The document summarizes a research paper about estimating manufacturing costs in the early stages of product development. It describes a software prototype developed by the author that uses the Lucas method to calculate cost estimates. The Lucas method takes a simple part with known costs and applies factors to estimate costs. The software allows comparing costs for different materials, manufacturing methods, and lot sizes. The results generated by the software were compared to other cost estimation methods and found to work surprisingly well in the early design stages when details are unclear. The software provides a simple way for designers to consider manufacturing costs early in the design process.
Simulative study of cause-effect interdependencies in tool logisticsIDES Editor
Today, the forging industry is facing new challenges.
The day-to-day business is characterized by fluctuating order
quantities and the production of high numbers of variants.
Under this condition the tool logistics is gaining more
importance in order to minimize production downtimes
through guaranteeing high tool availability with minimal tool
costs. This paper presents an approach for a synchronisation
of tool supply processes to production requirements by
evaluation of the cause-effect interdependencies from tool life
quantity and tool stock level on production performance and
tool utilization. Therefore the developed simulation model and
its usage for an extensive simulation study is specified in this
paper. It presents the findings from the cause-effect analysis
and is subdivided into four sections. In the first section the tool
logistic is described by a typical tool loop in massive forging
industries which is confirmed by a survey in 27 German forging
companies. Elements of a tool loop and the influencing factors
are specified. From this, the objectives of tool logistics (e. g.
high tool availability and low tool stock level) are deduced in
the second section. For the quantification of objectives in tool
logistics basic key indicators are defined and described
mathematically. In the third section an ideal tool loop is defined
and associated key indicators, such as “Maximum production
output rate per tool” are calculated. The modular structure of
the simulation model and the experimental design for the
simulation study is described in section four. The simulation
study is carried out in order to describe cause-effect
interdependencies between influencing factors and objectives
(e. g. tool availability) in tool logistics. Therefore a one by one
factor study gives significant value ranges for fully factorial
experiments. This is used to analyze the effects of interactions
between influencing factors on the tool logistics objectives.
Finally the basic conclusions from the experimental simulation
study are described as well as the ongoing research which is
facing an approximation function, that enables to calculate tool
operating points.
Productivity improvement by using value stream mapping in stainless steel ut...vivatechijri
Value stream mapping is that lean manufacturing tool which helps to improve the productivity for the
area through its detailed mapping. It is the visualize tool which describes the current state map followed by lean
techniques resulting into the final state map that aiming at reduction of the non-value added activities throughout
its phase. One of the most appropriate ways to emerge the productivity for the particular area is through Lean
Manufacturing. This paper illustrates the VSM techniques and its benefits in stainless steel utensils manufacturing
industry The purpose of this paper is to highlight the effective utilization of the VSM tools for process and
productivity improvements.
WHEN DOES PRECISION ENGINEERING STARTS?
Precision engineering was first published in January 1979; since 1986 it has also been known to many of its readers as the Journal of the American Society of Precision Engineering. Now with effect from 2000, it assumes a new look, proudly proclaiming itself the Journal of the International Societies of Precision Engineering and nanotechnology.
Short training course as introduction to business case evaluation for the trending technology of additive manufacturing (3D printing) of metal parts. Explanation of main cost drivers, influences and approach of evaluation. Explanation of the right reporting and the use of AM Cost application.
Addresses: product manger, buyers, engineers and mangers in manufacturing industries.
Simulative study of cause-effect interdependencies in tool logisticsIDES Editor
Today, the forging industry is facing new challenges.
The day-to-day business is characterized by fluctuating order
quantities and the production of high numbers of variants.
Under this condition the tool logistics is gaining more
importance in order to minimize production downtimes
through guaranteeing high tool availability with minimal tool
costs. This paper presents an approach for a synchronisation
of tool supply processes to production requirements by
evaluation of the cause-effect interdependencies from tool life
quantity and tool stock level on production performance and
tool utilization. Therefore the developed simulation model and
its usage for an extensive simulation study is specified in this
paper. It presents the findings from the cause-effect analysis
and is subdivided into four sections. In the first section the tool
logistic is described by a typical tool loop in massive forging
industries which is confirmed by a survey in 27 German forging
companies. Elements of a tool loop and the influencing factors
are specified. From this, the objectives of tool logistics (e. g.
high tool availability and low tool stock level) are deduced in
the second section. For the quantification of objectives in tool
logistics basic key indicators are defined and described
mathematically. In the third section an ideal tool loop is defined
and associated key indicators, such as “Maximum production
output rate per tool” are calculated. The modular structure of
the simulation model and the experimental design for the
simulation study is described in section four. The simulation
study is carried out in order to describe cause-effect
interdependencies between influencing factors and objectives
(e. g. tool availability) in tool logistics. Therefore a one by one
factor study gives significant value ranges for fully factorial
experiments. This is used to analyze the effects of interactions
between influencing factors on the tool logistics objectives.
