UTILITY AND IMPORTANCE OF CROP ROTATION , BSC AGRICULTURE- BY SOUMEN PRAMANIK

1. Name of topic - UTILITY AND
IMPORTANCE OF CROP
ROTATION
Created by - Soumen Pramanik

2. CONTENT
• Introduction
• Types of crop rotation
• Principles of crop rotation
• Why rotate crop?
• Why do farmers practice crop
rotation?
• Crop rotation with animals
• Financial benefits to farmers
• Characteristics of crop rotation
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Tables
• Conclusions
• References Soumen Pramanik ( BBA&MBA)

3. INTRODUCTION
Crop rotation is “system of growing
different kinds of crops in recurrent
succession on the same land”
(Martin, Leonard and stamp)
It May include2-6 different crops
with each crops having a particular
benefit either financial or
environment.
It is more than just changing crops
from year to year based on current
economic situations
Soumen Pramanik ( BBA&MBA)

4. -Crops may be rotated every year or at
different times in the growing season
- Many crop rotations will include a legume.
Examples of Crop Rotation Rotate Soybeans
(legume)-corn-wheat
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5. Types of Crop
Roatation
Lay system: In this system, several years of arable farming are
followed by several years of grassed and legumes utilized for
livestock production.
a) Unregulated lay farming; In this system, natural vegetation
grasses, bushy growth on pasture is allowed to grow during
the period of fallow. This is an improved managed pasture.
b) b) Regulated lay farming; During the period of fallow,
certain types of grasses are grown or planted. These are the
managed pasture with fencing and adopting rotational
grazing system.
c) 2. Perennial crop system; The crop which covers the land
for many years e.g. tea, coffee, sugarcane. In some cases
tree crops (oil palm, rubber) are alternated with fallow in
other with arable farming, grazing etc
Soumen Pramanik ( BBA&MBA)

6. Principle of Crop
Rotation
follow a legume crop with a high nitrogen demanding crops
Follow
Grow less nitrogen demanding crops in the second or third year a
legume sod.
Grow
Grow the same annual crop for only one year.
Grow
Use crop sequence that promote healthier crops.
Use
Use crop sequence that aid in controlling weeds
Use
Use longer periods of perennial crops on sloping land.
Use
Try to grow a deep-rooted crops as a part of rotation.
Try
Grow some crops that will leave a significance amount of
residue.
Grow
When growing a wide mix of crops, try grouping into blocks
according to plant family, timing of crops, type of crop etc.
Try
Soumen Pramanik ( BBA&MBA)

7. Why Rotate
Crops
Monoculture: Growing one
type of crop on the same
field year after year
Problems that were
encountered when the same
type of plant was grown
in the field year after year.
•1)Some of the nutrients will be
depleted more than others based on
the needs of that plant.
•2)The soil may become contaminated
by large amounts of pests that attack
that particular crops
Soumen Pramanik ( BBA&MBA)

8. Why do
farmers
practice
Crop
Rotations
they used less land and kept the field fertile
Every year the soil has a chance to become re-nourished.
For e.g. potatoes use potassium and corn uses calcium.
It enabled farmers to keep their land continually productive, rather than using
nutrients were renewed in the soil.
Good healthy crops for a long time.
Maintaining a lot of nutrients in soil, the farmers ensure that it can produce
nutrients than the previous crop to balance out nutrient use and production
Soumen Pramanik ( BBA&MBA)

9. Effect on
Crop rotation
on Soil
1. On runoff and soil loss; Crop rotation of bajra- red gram
or groundnut recorded minimum runoff and soil loss
followed by bajra red gram-horse gram. 2. On bio-logical
yield: Legumes cereals or cereals rotation are not only
beneficial for runoff but also increase biological yields. 3.
Use of crop rotations according to soil moisture a. Kharif
season: (shallow and poor moisture retention capacity
soil. Crop: Bajra, sorghum, pulses, groundnut followed by
follow. b. Rabi season: (Medium to deep soils fairly good
moisture retention capacity soils) Sorghum, safflower,
gram are rotted with kharif bajra sorghum sorghum etc.
2. Monoculture or single of a crop on the same piece of
land year after year is known as monoculture or single
crop system. Fallow – Jowar.
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10. Crop rotation with animals
Crop rotation may be mixed with grazing. First
cows are allowed to graze in the field. Cows
release manure which adds nutrients to the soil
Second year (After the manure has had a chance
to decompose) plants are grown on the cattle
fertilized field
Soumen Pramanik ( BBA&MBA)

11. Financial
benefits to
farmer
• Crop rotation offers additional
benefits such as stable soil
moisture levels and effective
drainage.
• After each harvest, the crops’
remains decay into natural
compost, preparing the land for
the next planting.
• some e.g. like Cotton farmers maximize
the benefits of crop rotation by
carefully selecting crops that prime the
soil for future cotton harvests.
• Peanuts and sorghum are
extremely popular
in commercial cotton
rotation yields.
Soumen Pramanik ( BBA&MBA)

