ABSTRACT: Removal of clutter in the radar wind profiler
is the utmost important consideration in radar. Wavelet
transform is very effective method to remove the clutter.
This paper presents a technique based on the wavelet
transform to remove the clutter. In this technique we used
Fourier transform and descrete wavelet transform after
that applied inverse discrete wavelet transform for signal.
These techniques applied for inphase and quadrature
phase, total spectrum and single range gate. Very
encouraging results got with this technique that have
shown practical possibilities for a real time
implementation and for applications related to frequency
domain.
Keywords: Wind profiler, wavelet transform, Fourier transform, clutter, signal processing
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Wavelets are mathematical functions. The wavelet transform is a tool that cuts up data, functions or operators into different frequency components and then studies each component with a resolution matched to its scale. It is needed, because analyzing discontinuities and sharp spikes of the signal and applications as image compression, human vision, radar, and earthquake prediction. Wai Mar Lwin | Thinn Aung | Khaing Khaing Wai "Applications of Wavelet Transform" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27958.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/27958/applications-of-wavelet-transform/wai-mar-lwin
Pulse Compression Method for Radar Signal ProcessingEditor IJCATR
One fundamental issue in designing a good radar system is it’s capability to resolve two small targets that are located at
long range with very small separation between them. Pulse compression techniques are used in radar systems to avail the benefits
of large range detection capability of long duration pulse and high range resolution capability of short duration pulse. In these
techniques a long duration pulse is used which is frequency modulated before transmission and the received signal is passed through a
match filter to accumulate the energy into a short pulse. A matched filter is used for pulse compression to achieve high signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR). Two important factors to be considered for radar waveform design are range resolution and maximum range detection.
Range resolution is the ability of the radar to separate closely spaced targets and it is related to the pulse width of the waveform. The
narrower the pulse width the better is the range resolution. But, if the pulse width is decreased, the amount of energy in the pulse is
decreased and hence maximum range detection gets reduced. To overcome this problem pulse compression techniques are used in the
radar systems. In this paper, the pulse compression technique is described to resolve two small targets that are located at long
range with very small separation between them.
Tutorial Content
This tutorial provides a broad-based discussion of radar system, covering the following topics:
-Introduction to Radars in Military and Commercial Applications
-Radar System Block Diagram
-Radar Antennas (slotted waveguide array, planar array), Transmitter (magnetron, solid-state), Receiver, Pedestal and Radome
-Plot Extraction, Tracking Algorithms and Display
-Radar Range Equation, Detection Performance
-Wave Propagation and Radar Cross Section
-Emerging and Advanced Radar Systems (phased-array, multi-beam, multi-mode, FMCW, solid-state)
In the discussion, practical systems, technical specifications and data will be used to enhance learning.In addition, simulation results will also be used to present findings.
The objective of the tutorial session is to equip participants with solid understanding of radar systems for system level applications and prepare them for advanced and professional radar courses, projects and research.
This tutorial is designed and developed based on the following references:
[1] G. W. Stimson, Introduction to Airborne Radar Second Edition, Scitech Publishing, 1998.
[2] L. V. Blake, A Guide to Basic Pulse-Radar Maximum-Range Calculation, NRL Report 6930, 1969.
[3] K. H. Lee, Radar Systems for Nanyang Technological University, TBSS, 2014.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Accelerometer based Robot control using Renesas Microcontroller IJMER
Tracking and attacking enemies at distant places is very much difficult for the soldiers. There
may be a chance of loss of lives of the soldier during war and emergency situations. So the idea is to
replace a real soldier with robot soldier completely controlled with a wireless network. The objective of
this paper is to minimize human fatalities in terrorist attack. For this we design a robot that can monitor
enemy remotely when required. It can silently enter into enemy area and send us all the information
through its tiny camera, that can be mounted on top of it. For this purpose Renesas microcontroller was
used to perform the control actions as per requirement.
