The document discusses the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 4G. It describes the key technologies including 1G analog cellular systems, 2G digital systems, 2.5G technologies like GPRS and EDGE, 3G standards like UMTS, CDMA2000, and W-CDMA. 3G services offered higher data rates and quality of service but faced challenges around high costs and lack of coverage. 4G is still in development and aims to offer speeds 50 times faster than 3G with seamless connectivity anywhere. Key 3G standards that emerged include CDMA2000 1X, EV-DO, and UMTS/W-CDMA, with W-CDMA providing larger bandwidth and capacity with lower

1. Wireless Networks:Wireless Networks:
EVOLAUTION FROM 1G TO 4GEVOLAUTION FROM 1G TO 4G
BYBY
Abubakar Abdillahi ElmiAbubakar Abdillahi Elmi
ID:MCE00905040ID:MCE00905040
Port City International UniversityPort City International University
Summer 2016Summer 2016

2. OUTLINEOUTLINE
 1. cellular System concept1. cellular System concept
 2. First Generation Analog Wireless Cellular2. First Generation Analog Wireless Cellular
System.System.
 3. 2G Digital Wireless System3. 2G Digital Wireless System
 4. 2.5G Wireless Mobile Technology4. 2.5G Wireless Mobile Technology
 5. Third Generation System5. Third Generation System
 6. ITU IMT-2000 Family of 3G6. ITU IMT-2000 Family of 3G
 7.UTRA FDD7.UTRA FDD
 8. UTTRA TDD8. UTTRA TDD
 9. CDMA-2000-MC9. CDMA-2000-MC
 10. UWC-13610. UWC-136
 11. UMTS Architecture11. UMTS Architecture
 12. Core Issues12. Core Issues
 13. 4G wireless Technology13. 4G wireless Technology
 14. Conclusion14. Conclusion

3. CELLULAR SYSTEM CONCEPTCELLULAR SYSTEM CONCEPT

4. First Generation Analog Wireless CellularFirst Generation Analog Wireless Cellular
SystemSystem
 Transmit only analog voice informationTransmit only analog voice information
 Use FDMA Access Technology which uses 30 KHz channels ofUse FDMA Access Technology which uses 30 KHz channels of
spectrum each carrying one telephone ckt.spectrum each carrying one telephone ckt.
 Types of Analog Cellular System:Types of Analog Cellular System:
 1. AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service):1. AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service):
- First introduces in U.S.- First introduces in U.S.
- 30 KHz radio channel,824 MHz to 849 MHz Uplink freq. and 869 to 894 MHz- 30 KHz radio channel,824 MHz to 849 MHz Uplink freq. and 869 to 894 MHz
Downlink, Provide 832 channelsDownlink, Provide 832 channels
 2.TACS (Total Access Communication System):2.TACS (Total Access Communication System):
-First introduced in U.K in 1985, Use 25 KHz radio channel-First introduced in U.K in 1985, Use 25 KHz radio channel
-890 to 915 MHz uplink and 869 to 894 MHz downlink freq.-890 to 915 MHz uplink and 869 to 894 MHz downlink freq.

5. Continue……Continue……
 3. NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone):3. NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone):
- Developed by telecommunication administration of Nordic countries- Developed by telecommunication administration of Nordic countries
- NMT-450 use lower frequency(450 MHz)- NMT-450 use lower frequency(450 MHz)
and high transmitting powerand high transmitting power
- NMT-900 use higher frequency and low transmitting power- NMT-900 use higher frequency and low transmitting power
- Radio channel is of 25 KHz- Radio channel is of 25 KHz
 4. NAMPS (Narrowband AMPS) :4. NAMPS (Narrowband AMPS) :
- introduced by Motorola in 1991- introduced by Motorola in 1991
- Use 10 KHz BW for radio channel- Use 10 KHz BW for radio channel
 5. JMCS (Japanese mobile Cellular System) :5. JMCS (Japanese mobile Cellular System) :
- First launched by Japan in 197- First launched by Japan in 197
- MCS-L1 Operate in 800 MHz band and channel BW is 12.5 KHz- MCS-L1 Operate in 800 MHz band and channel BW is 12.5 KHz
 6. CNET6. CNET
- First started in Germany in 1985- First started in Germany in 1985
- operate at 450 MHz and channel BW is 20 KHz- operate at 450 MHz and channel BW is 20 KHz
 7. MATS-E7. MATS-E
-- Combined many of the features used in different cellular systemCombined many of the features used in different cellular system
- Used in France and Kuwait- Used in France and Kuwait

