This document provides an overview of key concepts in evolution science. It discusses Jean Baptiste de Lamarck as the first evolutionist and his three theories of evolution: need, use and disuse, and acquired characteristics. It also covers Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and how it led to the evolution of giraffes' long necks. The document then examines mechanisms of evolution like mutation, genetic drift, gene flow and natural selection. It defines speciation and the different types like allopatric, peripatric, parapatric and sympatric speciation. In the end, it provides a review questions and short test on these evolutionary concepts.
FEATURING THE SUMMARY OF SCIENCE 10 UNIT 3 MODULE 3
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
BIODIVERSITY
FOSSILS
RELATIVE DATING METHOD
RADIOMETRIC DATING METHOD
HOMOLOGOUS
ANALOGOUS
THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
FEATURING THE SUMMARY OF SCIENCE 10 UNIT 3 MODULE 3
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
BIODIVERSITY
FOSSILS
RELATIVE DATING METHOD
RADIOMETRIC DATING METHOD
HOMOLOGOUS
ANALOGOUS
THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
Floating & Sinking, buoyant forces, displacement, density, volume, mass. All explained thoroughly and simplified for ESL learners at International Schools. Question slides refer to the book Interactive Physical Science.
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Punnett Square. It also talks about the definition, history and the process that are included in the field of Punnett Square.
Essential Environment Chapter 3- my own slides with many photos to foster student engagement in the topic. Covers all of Chapter 3 from the book (5th edition). Created by Kiersten Lippmann
Extinction - Biodiversity and conservationAli Hassan
In this slide there is a complete knowledge of what is extinction and extinct species. This slide will able to show how the species are endangered and extinct.
Floating & Sinking, buoyant forces, displacement, density, volume, mass. All explained thoroughly and simplified for ESL learners at International Schools. Question slides refer to the book Interactive Physical Science.
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Punnett Square. It also talks about the definition, history and the process that are included in the field of Punnett Square.
Essential Environment Chapter 3- my own slides with many photos to foster student engagement in the topic. Covers all of Chapter 3 from the book (5th edition). Created by Kiersten Lippmann
Extinction - Biodiversity and conservationAli Hassan
In this slide there is a complete knowledge of what is extinction and extinct species. This slide will able to show how the species are endangered and extinct.
It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
Darwinism and natural selection 7th zol.pptximranrohi56
Darwin's three main principles of natural selection state that, in order for the process to occur, most characteristics in the population must be inherited, more offspring must be produced than can survive, and the fittest offspring must be more likely to survive and reproduce.In the mid-19th century, a man came up with a very powerful idea, the idea that species could change. Today, all the time, we hear about animals adapting, endangered species going extinct, viruses mutating. But in the 1800s, people conceptualized a much more static world. One man looked past all that. His name was Charles Darwin.
Darwin called his idea the theory of natural selection. Natural selection is defined as a natural process that results in the survival and reproduction of organisms with genetic traits best suited to their environment. A shorter (but no less accurate) definition might be "survival of the fittest." Within any population, the fittest individuals, or the ones who fit the environment best, usually survive and reproduce, passing on their genetic traits to future generations.
Overview
In simpler terms, Evolutionary Genetics is the study to understand how genetic
variation leads to evolutionary change.
Evolutionary Genetics attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene
and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that convert the
variation with populations into more or less permanent variation between species.
The central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics is to describe how the evolutionary
forces shape the patterns of biodiversity.
Evolutionary Genetics majorly deals with;
a. Evolution of genome structure
b. The genetic basis of speciation and adaptation
c. Genetic change in response to selection within populations
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
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from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
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Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
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Slides from:
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6. • Explain the different theories
concerning evolution;
Lesson Objectives
• Compare Darwinian and other
theorist’s view of evolution; and
• Show appreciation on biological
evolution..
7. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
Jean Baptiste de
Lamarck was the first
evolutionist to believe
that organisms change
over time.
10. Theory of Need
The theory of need states that organisms
change in response to their environment.
Their ability to survive helped them
develop characteristics necessary for them
to adapt to a given environment.
11. Theory of Need
According to Lamarck, the ancestors of giraffes
had short necks before, but because of drought
and scarcity of food, they were forced to change
the structure of their necks by forcing them to
reach the higher sources of food for them to
survive. Their ability to survive helped them
develop characteristics necessary for them to
adapt to a given environment.
12. Theory of Use
and Disuse
According to him, organs not
in use will disappear, while
organs in use will develop.
13. Theory of Use and Disuse
According to him, organs not in use will disappear,
while organs in use will develop. Again, it is like in the
first theory where Lamarck believes that giraffes had
short necks before, but because of the need to survive
and in order to reach tall trees for food, they kept
stretching their necks until they became longer and able
to reach taller trees.
14. Theory of acquired
characteristics
Lamarck believes that these acquired
characteristics were believed to be
inherited by their offspring and
propagated by the next generation.
15. But many scientists rejected the theories of Lamarck.
They understood that if there were changes in the cell
or body structure, there could be changes in the
genetic information of the species.
For example, if you change the color of your hair by
dyeing it from black to blonde, do you think class,
your child will inherit the blonde color of your hair?