Wavelets are mathematical functions. The wavelet transform is a tool that cuts up data, functions or operators into different frequency components and then studies each component with a resolution matched to its scale. It is needed, because analyzing discontinuities and sharp spikes of the signal and applications as image compression, human vision, radar, and earthquake prediction. Wai Mar Lwin | Thinn Aung | Khaing Khaing Wai "Applications of Wavelet Transform" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27958.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/27958/applications-of-wavelet-transform/wai-mar-lwin
Pulse Compression Method for Radar Signal ProcessingEditor IJCATR
One fundamental issue in designing a good radar system is it’s capability to resolve two small targets that are located at
long range with very small separation between them. Pulse compression techniques are used in radar systems to avail the benefits
of large range detection capability of long duration pulse and high range resolution capability of short duration pulse. In these
techniques a long duration pulse is used which is frequency modulated before transmission and the received signal is passed through a
match filter to accumulate the energy into a short pulse. A matched filter is used for pulse compression to achieve high signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR). Two important factors to be considered for radar waveform design are range resolution and maximum range detection.
Range resolution is the ability of the radar to separate closely spaced targets and it is related to the pulse width of the waveform. The
narrower the pulse width the better is the range resolution. But, if the pulse width is decreased, the amount of energy in the pulse is
decreased and hence maximum range detection gets reduced. To overcome this problem pulse compression techniques are used in the
radar systems. In this paper, the pulse compression technique is described to resolve two small targets that are located at long
range with very small separation between them.
Tutorial Content
This tutorial provides a broad-based discussion of radar system, covering the following topics:
-Introduction to Radars in Military and Commercial Applications
-Radar System Block Diagram
-Radar Antennas (slotted waveguide array, planar array), Transmitter (magnetron, solid-state), Receiver, Pedestal and Radome
-Plot Extraction, Tracking Algorithms and Display
-Radar Range Equation, Detection Performance
-Wave Propagation and Radar Cross Section
-Emerging and Advanced Radar Systems (phased-array, multi-beam, multi-mode, FMCW, solid-state)
In the discussion, practical systems, technical specifications and data will be used to enhance learning.In addition, simulation results will also be used to present findings.
The objective of the tutorial session is to equip participants with solid understanding of radar systems for system level applications and prepare them for advanced and professional radar courses, projects and research.
This tutorial is designed and developed based on the following references:
[1] G. W. Stimson, Introduction to Airborne Radar Second Edition, Scitech Publishing, 1998.
[2] L. V. Blake, A Guide to Basic Pulse-Radar Maximum-Range Calculation, NRL Report 6930, 1969.
[3] K. H. Lee, Radar Systems for Nanyang Technological University, TBSS, 2014.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Accelerometer based Robot control using Renesas Microcontroller IJMER
Tracking and attacking enemies at distant places is very much difficult for the soldiers. There
may be a chance of loss of lives of the soldier during war and emergency situations. So the idea is to
replace a real soldier with robot soldier completely controlled with a wireless network. The objective of
this paper is to minimize human fatalities in terrorist attack. For this we design a robot that can monitor
enemy remotely when required. It can silently enter into enemy area and send us all the information
through its tiny camera, that can be mounted on top of it. For this purpose Renesas microcontroller was
used to perform the control actions as per requirement.
Comparing: Routing Protocols on Basis of sleep modeIJMER
The architecture of ad hoc wireless network consists of mobile nodes for communication
without the use of fixed-position routers. The communication between them takes place without
centralized control. Routing is a very crucial issue, so to deal with this routing algorithms must deliver
the packet in significant delay. There are different protocols for handling the mobile environment like
AODV, DSR and OLSR. But this paper will focus on performance of AODV and OLSR routing protocols.
The performance of these protocols is analyzed on two metrics: time and throughput
This paper mainly discusses about the Transparent Antenna’s introduction, design, their feeding methods, the future scope and finally transition from 2D to 3D.