6. 2G Digital Wireless System2G Digital Wireless System
 It use digital radio signalsIt use digital radio signals
 1G and 2G both use digital signaling to connect radio1G and 2G both use digital signaling to connect radio
tower to rest of telephone systemtower to rest of telephone system
 Main 2G technologies are TDMA,CDMA & GSMMain 2G technologies are TDMA,CDMA & GSM
 GSM utilized wider band(200 KHz) CarrierGSM utilized wider band(200 KHz) Carrier
frequencies and each support 8 time slotsfrequencies and each support 8 time slots

7. 2G Digital Wireless System2G Digital Wireless System
• Advantages :Advantages :
1. Due to digital error checking, sound quality is increased1. Due to digital error checking, sound quality is increased
2. Allowed digital data service like SMS and email2. Allowed digital data service like SMS and email
3. Digital system emit less power so more cells could be placed in same3. Digital system emit less power so more cells could be placed in same
amount of spaceamount of space
• Disadvantages :Disadvantages :
1. Weaker digital signal will not reach a cell tower in less populous1. Weaker digital signal will not reach a cell tower in less populous
areaarea
2. Under worse condition digital has occasional dropout2. Under worse condition digital has occasional dropout

8. 2.5G Wireless Mobile Technology2.5G Wireless Mobile Technology
• It enable high speed data transfer over upgraded existingIt enable high speed data transfer over upgraded existing
2G network by Sending data as packets at very fast speed2G network by Sending data as packets at very fast speed
• 2.5G use two technology2.5G use two technology
• 1. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service):1. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service):
- It is packet linked technology that enable high-speed wireless internet- It is packet linked technology that enable high-speed wireless internet
- Implemented by adding new packet data nodes and upgrading existing- Implemented by adding new packet data nodes and upgrading existing
node to provide routing path for data between mobile and gateway nodenode to provide routing path for data between mobile and gateway node
• 2. Edge (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evaluation)2. Edge (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evaluation)
-- Uses same TDMA frame structure and 200 KHz carrier bandwidth asUses same TDMA frame structure and 200 KHz carrier bandwidth as
today's GSM networks using high level modulationtoday's GSM networks using high level modulation
- Quaternary- Offset-QAM has been proposed because It provide higher- Quaternary- Offset-QAM has been proposed because It provide higher
data rates and good spectral efficiencydata rates and good spectral efficiency

9. Third Generation SystemThird Generation System
 ITU has defined the demands for third generation mobile network withITU has defined the demands for third generation mobile network with
IMT-2000 standard system that fulfils IMT-2000 standard is UMTSIMT-2000 standard system that fulfils IMT-2000 standard is UMTS
 3G networks are wide area cellular telephone network evolved to3G networks are wide area cellular telephone network evolved to
incorporate high speed internet accessincorporate high speed internet access
 3G uses 0.5 MHz channel carrier width to deliver higher data rates and3G uses 0.5 MHz channel carrier width to deliver higher data rates and
increased capacityincreased capacity
 3G cellular services known as UMTS or IMT-2000 has following main3G cellular services known as UMTS or IMT-2000 has following main
characteristicscharacteristics
- A single family of compatible standard that can be used worldwide- A single family of compatible standard that can be used worldwide
- Data rates up to 2 Mbps ( In stationary mode)- Data rates up to 2 Mbps ( In stationary mode)
- High spectrum efficiency- High spectrum efficiency

10. Services and SpeedServices and Speed

11. ITU IMT-2000 family of 3GITU IMT-2000 family of 3G

12. UTRA FDDUTRA FDD
Requires the allocation of two frequency bands: one for the uplink and
another for the downlink.
FDD radio units need duplexers in order to separate the incoming and
outgoing signals at the antenna.
FDD does not allocate efficiently the available bandwidth for all types of
services.