Finally the basic conclusions from the experimental simulation
study are described as well as the ongoing research which is
facing an approximation function, that enables to calculate tool
operating points.
Productivity improvement by using value stream mapping in stainless steel ut...vivatechijri
Value stream mapping is that lean manufacturing tool which helps to improve the productivity for the
area through its detailed mapping. It is the visualize tool which describes the current state map followed by lean
techniques resulting into the final state map that aiming at reduction of the non-value added activities throughout
its phase. One of the most appropriate ways to emerge the productivity for the particular area is through Lean
Manufacturing. This paper illustrates the VSM techniques and its benefits in stainless steel utensils manufacturing
industry The purpose of this paper is to highlight the effective utilization of the VSM tools for process and
productivity improvements.
WHEN DOES PRECISION ENGINEERING STARTS?
Precision engineering was first published in January 1979; since 1986 it has also been known to many of its readers as the Journal of the American Society of Precision Engineering. Now with effect from 2000, it assumes a new look, proudly proclaiming itself the Journal of the International Societies of Precision Engineering and nanotechnology.
Short training course as introduction to business case evaluation for the trending technology of additive manufacturing (3D printing) of metal parts. Explanation of main cost drivers, influences and approach of evaluation. Explanation of the right reporting and the use of AM Cost application.
Addresses: product manger, buyers, engineers and mangers in manufacturing industries.
Improvement of Productivity Using Value Stream Mappingijsrd.com
one of the most appropriate ways to emerge the productivity for the particular area is through Lean Manufacturing. Value stream mapping is that lean manufacturing tool which helps to improve the productivity for the area through its detailed mapping. It is the visualize tool which describes the current state map followed by lean techniques resulting into the final state map that aiming at reduction of the non-value added activities throughout its phase. This paper illustrates the review of VSM techniques and its benefits in machining industry. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the effective utilization of the VSM tools for process and productivity improvements.
Current Trends in Product Development during COVID-19vivatechijri
This paper will summarize the authors´ experience over the last decades, from new methods developed
and used within Product Development, as well as current trends. Hence, a general and broad overview is
presented, rather than recent research results. Driving forces in PD are: Technology, Market and Society.
Ecological, economic and social sustainability require recycling, reuse, energy conservation and new business
concepts. Customization is carried out by modular architecture, combining customer specific products with
volume production of components and sub-systems. PD integrates “hard” properties (engineering), with “soft”
properties (industrial design). Fundamental PD characteristics are: Iteration, Integration (technical and
organizational), and Innovation. Globally distributed industrial partners co-operate using Internet. Iteration:
modeling/simulation, virtual prototyping and additive manufacturing speed up process loops. Structured PD:
Initial specification of “what” – functional requirements, then “how” - generation of design solutions.
Interdependencies analysis is important to simplify the product´s structure. The V-model for specification and
verification is commonly used. A 3-stage industrial process separates strategy, core technology development, and
product design for market introduction.