An Amalgamation-Based System for Micro aneurysm Detection and Diabetic Retino...IJMER
We propose an ensemble-based framework to improve microaneurysm detection. Unlike
the well-known approach of considering the output of multiple classifiers, we propose a combination of
internal components of microaneurysm detectors, namely preprocessing methods and candidate
extractors. We have evaluated our approach for microaneurysm detection in an online competition,
where this algorithm is currently ranked as first, and also on two other databases.
Experimental Investigation of Silica Fume and Steel Slag in ConcreteIJMER
This paper gives a review on replacements in concrete made out of various
industrial by-products like silica fume and steel slag in concrete Through my study a combined
replacement of steel slag and silica fume in (40, 50, 60, and 70) % and (10, 15, 20, and 25) %
and conduct a detailed experimental study on Compressive strength, split tensile strength,
flexural strength at age of (7, 28, 56 and 90) days and durability study on acid attack was also
determinedand investigates the potential use and optimum usage of steel slag and silica fume in
the production of concrete
Product Marketing Management Services In. Pln (Persero) In ManadoIJMER
This study was conducted to determine how much influence marketing management product to the consumer's decision to buy the product in smart electrical services at PT. PLN (Persero) Manado area. The method used methods of quantitative analysis. The data analysis using the analysis of a single table and then testing the hypothesis using the Spearman Rank correlation studies seeking a relationship between two variables, namely the relationship between the variables X (Management product marketing services) and variable Y (Decision consumers). The population in this study amounted to 202 is a consumer and a sample of 67 respondents taro Yamane with a confidence level of 90%, 10% precision. Based on the results of the calculation of Spearman rank correlation coefficient, ie rs = 0.97, prove that there is a positive effect of the variable X (product marketing management services) with variable Y (Decision consumers) in a smart buying electrical products at. PLN (Persero) Manado area. The calculation of the coefficient of determination: (Kp = (rs) 2 x 100%) which shows the influence of variable X (Management product marketing services) with variable Y (Decision consumer) to purchase the product. The results obtained indicate Kp is equal to 94%, meaning that the presence of a smart electrical product marketing promotions, consumers / communities interested in using / buying smart electricity for their lighting needs at PT PLN (Persero) Manado Area. This is due to the influence of marketing management services to market products through smart electrical products marketing campaign that is sebsar 94%, while the remaining 6% is influenced by other factors not examined
Orientation Effects of Stress Concentrators on the Material Deformation Behav...IJMER
Present investigation pertains to carry out to experimental work to generate data in order to
establish the mode of material deformation and fracture in AISI 316 stainless steel strips of 1.70mm thickness in
the presence of elliptical notches at the center of the specimen whose major axis were designed to incline to the
tensile axis at an angle of 0o
, 45o
and 90o
and the same happens to be the axis of rolling. An elliptical hole of
8.00mm (major axis) with 5.0mm (minor axis) were machined in each specimen so as to correspond to the above
angles of 0o
45o
and90o
and one specimen without any elliptical hole as a notch for comparative analysis of the
experimental data. These flat specimens with and without stress concentrators were tested under tension using
Hounsfield Tcnsomctcr and the changes in notch geometry have been recorded at various loadings. Further, the
visual appearance of the cracks initiation have been continuously observed and recorded. The effect of stress
ratio factors and the strain ratio parameters on the mode of fracture on material deformation in and around the
stress concentrator has been thoroughly analyzed and it has been established that the crack initiation began
either at the inner tips of the minor or the major axis of the elliptical stress concentrator, but, always
perpendicular to the direction of loading irrespective of the rolling direction and the orientations of the stress
concentrators. However, the changes in the rotation of the major and the minor axis of the elliptical stress
concentrators were found to alter, and, this alteration in fact assisted in estimating the strains along the major as
well as the minor axis of the stress concentrators. Relation between a plastic strain ratio with respect to the ratio
between the major and the minor strains was observed to be of extremely complex nature. The overall
observation in the present investigation has indicated that thin strips or sheet specimens containing a single or
multiple or a combined type of stress concentrators will create a keen interest in the research approach of the
investigators and make them aware of the seriousness of the presence of the stress concentrators and caution
them to incorporate any possible design notifications in order to avoid any catastrophic failure (s).
