Crop rotation plays a vital role in managing soil fertility and health in several ways. It improves soil physical properties like water infiltration and aeration by stimulating microbial communities and soil aggregation. Different crops have varying nutrient needs, so a crop rotation approach incorporating legumes, cover crops, and amendments can effectively meet crop nutrient demands while adding organic matter and cycling nutrients. Proper planning and maintenance of crop rotations can control erosion, compaction, crusting, nutrient imbalance, pesticide carryover, and improve soil biological activity.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation.
Aims of Balanced Fertilization:
a) Increasing crop yield,
b) Improving quality of the produce ,
c) Increasing farm income,
d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,.
f) Reduces environmental hazards
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation.
Aims of Balanced Fertilization:
a) Increasing crop yield,
b) Improving quality of the produce ,
c) Increasing farm income,
d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,.
f) Reduces environmental hazards
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to maintenance of soil fertility and the plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all the possible sources of Organic, Inorganic & biological component in an integrated manner.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to maintenance of soil fertility and the plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all the possible sources of Organic, Inorganic & biological component in an integrated manner.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
This note looks at crop rotation as one of the sustainable arable crop production practices. It describes the approaches to crop rotation, the benefits and the limitations of crop rotation. The note will serve as a valuable resource for higher ed students taking introductory courses in Agriculture.
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
Agriculture is the backbone of modern Indiapixxy23
Agriculture is considered the backbone of Indian economy. Despite the fact that in the last 6 decades of planned development era since India became a Republic, a tremendous success India has achieved in the field of industries, agriculture and allied activities of agriculture still continues to provide employment to around 65 per cent of the total workforce.
Do not forget agriculture...!!!! because it is the backbone of India...
Without agriculture nothing is possible!!!!
Agriculture is the backbone of modern india !!!!
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
It is a process of growing different crops in succession on a piece of land in a specific period of time, with an objective to get maximum profit from least investment without impairing the soil fertility
How to calculate the size of DNA fragments using unknown marker lengthNishanth S
The size of DNA fragment or the gene of interest could be estimated using standard markers (like 1kb, 100bp markers etc.). If our fragment run between the known marker fragment, then this method is useful.
In recent years, the talk on Organic Farming is going on. how can we control the weed plants in the field without using the herbicide the question. there are several methods traditionally used and scientifically proved methods are discussed here.
Interaction of nematodes with the bacterial plant pathogens. this will give the idea how the bacteria and nematode symbiotically interact each other and causes diseases in plant system.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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3. Introduction
Soil organic matter and clay particles hold large stores of plant nutrients.
These reservoirs, however, are not all available to the crop.
Crop rotation manages soil organic matter and nutrient availability by------
- incorporating different crop residues,
- cycling among crops with different nutrient needs,
- using cover crops, and
- adding soil amendments.
4. Introduction
• Most crops deplete soil nutrients during their growth cycle.
• Some of these nutrients leave the farm as harvested products, and the rest return
to the soil as crop residues.
• The nutrients in residues may or may not be available to the next crop.
• Crop roots and residues improve soil fertility by
- stimulating soil microbial communities and
- improving soil aggregation.
5. Improves soil physical properties
• This improved soil physical environment facilitates
- water infiltration,
- water holding,
- aeration, and
- ultimately, root growth and plant nutrient foraging.
• Understanding the basics of how nutrients are added to and released from soil
organic matter will help in choosing crop sequences and amendments to
optimize crop fertility.
• To effectively plan organic crop rotations to meet
crop nutrient needs, several factors should be
considered.
6. Major approaches
1. Legume crops
- capture atmospheric nitrogen and ‘fix’ it into forms available to plants
- can be used in rotations to meet the needs of nitrogen demanding crops.
2. Cover crops used after cash crop
- capture surplus plant - available nutrients and conserve these for following
crops.
3. Other amendments
- such as fertilizers and manures can supplement nutrients at targeted times
during the rotation.
7. Classical Example
An example of a successful rotation
Generate residues in the rotation
Generate cash income
Adds soil fertility
8. Crop Rotation with regard to Soil Fertility
Crop Rotation plays a vital role in managing soil fertility in the following aspects:
1. Soil erosion
2. Soil compaction
3. Infiltration
4. Soil crusting
5. Nutrient loss or imbalance
6. Pesticide carry over
7. Soil organic matter
8. Biological activity
9. Crop Rotation and Soil Erosion
Vegetative cover has a major effect on erosion.
Research shows that fourth year corn, conventionally tilled at high fertility level,
had erosion rates 125 times that of highly productive grass-legume sod.
Effective erosion control practices:
- Growing cover crops with low residue crops and
- Rotation of high residue crops with low residue crops
• Crop rotations that utilize the land more intensively such as corn, wheat and
soybeans grown in two years produce larger amounts of biomass during the
rotation and are more effective in reducing erosion than a continuous cropping
sequence (Heath et al 1976).
10. Crop Rotation and Deposition of Sediment
• Increase cover from grass and or legume rotations or high residue crops
combined with other conservation practices such as ---
- conservation tillage will reduce upland erosion which in turn,
- reduces sediment from surface runoff and wind.
Soil Aggregation at the Surface
Rotations that promote the increase of organic matter and microbial
activity will increase aggregate stability.
[Caution: If residue is incorporated, with tillage, benefits of increased biomass is
lessened.]
11. Crop Rotation and Soil Compaction
• Monoculture agriculture and tillage weaken soil structural characteristics
increasing susceptibility to compaction (Schnitzer 1991).
• Crop rotations with deep root systems can reduce compaction through the
addition of organic matter and development of channels from decayed roots;
thus improving water movement and aeration.