13. UTRA TDDUTRA TDD
• TDD mode can use the same frequency band for both the uplink andTDD mode can use the same frequency band for both the uplink and
the downlink by allocating distinct time slots to the two links .the downlink by allocating distinct time slots to the two links .
• Each time slot can be allocated either to the uplink or to the downlink.Each time slot can be allocated either to the uplink or to the downlink.
• TDD terminals do not needTDD terminals do not need duplexerduplexer hence have less hardwarehence have less hardware
complexity than FDD terminals.complexity than FDD terminals.
• TDD requires better time synchronization between the users than FDDTDD requires better time synchronization between the users than FDD
 the base station cannot be allowed to transmit at the same time asthe base station cannot be allowed to transmit at the same time as
the mobiles stations.the mobiles stations.
 a guard period must be included in the protocol to make sure onlya guard period must be included in the protocol to make sure only
one link is active at the same time.one link is active at the same time.

14. W-CDMAW-CDMA
1. Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) or the Universal Mobile1. Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) or the Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS)Telecommunications System (UMTS)
• From GSM/IS-136/PDC.From GSM/IS-136/PDC.
• Evolved since 1996.Evolved since 1996.
• From European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)From European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
• Backwards compatible with GSM, IS-136, PDC, HSCSD, GPRS, andBackwards compatible with GSM, IS-136, PDC, HSCSD, GPRS, and
EDGEEDGE
 Equipment for the previous technologies will work in UMTS.Equipment for the previous technologies will work in UMTS.
 Network structure same as GSM.Network structure same as GSM.
 Bit level packaging same as GSM.Bit level packaging same as GSM.

15. W-CDMA (W-CDMA (Continue…)Continue…)
 Up to 2.048 Mbps per user.Up to 2.048 Mbps per user.
• If user is stationary.If user is stationary.
• Up to 8 Mbps in the future.Up to 8 Mbps in the future.
 Needs a minimum spectrum allocation of 5 MHzNeeds a minimum spectrum allocation of 5 MHz
• Instead of 200 kHz for GSMInstead of 200 kHz for GSM
• Requires complete change of RF equipment at each base station.Requires complete change of RF equipment at each base station.
• 6 times more efficient use of spectrum than GSM6 times more efficient use of spectrum than GSM
• Uses CDMAUses CDMA

16. CDMA-2000CDMA-2000
 cdma2000cdma2000
• From IS-95/IS-95BFrom IS-95/IS-95B
• Works within original 2G CDMA channel bandwidth ofWorks within original 2G CDMA channel bandwidth of
1.25 MHz1.25 MHz
• Allows wireless carriers to introduce 3G in a gradualAllows wireless carriers to introduce 3G in a gradual
manner.manner.
 Can introduce 3G capabilities at each cellCan introduce 3G capabilities at each cell
 Do not have to change out entire base stationsDo not have to change out entire base stations
 Do not have to use different spectrum.Do not have to use different spectrum.

17. UWC-136UWC-136
 Universal Wireless Communications, or UWC-136, is a proposed standardUniversal Wireless Communications, or UWC-136, is a proposed standard
from the Universal Wireless Communication Consortium (UWCC)-Afrom the Universal Wireless Communication Consortium (UWCC)-A
consortium of more than 85 telecommunications carrier and wirelessconsortium of more than 85 telecommunications carrier and wireless
product vendors-for a 3G (Third-generation) wireless communication.product vendors-for a 3G (Third-generation) wireless communication.
 UWC-136 is a pure Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technologyUWC-136 is a pure Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technology
that is designed to be backward compatible with the existing IS-136that is designed to be backward compatible with the existing IS-136
TDMA digital cellular phone system defined by the ANSI-136 and IS-41TDMA digital cellular phone system defined by the ANSI-136 and IS-41
standard and still widely used in North America.standard and still widely used in North America.

18. UMTS architecture:UMTS architecture:

19. Core IssuesCore Issues
 Expensive input free for service licensesExpensive input free for service licenses
 Expense of 3G phonesExpense of 3G phones
 Lack of buy-in by 2G mobile users for new 3GLack of buy-in by 2G mobile users for new 3G
serviceservice
 Lack of coverage because it is still a new serviceLack of coverage because it is still a new service
 Lack of member state support for financially troubledLack of member state support for financially troubled
operators.operators.