User Navigation Pattern Prediction from Web Log Data: A SurveyIJMER
This paper proposes a survey of Web Page Prediction Techniques. Prefetching of Web page has been widely used to reduce the access latency problem of the Web users. However, if Prefetching of Web page is not accurate and Prefetched web pages are not visited by the users in their accesses, the limited bandwidth of network and services of server will not be used efficiently and may face the problem of access delay. Therefore, it is critical that we need an effective prediction method during prefetching.
The Markov models have been widely used to predict and analyze users navigational behavior. All the
activities of web users have been saved in web log files. The stored users session is used to extract
popular web navigation paths and predict current users next web page visit.
A Review of Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJMER
A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized into a cooperative network. Each node consists of processing capability, may contain multiple types of memory, have a RF transceiver, have a power source, and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes
communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion. Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are responsible for maintaining the routes in the network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop communication .The performance of the network is
greatly influenced by the routing techniques. Routing is to find out the path to route the sensed data to the base station. In this paper the features of WSNs are introduced and routing protocols are reviewed for Wireless Sensor Network
Experimental Investigation on Effect of Particle Sizes of Molybdenum Disulphi...IJMER
In the present work, experimental investigation has been carried out to identify the
effectiveness of employing three different particle sizes of MoS2 (Nano-particles: 40 nm size, Technical
superfine grade: 1.75 μm size and Technical grade: 53 μm size) in varying quantities (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% by
weight) on the wear of the sliding surfaces. The experiments were conducted on a conformal block and
disk test setup. The running-in distance required to achieve steady state wear was determined
experimentally. The wear of the block is measured as its weight loss after the test. The results of the
experiments are reported
Effect of Molybdenum Disulphide on Physical Properties of Neodymium-Iron-Boro...IJMER
The present paper reports the effect of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) on magnetic and
mechanical properties of neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) bonded magnet. Powder metallurgy process
has been used to prepare the test samples containing 0.0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 percentage of MoS2. Compact
and hardness tests have been performed to measure the physical properties of samples. Saturation
magnetization, remanence and intrinsic coercivity have been checked using vibrating sample
measurement (VSM) test
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance and Analysis of OFDM Signal Using Matlab SimulinkIJMER
Multi-carrier modulation is an attractive technique for fourth generation .OFDM is based on
multicarrier modulation technique. In OFDM system the bit stream is divided into many different sub
channels. An efficient and distortionless scheme for peak power reduction in OFDM is proposed. In this
paper, a set of mapping where the actual transmit signal is selected. From this set of signal reduced
PAPR. Simulation results are shown. The lowest PAPR is compared with conventional work. It is also
compared BER to SNR and best result is achieved.