Agent-Based Modeling: Methods and Techniques for Scheduling Industrial Machin...ijtsrd
Owing to its impact on the industrial economy, job shop scheduler and controller are vital algorithms for modern manufacturing processes. Hence a production scheduling and control that performs reactive (not deterministic) scheduling and can make decision on which job to process next based solely on its partial (not central) view of the plant becomes necessary. This requirement puts the problem in the class of agent based model (ABM). Hence this work adopts an alternative view on job-shop scheduling problem where each resource is equipped with adaptive agent that, independent of other agents makes job dispatching decision based on its local view of the plant. A combination of Markov Chain instruments and agent oriented analysis is used in the analysis of the proposed agent based model (ABM) for the job shop scheduling problem. The Markov Chain approach allows a rigorous analysis of the ABM. It provides a general framework of aggregation in agent-based and related computational models by making use of Markov Chain aggregation and lumpability theory in order to link the micro and the macro level of observation. Simulated annealing technique is used for carrying out the optimization modeling for the ABM. Chiagunye Tochukwu | Inyiama Hyacinth | Aguodoh Patrick C."Agent-Based Modeling: Methods and Techniques for Scheduling Industrial Machine Operation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7018.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/7018/agent-based-modeling-methods-and-techniques-for--scheduling-industrial-machine-operation/chiagunye-tochukwu
In the competitive and economic market, Industries needs shorter lead time, low cost and high customer demand satisfaction. So such industries face cost reduction and efficiency challenges. To sustain and stabilize market industries have to find out ways to reduce production time, cost and elimination of waste to improve operating performance and product quality. Value stream mapping technique maps material flow, information flow, activities and other process elements that are part of supply chain. The visual picture simplifies lean approach by identifying the value-added and non-value added stages. The primary objective of this study is to increase the productivity against the demand. The Quality related issue regarding material & material shortage online is not in the scope of this study. A value stream means working on the big picture,
not a just individual process; and not a just optimization but an actual improvement. It covers value adding as well as non-value-adding activities
his research shows benefit associated with the implementation of the lean program. This case study shows a manufacturing industry case study.
The main objective of this study is to increase the productivity against the demand. The Quality related issue regarding material&
material shortage online is not in the scope of this study. Taking a value stream perspective means working on the big picture, nota just
individual process; and not a just optimization but an actual improvement. It covers value adding as well as non-value-adding activities. This
study also includes layout improvement and time study report.
This research shows marking benefit associated with the implementation of lean program because this project shows an industrial case
study of MCCB manufacturing Assembly line.
Compiled By: Mr. Gokul O
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sree Buddha College of Engineering, Pattoor
According to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University Syllabus
Subject- Industrial Engineering
Course code- ME404
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Comparison of Statistical Quality Control Results on Reinforced Concrete ...ijtsrd
Yangon, the former capital city of Myanmar, gradually increases high rise buildings. But, Myanmar, our country, is one of the countries which still weakened at the quality management system of construction projects. Few construction companies in Myanmar hold the certificates of ISO standards and also there are few people who understand that how much quality is very important for the construction industry. Actually, quality is very important for all stages of construction projects to save time and money of the whole projects. In this situation, two construction projects in Myanmar which are constructed under different construction companies have been chosen to apply the statistical quality control methods to know which areas are needed to emphasis to get the better quality performances of construction projects in Myanmar. This finding can be useful to solve some quality problems of construction projects and by using these statistical quality control methods, quality weak points can be analyzed and reduced to get the better quality performances of the construction project. Hsu Wutyee Htun | Kyaw Kyaw "The Comparison of Statistical Quality Control Results on Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30998.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30998/the-comparison-of-statistical-quality-control-results-on-reinforced-concrete-buildings-in-myanmar/hsu-wutyee-htun
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Co...IJMER
The use of biodiesel is rapidly expanding around the world, making it imperative to fully
understand the impacts of biodiesel on the diesel engine combustion process and pollutant formation.
Biodiesel was made by the well-known transesterification process. Waste cottonseed oil was selected for
biodiesel production. Three different blends of biodiesel were prepared i.e. B10, B20 and B30. These three
blends were fuelled in a compression ignition (C.I.) engine. A maximum of 77% biodiesel was produced
with 20% methanol in presence of 0.5% sodium hydroxide. Different parameters for the optimization of
biodiesel production were investigated in the first phase of this study, while in the next phase of the study
performance test of a diesel engine with neat diesel fuel and biodiesel mixtures are to be carried out. The
performance characteristics like brake power (B.P.), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake
thermal efficiency. This performance was then compared with that of petro diesel.
Improvement of Productivity Using Value Stream Mappingijsrd.com
one of the most appropriate ways to emerge the productivity for the particular area is through Lean Manufacturing. Value stream mapping is that lean manufacturing tool which helps to improve the productivity for the area through its detailed mapping. It is the visualize tool which describes the current state map followed by lean techniques resulting into the final state map that aiming at reduction of the non-value added activities throughout its phase. This paper illustrates the review of VSM techniques and its benefits in machining industry. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the effective utilization of the VSM tools for process and productivity improvements.