• Rotations that increase organic matter, microbial activity and aggregation of soil
particles, will also increase porosity and lower bulk density
12. Crop Rotation and Infiltration
• Conservation crop rotation systems that promote an increase in organic matter
and an increase of aggregate stability will maintain or improve the presence of
pores for infiltration (Schnitzer, 1991).
• Decaying roots, especially those of deep rooted crops like alfalfa and safflower,
will leave channels for improved infiltration.
• Other conservation practices may be needed in crop rotations such as crop
residue management to ensure surface protection and improve infiltration.
[Caution: Macropores can result in an increase of leaching of highly soluble
pesticides if a heavy rain occurs within a few hours after application.]
13. Crop Rotation and Soil Crusting
• If residues are left on the soil surface and crop rotations are included with high
residue crops,
- the increase in organic matter,
- improved infiltration, and
- increased aggregate stability --- will reduce soil crusting.
[Caution: Monoculture and low residue cropping systems with tillage will
increase the decay of organic matter and reduce aggregate stability which often
results in soil crusting]
14. Crop Rotation and Nutrient imbalance
One of the principles of crop rotation is to precede a nitrogen demanding crop
with a legume crop to provide nitrogen.
Crop rotations with deeply rooted crops can penetrate to depths of 5 to 6 feet and
‘cycle nutrients’ especially the more soluble nutrients such as nitrates.
Crop rotations that promote increased biomass provide a slow release of
nutrients to the root zone.
15. Crop Rotation and Pesticide carry over
Where different crops are grown each year and crop rotations reduce the chance
of pesticide build-up.
The threat of pest tolerance to insecticides and herbicides are reduced with
rotations (Reeves, 1994).
Rotations increasing organic matter improve the environment for biological
activity that will increase the breakdown of pesticides.
16. Crop Rotation and Soil Organic Matter
The amount and type of organic matter is indicative of soil productivity
(Mitchell et al 1996).
The types of crops grown, the amounts of roots, biomass yield, and efficiency of
harvest, and the management of residues affect soil organic matter (Magdoff,
1993).
High residue crops in rotation with cover crops and conservation tillage
increase amounts of organic matter compared to conventional tillage and
monoculture.
It is practically impossible to increase organic matter where mouldboard
ploughing is taking place. (Reicosky et al, 1995).
Vegetables and other low residue crop rotations will need other practices such as,
cover crops to increase biomass yield.
17. Crop Rotation and Biological Activity
There is a direct relationship to the amount of residue and the population of soil
microorganisms.
Research in Oregon showed wheat-fallow systems had only 25% of the
microorganisms found under pasture.
When rotations are more complex and include rotational crops soil biological
diversity will increase (Magdoff, 1993).
Soil organisms that are active in the soil, include bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes,
protozoa, yeast, algae, earthworms and insects.
Numbers of soil organisms in general are proportional to organic matter
concentrations in the upper 15 inches (Schnitzer, 1991).
18. Crop Rotation and Soil Salinity
Conservation practices along with crop rotations that help control soil salinity
include ---
- reducing summer fallow,
- increasing organic matter,
- use deeply rooted perennial forage crops,
- conservation tillage, and
- plant salt tolerant crops (Eilers et al 1995).
Effective crop rotations are important for sustaining productivity and conserving
our natural resources.
19. Vegetables – nutrient availability
Ranking of annual vegetables based on nutrient requirements
Low Medium High
Beans, all Brassica greens Broccoli
Beet Cucumber Cabbage
Carrot Eggplant Cauliflower
Herbs Pepper Corn
Peas Pumpkin Lettuce
Radish Spinach, chard Potato
Squash Tomato
Sweet Potato
Watermelon
Winter squash
Note: Vegetables are classified as having low, medium, or high
nutrient requirements. These categories do not account for
differences among varieties.
20. Rooting pattern
Rooting depth and lateral spread of roots for several crops
Crop Estimated rooting depth
(inches)
Lateral rooting
spread (inches)
Oat 60 10
Turnip 60 30
Soybean 80 20
Barley 55 10
Alfalfa 120 5
Pea 35 25
Rye 60 10
Potato 35 15
Sorghum 70 25
Wheat 60 5
Field corn 70 40
Source: Adapted from reference 42: A. A. Hanson, Practical
Handbook of Agricultural Science (Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis
Group, LLC 1990).
21. Cost benefits
How much does it cost:
There is little to no cost to implement this practice.
Financial benefits:
Reduced fertilizer inputs
Reduced pesticide inputs
22. Crop Rotation planning considerations
Identify soil erosion, nutrient, and soil health concerns
Soil test (every 1-3 years) for pH, organic matter and
nutrients. Use soil test recommendations to adjust pH
and nutrient levels for optimum crop yields and
quality
Determine nutrient (fertilizer manure or composts)
needs
23. Crop Rotation planning considerations
Choose the crops/varieties to meet the erosion, soil
health, nutrient concerns
Evaluate and modify the crop sequence based on the
identified concerns.
Evaluate cover crop needs
Clean field equipment when moving from one field to
another. Wash with water and/or physically remove
the soil and plant residue from the equipment
24. Practical applications
Using a map, lay out a rotation for
the crops by year for the length of the
rotation.
Plan the rotation for the operation to
establish a nearly equal acreage of
each crop each year.
Example 4 year crop rotation:
Corn – Oats – Hay – Hay
25. Crop Rotation maintenance
1. Periodic soil testing (initially every 1-3 years, then later at 3-5 years).
2. Crop and pest scouting.
3. Annually, evaluate cropping sequence for income needs and soil concerns.
4. Calibrate sprayers, planters and fertilizer applicators to:
Apply the recommended rates.
Establish uniform distributions
Provide uniform seeding depths