics of viruses. For example viruses are non-living and have to attach to a host to reproduce.
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In this show, we look at what all living things have in common. All living things respond to stimuli, grow and develop, are made of chemicals and reproduce. Some great visuals.
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This presentation follows metals and focuses on the transition metals over to the pure metals, non-metals and metalloids. If you are a teacher, I have a great lab to help students classify substances based on their physical and chemical properties. Just drop me a line at gjohnston@ssis.edu.vn
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This is a short description of Ionic bonds and how an elements location on the periodic table and what it bonds with determines if it is Ionic. A good follow up lab is to see if students can see if ionic compounds produce ions in distilled water.
Metals
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and how they are classified. It describes the physical properties of metals like malleability, ductility, and luster. The chemical properties discussed are reactivity and corrosion. Metals are classified into three main groups - alkali metals, which are the most reactive; alkali earth metals, which are harder/denser and melt at higher temperatures than alkali metals; and transition metals. The document aims to teach students about the key properties and classification of metals.
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Covalent (molecular) bonds are bonds formed between non-metals. In this show, you'll see some examples of covalent bonds.
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An overview to how the periodic table is organized. Questions covered are what is atomic number and how is the periodic table organized with respect to the type of substance.
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Information about how an elements position on the periodic table will communicate it's ability to bond and form compounds. A chart of valence electrons is included.
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How can we help students share their passions with the world? It's not just about knowing what technical tools are out there, but how can we use them and social media in a way that give students a larger audience and write authentically.
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The document discusses the Tully Monster, an unusual fossil found exclusively in a single location in Illinois. While complete fossils have never been discovered, they are always found in groups. The Tully Monster likely had a complete digestive system and straight intestine. Its small teeth could not retract into its body. Other fossils commonly found alongside it provide clues to its environment. Questions remain about its phylogenetic classification and reasons for extinction.
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The document contains instructions for students to take samples of their cheek cells and onion cells to observe under microscopes at different magnifications, drawing what they see. Students are asked to note the shape of the cells and whether they can observe any structures inside the cells. They are also prompted to discuss what cell parts they already know and have questions about.
Action research on grading and assessment practices of grade 7 mathematics
The document discusses changes made to the 7th grade math program, including shifting to a grading system that emphasized summative assessments over assignments. Test scores and student surveys showed benefits from this change, such as higher test scores and students reporting improved learning and lower stress. The grading change aimed for students to take responsibility as learners through mastery-based assessments rather than multiple chances. Differentiated practice levels and targeted test preparation helped students learn effectively.
10 tips and tricks to use engagement and formative assessment in the elementa...
This document provides 5 math activities and 5 formative assessment strategies that can be used in the classroom. The math activities are designed to engage students and help develop basic math skills, and include games like card games and number puzzles. The formative assessments are quick ways to check understanding of all students, such as thumbs up/down, holding up fingers to indicate level of understanding, and anonymous exit interviews. The goal is to integrate these activities before, during and after math lessons.
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Mr. Johnston sent a letter to Mr. Saigon South International School regarding a student's academic performance from the 2011-2012 school year. The student showed improvement from their practice tests to actual tests. Their grades increased across all subjects and units, though one unit showed lower performance. The teacher praised the student's improvement and encouraged focusing on continued growth rather than past struggles.
Math test score analysis unit 2
The document contains graphs and charts showing student performance of Green and Blue on practice tests, actual tests, and observations in different subjects. It notes that Blue used practice tests more which helped performance. It provides feedback on different blocks, noting Blues improved while Greens need to work harder. It suggests students set better goals, ask for help, and familiarize themselves with class resources to improve performance.
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Evolution
- 1. Evolution Mr. Johnston Saigon South International School
- 2. Reading Warm Up: The Mantis Shrimp
- 3. Key Question: ● How are Evolution and Classification Related?
- 4. Vocabulary ● Evolution ● Branching Tree Diagram ● Shared Derived Characteristic ● Convergent Evolution ● Natural Selection ● Artificial Selection
- 5. “There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved” - Charles Darwin
- 6. Natural Selection Link to Reading: Peppered Moth Evolution
- 7. (Selective Breeding) Artificial Selection
- 8. Branching Tree Diagram and Shared Derived Characteristics
- 10. Activity Let’s take a trip on the Beagle to the Galapagos to learn about Natural Selection! Link to our data!