16. Darwin’s Theory
In natural selection, environment factors
promote the survival of the fittest and
eliminate the less fit. Organisms which
can adapt to their environment have a
better chance of survival and have the
capability to reproduce their own kind.
17. According to Darwin, originally, giraffes had
varying neck lengths. Natural selection
favored the survival of long-necked giraffes
because it allowed them to reach for food in
tall trees while short-necked Giraffes were
eliminated because of their inability to
reach higher vegetation when there was a
scarcity of low vegetation such as grass.
This eliminated them from the population of
giraffes.
18. Charles Darwin traveled to
different islands until he found
Galapagos Island, where he
found different finch bird
species.
19. He observed that finches have
different beak structures for
different food types. The
abundance of finch species on an
island was somehow related to
the type of available food for
these birds. Darwin suggested
that selection takes place in
nature.
20. Did you know class organism struggle for existence in
order to survive because they need to compete for food
and space and also adapt the changes in environment.
In real life, animals migrate and find other mates, gene
continually mutate, and nature allows the fittest
organism to survive. When these conditions happen,
evolution has occurred.
21. Mechanism of Evolution
Individuals’ choice of mate is
influenced by some physical
and behavioral characteristics.
NON-RANDOM MATING MUTATION
The organism’s appearance is dictated
by the information stored in its
chromosomes. So, if the chromosome’s
structure or gene composition is
changed, the appearance of the
organism will also be changed.
22. Mechanism of Evolution
Genetic drift means a change in gene
pool due to chance alone.
Unpredictable disasters and diseases
can reduce or totally eliminate certain
traits in a population.
GENETIC DRIFTING GENE FLOW
Gene flow or genetic
exchanges similar to these
make a population more
diverse.
23. Mechanism of Evolution
Natural selection by which nature
selects which traits will survive
and which will not. These
organisms with favorable traits,
are those who are best suited to
the environment and have a
better chance of survival.
NATURAL SELECTION
24. SPECIATION
Speciation is a process within
evolution that results in the
formation of new, and distinct
species that are
reproductively isolated from
other population when there is
no gene flow.
25. Types of Speciation
It occurs due to geographical
isolation and both species evolve
separately. The original population
is divided into two by a barrier
resulting in reproductive isolation.
ALLOPATRIC PERIPATRIC
The process of speciation occurs at a small
level, where geographical barriers separate the
species at the periphery isolating the small
population. Evolution occurs separately. Occurs
when the size of the isolated subpopulation is
small.
26. Types of Speciation
Species in this process of speciation
spread out over a large geographic area
but individuals only mate with those in
their own geographic region.
PARAPATRIC SYMPATRIC
The formation of new species
from an original population that
are not geographically isolated.
27. Let's review
1. What are the three
theories of Jean Baptiste
de Lamarck?
2. How natural selection
of Charles Darwin
happens?
3. What are the
mechanisms of
evolution?
28. To test whether you've learned something today, I
prepared 10-item multiple choice type of test to be
answered individually.
Evaluation
29. Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter before
the number
1. Which of the following causes of evolution states that sexual selection is not merely by
chance?
A. Non-random mating
B. Genetic Drift
C. Gene Flow
D. Mutation
2. What is genetic drift?
A. The formation of new species.
B. A change in gene pool due to chance alone.
C. Any change in the structure of chromosomes and gene composition.
D. The migration of individuals from one population to another.
30. • 3.During the process of speciation, a species is first isolated _______.
• A. genetically
• B. behaviorally
• C. geographically
• D. reproductively
• 4.The following are statements thatdescribe Darwin’s theory of natural selection except___________.
• A. Members of a population will compete.
• B. Populations tend to reproduce in small numbers.
• C. Members of a population have heritable variations.
• D. Some members of a population have adaptive traits.
•
• 5. Which of the following mechanisms will cause the gene pool of two populations to change?
• A. Mutation
• B. Gene Flow
• C. Genetic Drift
• D. Natural Selection
31. 6. Which of the following describes mutation?
A. A result of inbreeding.
B. Any change in the structure of chromosomes.
C. Change in gene pool due to migration.
D. Differential survival and reproduction of organisms.
• 7. What agent of evolutionary change can result to a population with limited variation due entirely to
chance?
• A. Mutation
• B. Gene flow
• C. Genetic drift
• D. Inbreeding
•
• 8. What do you call the process that results to the formation of new species because of evolution?
• A. Speciation
• B. Mutation
• C. Reproduction
• D. Migration
32. 9. Who is the first evolutionist to believe that organisms change?
A. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
B. Richard Dawkins
C. Charles Darwin
D. Steve Jones
10. It is commonly observed in plants and in some kinds of animals and a very good example of non-
random mating.
A. Genetic drift
B. Inbreeding
C. Gene flow
D. Mutation
33. Agreement
A. Follow-up:
Directions: Answer the following question concisely.
1. Cite some examples on the different mechanisms of evolution?
2. Imagine that you are one of the scientists during the past, which theory would
you accept? The theory of Darwin or Lamarck? Why? Briefly explain your
answer.
B. Advanced:
Directions: Give a brief response to the following question.
1. What is adaptation?
2. What are the different ways organisms in adapting the environment?
3. Why it is necessary to adapt the changing environment?