Current Trends in Product Development during COVID-19vivatechijri
This paper will summarize the authors´ experience over the last decades, from new methods developed
and used within Product Development, as well as current trends. Hence, a general and broad overview is
presented, rather than recent research results. Driving forces in PD are: Technology, Market and Society.
Ecological, economic and social sustainability require recycling, reuse, energy conservation and new business
concepts. Customization is carried out by modular architecture, combining customer specific products with
volume production of components and sub-systems. PD integrates “hard” properties (engineering), with “soft”
properties (industrial design). Fundamental PD characteristics are: Iteration, Integration (technical and
organizational), and Innovation. Globally distributed industrial partners co-operate using Internet. Iteration:
modeling/simulation, virtual prototyping and additive manufacturing speed up process loops. Structured PD:
Initial specification of “what” – functional requirements, then “how” - generation of design solutions.
Interdependencies analysis is important to simplify the product´s structure. The V-model for specification and
verification is commonly used. A 3-stage industrial process separates strategy, core technology development, and
product design for market introduction.
Agent-Based Modeling: Methods and Techniques for Scheduling Industrial Machin...ijtsrd
Owing to its impact on the industrial economy, job shop scheduler and controller are vital algorithms for modern manufacturing processes. Hence a production scheduling and control that performs reactive (not deterministic) scheduling and can make decision on which job to process next based solely on its partial (not central) view of the plant becomes necessary. This requirement puts the problem in the class of agent based model (ABM). Hence this work adopts an alternative view on job-shop scheduling problem where each resource is equipped with adaptive agent that, independent of other agents makes job dispatching decision based on its local view of the plant. A combination of Markov Chain instruments and agent oriented analysis is used in the analysis of the proposed agent based model (ABM) for the job shop scheduling problem. The Markov Chain approach allows a rigorous analysis of the ABM. It provides a general framework of aggregation in agent-based and related computational models by making use of Markov Chain aggregation and lumpability theory in order to link the micro and the macro level of observation. Simulated annealing technique is used for carrying out the optimization modeling for the ABM. Chiagunye Tochukwu | Inyiama Hyacinth | Aguodoh Patrick C."Agent-Based Modeling: Methods and Techniques for Scheduling Industrial Machine Operation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7018.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/7018/agent-based-modeling-methods-and-techniques-for--scheduling-industrial-machine-operation/chiagunye-tochukwu
In the competitive and economic market, Industries needs shorter lead time, low cost and high customer demand satisfaction. So such industries face cost reduction and efficiency challenges. To sustain and stabilize market industries have to find out ways to reduce production time, cost and elimination of waste to improve operating performance and product quality. Value stream mapping technique maps material flow, information flow, activities and other process elements that are part of supply chain. The visual picture simplifies lean approach by identifying the value-added and non-value added stages. The primary objective of this study is to increase the productivity against the demand. The Quality related issue regarding material & material shortage online is not in the scope of this study. A value stream means working on the big picture,
not a just individual process; and not a just optimization but an actual improvement. It covers value adding as well as non-value-adding activities
his research shows benefit associated with the implementation of the lean program. This case study shows a manufacturing industry case study.
The main objective of this study is to increase the productivity against the demand. The Quality related issue regarding material&
material shortage online is not in the scope of this study. Taking a value stream perspective means working on the big picture, nota just
individual process; and not a just optimization but an actual improvement. It covers value adding as well as non-value-adding activities. This
study also includes layout improvement and time study report.
This research shows marking benefit associated with the implementation of lean program because this project shows an industrial case
study of MCCB manufacturing Assembly line.