12. Benefits
of Crop
Rotation
1)Eachcropdependsonaspecific
amountsof eachnutrient.Some
plantswilluseupmoreof one
nutrient thananother.
-Byrotatingcropsyouare
notconstantly depleting
the samenutrient
• Thenumberof pests that attack
eachcrop is reduced.
• Farmerscangrowmorethanone
successful crop per year
= Increased crop yields(10-25%)
Soumen Pramanik ( BBA&MBA)

13. Cont..
Explanation due to
improved nutrition ,
pest pathogen and
weed stress reduction.
Improved soil structure
have been found in
some cases to be
correlated.
Crop rotation include
production cost
advantage.
It can maintain
production goals with
fewer inputs.
Short and long term
makes rotation a
powerful tool for
improving agricultural
systems.
Soumen Pramanik ( BBA&MBA)

14. Characteristics
of good
rotation
• It should be based on proper land
utilization.
• It should be so arranged so as to
help in control of weeds, plant
diseases and pest
• It should be so arranged
so as to make economy in
production
• It should provide sufficient fodder
for live stock reared on farm
labour utilization.
• It should provide
maximum area
under most
profitable cash
crop adopted in
the area.
Soumen Pramanik ( BBA&MBA)

15. Advantages
• Prevent build up of pest, weeds and soil fertility
• Control of soil erosion
• Ensures balanced programme of work through out the year
• Prevent or limit periods of peak
• Conserve moisture from one season to next
• Maintains and improves soil fertility
Soumen Pramanik ( BBA&MBA)

16. Disadvantages
• It demands expertise, equipment and differing management practices
• Nutrient management programs have to be altered due to differing
crop requirements
• High cost for maintaining
• Cost of labour
Soumen Pramanik ( BBA&MBA)

17. Annual crop rotations followed in the experiment
Treatments Annual crop
rotations
T₁ Pearl millet Wheat Green manure
T₂ Pearl millet Mustard Green gram
T₃ Soyabean Wheat Fodder cowpea
T₄ Arhar Wheat
T₅ Pearl millet Potato Green gram
T₆ Cotton Field bean Fodder maize
T₇ Pearl millet Wheat
T₈ Pearl millet Wheat
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18. Effect of different crop rotation on soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic Carbon and total Nitrogen
TREATMEN PH EC ORGANIC C TOTAL N C/ N
ts (dS/ m) (%) (%)
T₁ 7.8 0.29 0.475 0.062 7.3
T₂ 8.0 0.29 0.485 0.057 8.5
T₃ 8.0 0.26 0.475 0.054 8.8
T₄ 7.8 0.28 0.455 0.056 8.1
T₅ 7.7 0.30 0.505 0.063 8.0
T₆ 7.8 0.28 0.470 0.056 8.4
T₇ 7.9 0.31 0.440 0.053 8.3
T₈ 8.0 0.31 0.425 0.050 8.5
CD at 5% NS NS 0.012 0.005 0.3
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19. Description of cultural practices (regular and ecological) used for crops in the rotation
Spring wheat
Regular
( million seeds per ha)
2.23
planting
Broadcast
Early to mid 20
April
Ecological 2.98 Broadcast Early to mid
May
30
Pea Regular 0.60 Broadcast Early to mid
April
5
Ecological 0.92 Broadcast Early to mid
April
5
Barley hay Regular 2.23 Broadcast Early to mid
April
5
Ecological 2.98 Broadcast Early to mid 5
Soumen Pramanik ( BBA&MBA)

20. Conclusion
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21. References
• Lal, R. (2002). Chookkar et. al 2008 Gajbhiye, Pravin N., Madhavi, M., Mandal, U.K., Srinivas, K. and Kausalya
Ramachandran. 2011 Yields and cultural energy requirements for corn and soybeans with various tillageplantingsystems.
,29:141–182.
• EnvironAnderson, R.L. 2005. Are some crops synergistic to following crops? Agron. J. 9 7:710 Crop Rotation. Critical
Reviews in Plant Sciences, 11:309326 Francis, C.A. 2003. Advances in the design of resource
• efficient cropping systems. Journal of Crop Production. 8:1532
• Porter et al. 1997. Environment affects the corn and soybean rotation effect. Agron. J. 89
• :441448 Medieval Technology and Social Change. Oxford University Press Brooklyn Botanic Garden. (1999): The
ecological gardener's
• guide to foiling pests. Handbook # 139. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Inc. Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, NY. :
• Integrated pest management: Guidelines. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische; Journal of Agricultural Sciences 80(8): 679–85.
Singh, G., Singh, O.P., Singh, S. and Prasad, K. 2010Ved Prakash, Kundu S , Ghosh B N , Singh R D and Gupta H S. 2003.
Yield response patterns of soybean and wheat to K application and changes in K status in soil profile after 27 years of cropping
in midhillsofNWHimalaya. ,72(9):514 518Bhattacharya R , Prakash Ved, Kundu S , Srivastava A K , Gupta H S and Mitra S.
• 2009.
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22. Soumen Pramanik ( BBA&MBA)