20. 4G Wireless Technology4G Wireless Technology

This technology is expected to be available by 2010This technology is expected to be available by 2010
 4G being developed with following objectives4G being developed with following objectives
- Speed up to 50 times higher 3G- Speed up to 50 times higher 3G
- To accomplish multi-service capacity integrating all the mobile- To accomplish multi-service capacity integrating all the mobile
technologies that existtechnologies that exist
- This network must be available to users any time, any where- This network must be available to users any time, any where
- Low bit cost is essential where higher volume of data are transmitted- Low bit cost is essential where higher volume of data are transmitted
- To be able to use 4G mobile networks, mobile terminal must be able to- To be able to use 4G mobile networks, mobile terminal must be able to
choose from available wireless networks the one to use with specificchoose from available wireless networks the one to use with specific
serviceservice
- Terminal mobility is key factor to the success of 4G network.- Terminal mobility is key factor to the success of 4G network.

21. SummarySummary
 3G wireless services are rapidly spreading the global market place with CDMA as the3G wireless services are rapidly spreading the global market place with CDMA as the
preferred technology solutionpreferred technology solution
 The following are the key 3G Technologies that have emerged to be the key commercialThe following are the key 3G Technologies that have emerged to be the key commercial
players:players:
• CDMA2000 1XCDMA2000 1X
• CDMA2000 1xEV-DOCDMA2000 1xEV-DO
• UMTS/WCDMAUMTS/WCDMA
 WCDMA is one of them, which provides:-WCDMA is one of them, which provides:-
• Larger Bandwidth – Higher Data rate – Lower costLarger Bandwidth – Higher Data rate – Lower cost
• Greater subscriber capacityGreater subscriber capacity
• IMT-2000 Radio interface standard offers 3G standardIMT-2000 Radio interface standard offers 3G standard
• Hand Over, Power Control problems are addressedHand Over, Power Control problems are addressed
• QoS offered But Customers really want them?QoS offered But Customers really want them?
 4G still in a formative stage (commercial 2010)4G still in a formative stage (commercial 2010)
 Frequency bands less than 5 GHz preferred for wide-area, mobile servicesFrequency bands less than 5 GHz preferred for wide-area, mobile services
 4G system bandwidth between 20 and 100 MHz4G system bandwidth between 20 and 100 MHz
 Lower cost per bit than 3GLower cost per bit than 3G

22. ReferencesReferences
Websites:-Websites:-
 http://www.sss-mag.comhttp://www.sss-mag.com
 www.electronicdesign.comwww.electronicdesign.com
 www.3g-generation.comwww.3g-generation.com
 www.3gtoday.comwww.3gtoday.com
 http://www.pctechguide.comhttp://www.pctechguide.com
Articles:-Articles:-
 Latest Trends and New Enhancements in 3G Wireless Communications- By Rao Yallapragada, QualCommLatest Trends and New Enhancements in 3G Wireless Communications- By Rao Yallapragada, QualComm
 WCDMA—The Radio Interface for Future Mobile Multimedia Communications-By Erik Dahlman, PerWCDMA—The Radio Interface for Future Mobile Multimedia Communications-By Erik Dahlman, Per
Beming, Jens Knutsson, Fredrik Ovesj¨o, Magnus Persson, and Christiaan RoobolBeming, Jens Knutsson, Fredrik Ovesj¨o, Magnus Persson, and Christiaan Roobol
 UMTS -Mobile Telematics 2004-Anne NevinUMTS -Mobile Telematics 2004-Anne Nevin
 Fourth Generation Cellular Systems:Fourth Generation Cellular Systems:
Spectrum Requirements-By Joseph M. Nowack-Motorola LabsSpectrum Requirements-By Joseph M. Nowack-Motorola Labs
 IMT Project. What is IMT-2000, Geneva-2001IMT Project. What is IMT-2000, Geneva-2001
 WCDMA-Physical Layer- By Peter Chong, Ph.D. (UBC, Canada)WCDMA-Physical Layer- By Peter Chong, Ph.D. (UBC, Canada)
 3G-4G wireless,3G-4G wireless, COMPT 880 Presentation- ByCOMPT 880 Presentation- By Simon Xin Cheng,Simon Fraser UniversitySimon Xin Cheng,Simon Fraser University

23. THANK YOU!THANK YOU!
Wireless Networks CSG250