Compiled By: Mr. Gokul O
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sree Buddha College of Engineering, Pattoor
According to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University Syllabus
Subject- Industrial Engineering
Course code- ME404
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Comparison of Statistical Quality Control Results on Reinforced Concrete ...ijtsrd
Yangon, the former capital city of Myanmar, gradually increases high rise buildings. But, Myanmar, our country, is one of the countries which still weakened at the quality management system of construction projects. Few construction companies in Myanmar hold the certificates of ISO standards and also there are few people who understand that how much quality is very important for the construction industry. Actually, quality is very important for all stages of construction projects to save time and money of the whole projects. In this situation, two construction projects in Myanmar which are constructed under different construction companies have been chosen to apply the statistical quality control methods to know which areas are needed to emphasis to get the better quality performances of construction projects in Myanmar. This finding can be useful to solve some quality problems of construction projects and by using these statistical quality control methods, quality weak points can be analyzed and reduced to get the better quality performances of the construction project. Hsu Wutyee Htun | Kyaw Kyaw "The Comparison of Statistical Quality Control Results on Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30998.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30998/the-comparison-of-statistical-quality-control-results-on-reinforced-concrete-buildings-in-myanmar/hsu-wutyee-htun
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Co...IJMER
The use of biodiesel is rapidly expanding around the world, making it imperative to fully
understand the impacts of biodiesel on the diesel engine combustion process and pollutant formation.
Biodiesel was made by the well-known transesterification process. Waste cottonseed oil was selected for
biodiesel production. Three different blends of biodiesel were prepared i.e. B10, B20 and B30. These three
blends were fuelled in a compression ignition (C.I.) engine. A maximum of 77% biodiesel was produced
with 20% methanol in presence of 0.5% sodium hydroxide. Different parameters for the optimization of
biodiesel production were investigated in the first phase of this study, while in the next phase of the study
performance test of a diesel engine with neat diesel fuel and biodiesel mixtures are to be carried out. The
performance characteristics like brake power (B.P.), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake
thermal efficiency. This performance was then compared with that of petro diesel.
Removal of Clutter by Using Wavelet Transform For Wind ProfilerIJMER
ABSTRACT: Removal of clutter in the radar wind profiler
is the utmost important consideration in radar. Wavelet
transform is very effective method to remove the clutter.
This paper presents a technique based on the wavelet
transform to remove the clutter. In this technique we used
Fourier transform and descrete wavelet transform after
that applied inverse discrete wavelet transform for signal.
These techniques applied for inphase and quadrature
phase, total spectrum and single range gate. Very
encouraging results got with this technique that have
shown practical possibilities for a real time
implementation and for applications related to frequency
domain.
Keywords: Wind profiler, wavelet transform, Fourier transform, clutter, signal processing
On ranges and null spaces of a special type of operator named 𝝀 − 𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏. – ...IJMER
In this article, 𝜆 − 𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 has been introduced which is a generalization of trijection
operator as introduced in P.Chandra’s Ph. D. thesis titled “Investigation into the theory of operators
and linear spaces” (Patna University,1977). We obtain relation between ranges and null spaces of two
given 𝜆 − 𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 under suitable conditions
Crack in component if undetected may lead to catastrophic failure of the component. The
cracked rotor problem received the first attention in 1970 and after that the interest among the
researchers started. The vibration behavior of cracked structures, in particular cracked rotors, is
important to study as the introduction of the crack alters the vibration characteristics of the structure.
The problem of damage and crack detection in structural components has acquired important role in past
few years. However, cracked rotor studies are mainly deals with single crack. For multiple cracked
structures the problem of crack sizing and location becomes more complex. Only few authors have
pointed out the multiple crack assessment in the rotor. The proposed work is on vibration analysis of
multiple cracked shaft beam. An Euler Bernoulli beam fixed at one end with two transverse cracks is
considered. The vibration characteristics of the shaft are studied using Experimental Modal Analysis and
Finite Element Analysis. The mode shapes and natural frequencies of the beams are studied and their
variation with change in position and depth of the crack is also studied. The study shows good agreement
of the results obtained using Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Modal Analysis.
This course is basically designed for metal engineering production management level-4 students. But any mechanical engineering profession who wants to know about how to calculate the manufacturing cost of a product can refer this note.
Design and Engineering Module 3: Prototype to ProductNaseel Ibnu Azeez
As per KTU Syllabus Design and Engineering
Prototyping- rapid prototyping; testing and evaluation of design; Design modifications; Freezing the design; Cost analysis. Engineering the design – From prototype to product.
Planning; Scheduling; Supply chains; inventory; handling; manufacturing/construction operations; storage; packaging; shipping; marketing; feed-back on design.
Developing Product Configurator Tool Using CADs’ API with the help of Paramet...ijcax
Order placingis a crucial phase of lifecycle of a Mass-customizable product and seeks improvement in
Mechanical industry. ‘Product Configurator’ is a good solution to bring in data transparency and speed
up the process. Configuration tools arebeing used on a very small scale,reasons being lack of awareness
and dearer costs of existing tools. In this research work a product configurator is developedfor
Hydraulic Actuator (HA).This method uses Applicable Programing Interface (API) of a CAD tool coupled
with Visual Basics (VB) and MS Excel.Itis a standaloneapplication of VB and its integration into web
portal can be the future scope. The final aim was to reduce time delay at CRM phase,bring more
transparency in the ordering system and to establish a method which, small and medium scale enterprises
canafford. Trails on the tool developed generated Part-Assembly drawings, BOM and JT files in
moments.
Developing Product Configurator Tool Using CADs’ API with the help of Paramet...ijcax
Order placingis a crucial phase of lifecycle of a Mass-customizable product and seeks improvement in
Mechanical industry. ‘Product Configurator’ is a good solution to bring in data transparency and speed
up the process. Configuration tools arebeing used on a very small scale,reasons being lack of awareness
and dearer costs of existing tools. In this research work a product configurator is developedfor
Hydraulic Actuator (HA).This method uses Applicable Programing Interface (API) of a CAD tool coupled
with Visual Basics (VB) and MS Excel.Itis a standaloneapplication of VB and its integration into web
portal can be the future scope. The final aim was to reduce time delay at CRM phase,bring more
transparency in the ordering system and to establish a method which, small and medium scale enterprises
canafford. Trails on the tool developed generated Part-Assembly drawings, BOM and JT files in
moments.
Developing Product Configurator Tool Using CADs’ API with the help of Paramet...ijcax
Order placingis a crucial phase of lifecycle of a Mass-customizable product and seeks improvement in
Mechanical industry. ‘Product Configurator’ is a good solution to bring in data transparency and speed
up the process. Configuration tools arebeing used on a very small scale,reasons being lack of awareness
and dearer costs of existing tools. In this research work a product configurator is developedfor
Hydraulic Actuator (HA).This method uses Applicable Programing Interface (API) of a CAD tool coupled
with Visual Basics (VB) and MS Excel.Itis a standaloneapplication of VB and its integration into web
portal can be the future scope. The final aim was to reduce time delay at CRM phase,bring more
transparency in the ordering system and to establish a method which, small and medium scale enterprises
canafford. Trails on the tool developed generated Part-Assembly drawings, BOM and JT files in
moments.
This report is a research on how to use DFM (Design For Manufacturing) engineering method to reduce the cost and time of manufacturing. Additionally it is describing (how to choose/which is the best) production(manufacturing) technology.
Value Engineering is a technique for determining the manufacturing requirements of a
product/service; it is concerned with its evaluation and finally the selection of less costly
conditions. VE is a process for achieving the optimal result in a way that quality, safety, reliability
and convertibility of every monetary unit are improved.
Here theory of Value Engineering along with case study of UTM is presented.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One Prey
Estimation of Manufacturing Costs in the Early Stages of Product Development Project
1. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol. 2, Issue. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2012 pp-4673-4676 ISSN: 2249-6645
Estimation of Manufacturing Costs in the Early Stages of Product
Development Project
Esa Hietikko
Mechanical Engineering Department, Savonia University of Applied Sciences, Finland
ABSTRACT : One of the crucial factors in increase of productivity of supply chains is the management of production
costs. Since the number of methods and tools used to estimate the production costs in product development phase is limited,
the designers often estimate the costs based on their experience. The designers can mainly affect the direct costs of a
product, including material, labor and purchased parts. Direct costs vary greatly depending on the number of produced
units. Indirect costs include for example the work in process, storage and internal transportations. The developed software
prototype is based on the Lucas method. It will take a simple and ideal part, whose costs are known and then use factors to
produce the final costs. The application calculates sophisticated estimates about how much it would cost to produce a single
part. The developed software seems to work surprisingly well. It may not tell the final truth about the component costs but
can be used to open the eyes of the designer when the costs of the component under design are growing too high. It can also
be used to find the most suitable manufacturing method and when considering the make or buy decisions.
Keywords: Cost estimation, Manufacturing costs, Product Development
I. INTRODUCTION
The strength and basis of competitiveness of the technology industry in many European countries will be a flexible,
rapid and cost effective mass customized small batch production. The effective performance of supply chains has also a
strong connection with the competitiveness. The know-how of modern solutions and new innovations in products and
production as well as the agility of production are important aspects in the future.
One of the most crucial factors in the productivity increase of supply chains is the management of production costs.
Since the number of methods and tools used to estimate production costs in product development phase is very limited, the
designers often estimate the costs based on their experience. They have tacit knowledge of manufacturing feedback, work
community and general design rules. However, when manufacturing is more often performed in the supply chains, the
information flow from manufacturing to design is limited.
It is well known fact that 70–80 % of the product life cycle costs are defined at the product development stage. An
experienced designer can estimate the costs of different alternatives quite reliably. However, for example big assemblies or
machining large welded constructions (tolerances, fixtures etc.) may cause difficulties. Experience may also be a negative
factor. Designers are not often easily willing to give up traditional manufacturing methods and modern and more effective
methods are not considered.
The only accurate way to define the manufacturing costs is to calculate them afterwards. In many cases, however,
the calculation methods are used by the accountants, who use generalizations and don’t have engineering education or
experience. These calculations are also performed when the product is ready and nothing can be done to reduce the costs.
The vision of the research presented in this paper is to find a simple and easy tool to be used to estimate the life
cycle costs of a component in the early stages of product development process. This paper presents a cost estimate model
based on so called Lucas-method and evaluates it preliminary by comparing the cost results with some values of literature
and other cost estimate tools.
II. UNDERSTANDING THE MANUFACTURING COSTS
The ultimate goal of a company is to produce profit. Selling price is defined by markets so it is not easily changed
by company actions. The only efficient way to increase profit is manufacturing cost reduction.
The costs can be lumped into two categories: direct and indirect costs. Direct costs can be traced to a specific
component and are then potential target for cost reduction in product development phase. A major part of direct costs are
based on material used to build the component. A good estimate for material costs of a large volume production would be
about 50 % of total costs. For smaller lots it may be as low as 10 % of total costs. This includes the material of the final
product but also the waste. The components that are purchased outside the company are also included in direct costs. Direct
labor costs include the salaries and other expenses of the work force needed to manufacture and assemble the product. Also
tooling costs can be seen to be direct costs. It is also good to remember the familiar 20/80 principle: 80% of costs are
generated by 20 % of parts.
Indirect costs include for example work in process, storage and internal transportations. Work in process (WIP)
inventory takes floor space and demands internal transportations. There may be thousands of work pieces in WIP
inventories. Other types of inventories may be for raw materials and finished products. The common rule of thumb for
estimating the costs of inventories is 25 % of the inventory value per year. If the value of inventories is for instant 1 million
Euros, then the cost of it will be 250.000 Euros every year. Product development does not have much influence to these
costs, but it is good to keep them in mind anyway.
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2. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol. 2, Issue. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2012 pp-4673-4676 ISSN: 2249-6645
Lot size has a significant meaning in production costs of a single component. The smaller the lot size, the higher are
the costs per one piece of the product. This is mainly depending on the setup costs. Setup consists of those actions used to
change the manufactured part, tools, programs, manufacturing instructions and fixtures and preparations for the part waiting
to be manufactured. Fixed costs will also grow when the lot size is growing.
In order to reduce the manufacturing costs both the manufacturing and design must be developed. Fig. 1 is an
example of how design and manufacturing affect the cost of a manufactured component [1]. Average part cost is considered
as 100 % (or for example 100 Euros). If it is possible to improve both production and design, the cost can be lowered to 61
% of average. If both of them are instead worsen to poor level then the cost is increased to 175 %. It is worth realizing that
improving only manufacturing efficiency, the cost is almost the same as average.
Figure 1. The effect of design and manufacturing quality on costs. Modified from [1].
III. ESTIMATING THE MANUFACTURING COSTS
Many of the DFMA-based solution are going hand in hand with manufacturing costs [2] [3]. It is important that the
designer understands the meaning of manufacturability in the determination of product’s cost structure. However there is still
need for a simple and easy tool to estimate the costs. Examples of such research can be found from [4], [5] and [6].
The Lucas- method [7] [8] is developed to estimate production costs in concept phase of product development
process. It will take a simple and ideal part, whose costs are known and then use factors to produce the final cost estimate.
The method was developed at the early 80’s and it includes estimate models for both the single parts and assemblies. This
paper concentrates on the cost calculations of single parts only.
The cost is calculated by using the equation
Mi = VCmt + RcPc
Where,
Mi = manufacturing cost
V = volume of the manufactured piece
Cmt = material cost including waste
Rc = factor based on the complexity of the piece
Pc = processing cost of ideal piece
Lucas calculation model requires the use of multipliers based on for example the material, manufacturing method,
tolerances and roughness. The material cost is calculated using the volume (V) of a part multiplied with the cost of the
specific material and the waste cost factor of the part. Another factor related to the material illustrates how well certain
material is suited for a used work method. The Lucas method is explained in more detail in [7] and [8].
IV. COMPUTER APPLICATION
A prototype application that uses the Lucas method to calculate sophisticated estimates on how much it would cost
to produce a single part was developed. It was created using the SolidWorks software and its VBA (Visual Basic for
Applications) system. The screenshot of the software is presented in Fig. 2. The user simply needs to find suitable selections
and the software will give the cost estimate. The user can also easily compare for example different materials, manufacturing
methods and lot sizes in order to find an optimal solution.
Some modifications had to be done to make the method suitable for the used manufacturing machines and work
force. Also the material prices vary depending on time and place.
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3. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol. 2, Issue. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2012 pp-4673-4676 ISSN: 2249-6645
Figure 2. The software user interface.
V. THE RESULTS ACHIEVED
Two machined parts (materials low carbon steel AISI 1020 and aluminum alloy 6061) represented in figures 3 and
4 were taken as test examples. Their costs were calculated for a lot of one by using the developed software. Reference cost
information was taken from literature, asked from an expert (only in part number one) and by using the Solid Works costing
solution included in the software version 2013. The results are presented in tables 1 and 2.
Figure 3. A test piece number one [1].
Figure 4. A test piece number two [9].
Table 1. Cost comparison for piece one.
Method Material cost [€] Processing cost [€] Manufacturing cost [€]
SolidWorks macro 9 171 180
Litterature N/A N/A 130
Expert estimate 11 173 184
SolidWorks Costing 5 140 146
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4. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol. 2, Issue. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2012 pp-4673-4676 ISSN: 2249-6645
Table 2. Cost comparison for piece two.
Method Material cost [€] Processing cost [€] Manufacturing cost [€]
SolidWorks macro 17 51 68
Litterature 7 52 59
SolidWorks Costing 12 39 51
VI. CONCLUSION
The developed software seems to work surprisingly well. It may not tell the final truth about the component costs
but can be used to open the eyes of the designer when costs of the component under design are growing too high. It can also
be used to find the most suitable manufacturing method and when considering the make or buy decisions.
The software is very simple and easy to use. The Solid Works costing application uses the feature structure of the
part before it can be used. The Lucas-based solution works also without it and it has wider range of manufacturing methods.
So the conclusion might be that the Lucas-based solution is useful in the early stages where the shape and manufacturing
methods are unclear. Solid Works costing can be used to evaluate the piece whose shape and manufacturing methods are
fixed.
REFERENCES
[1] D. G. Ullman. The Mechanical Design Process. Fourth Ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill, 2010.
[2] D. Anderson. Design for Manufacturability & Concurrent Engineering. CIM Press, 2006.
[3] G. Boothroyd, P. Dewhurst, W. Knight. Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly. Marcel Dekker Inc., 2002.
[4] P. Leibl. Cost Calculation with a Feature-based CAD System Using Modules for Calculation, Comparison and
Forecast. Journal of Engineering Design 10, no. 1 (March 1999): 93–102.
[5] K. Schreve, A. H. Basson. Small Volume Fabrication Cost Estimation Models for Embodiment Design. R&D
Journal 2004 Vol 20, no. No 1 to 3 (n.d.): 10 – 15.
[6] Y. Liu, A. H. Basson. Interfacing CAD and Manufacturing Cost Estimation Software Using COM/OLE.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CIRP DESIGN SEMINAR SWEDEN, 6-8 JUNE 2001.
[7] V. Chan, F. A. Salustri, DFA: The Lucas Method,. http://deed.ryerson.ca/~fil/t/dfmlucas.html.
[8] K. G. Swift, J. D. Booker. Process selection : from design to manufacture. Oxford [England]; Boston: Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2003.
[9] K. T. Ulrich, S. D. Eppinger. Product design and development. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008.
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