Signal Processing of Radar Echoes Using Wavelets and Hilbert Huang Transformsipij
Atmospheric Radar Signal Processing is one field of Signal Processing where there is a lot of scope for development of new and efficient tools for spectrum cleaning, detection and estimation of desired parameters. The wavelet transform and HHT (Hilbert-Huang transform) are both signal processing methods. This paper is based on comparing HHT and Wavelet transform applied to Radar signals. Wavelet analysis is one of the most important methods for removing noise and extracting signal from any data. The de-noising application of the wavelets has been used in spectrum cleaning of the atmospheric radar signals. HHT can be used for processing non-stationary and nonlinear signals. HHT is one of the timefrequency analysis techniques which consists of two parts: Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and instantaneous frequency solution. EMD is a numerical sifting process to decompose a signal into its fundamental intrinsic oscillatory modes, namely intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). A series of IMFs can be obtained after the application of EMD. In this paper wavelets and EMD has been applied to the time series data obtained from the mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) region near Gadanki, Tirupati for 6 beam directions. The Algorithm is developed and tested using Matlab. Moments were estimated and analysis has brought out improvement in some of the characteristic features like SNR, Doppler width, Noise power of the atmospheric signals. The results showed that the proposed algorithm is efficient for dealing non-linear and non- stationary signals contaminated with noise. The results were compared using ADP (Atmospheric Data Processor) and plotted for validation of the proposed algorithm.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative analysis on an exponential form of pulse with an integer and non-...IJERA Editor
The theme of this paper is to make a fundamental comparative analysis on time-bandwidth product of a short
duration pulse, whose amplitude is varied with an exponent as an integer and non-integer. The time-bandwidth
product is the most significant factor in pulse compression techniques which is used very often in radar systems
for better detection of the target and resolving the ambiguities in the both range and velocity with the help of
ambiguity function. In this paper, different exponents have been used and it is observed that the non-integer
exponents are giving slightly better quantitative parameters like time-bandwidth product, relative sidelobe level
and main lobe widths. To improve these quantitative parameters, phase variations have been incorporated with
the differentiated pulses of the original exponential signal. Finally, the modulation has also been applied on the
pulses to observe the results in real practical applications. From all these analysis, it is concluded that the
differentiated non-integer exponential pulse with bi-polar variations is giving better pulse compression
requirements (time-bandwidth product, peak sidelobe level, 3-dB beamwidth and main lobe widths) compared
to all other pulse forms. The outputs of the matched filter are also observed for each pulse shape.
Packets Wavelets and Stockwell Transform Analysis of Femoral Doppler Ultrasou...IJECEIAES
Ultrasonic Doppler signals are widely used in the detection of cardiovascular pathologies or the evaluation of the degree of stenosis in the femoral arteries. The presence of stenosis can be indicated by disturbing the blood flow in the femoral arteries, causing spectral broadening of the Doppler signal. To analyze these types of signals and determine stenosis index, a number of time-frequency methods have been developed, such as the short-time Fourier transform, the continuous wavelets transform, the wavelet packet transform, and the S-transform
Investigation of various orthogonal wavelets for precise analysis of X-ray im...IJERA Editor
Now-a-days X-rays are playing very important role in medicine. One of the most important applications of Xray
is detecting fractures in bones. X-ray provides important information about the type and location of the
fracture. Sometimes it is not possible to detect the fractures in X-rays with naked eye. So it needs further
processing to detect the fractures even at minute levels. To detect minute fractures, in this paper various edge
feature extraction methods are analyzed which helps medical practitioners to study the bone structure, detects
the bone fracture, measurement of fracture treatment, and treatment planning prior to surgery. The classical
derivative edge detection operators such as Roberts, Prewitt, sobel, Laplacian of Gaussian can be used as edge
detectors, but a lot of false edge information will be extracted. Therefore a technique based on orthogonal
wavelet transforms like Haar, daubechies, coiflet, symlets are applied to detect the edges and are compared.
Among all the methods, Haar wavelet transform method performs well in detecting the edges with better
quality. The various performance metrics like Ratio of Edge pixels to size of image (REPS), peak signal to noise
ratio (PSNR) and computation time are compared for various wavelets.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to Removal of Clutter by Using Wavelet Transform For Wind Profiler (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
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work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
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In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
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δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
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dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
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created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
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machine learning as whole?” .
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development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
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applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
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Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
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2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
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an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
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Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One Prey
Removal of Clutter by Using Wavelet Transform For Wind Profiler
1. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4591-4594 ISSN: 2249-6645
Removal of Clutter by Using Wavelet Transform For Wind Profiler
P.Srilaxmi, 1 I. Kullayamma, 2 M. Durga Rao3
1
Department of ECE, SVU College of Engineering, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, SVU College of Engineering, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
3
Scientist Engineer SC-D, NARL, Gadanki
ABSTRACT: Removal of clutter in the radar wind profiler (u) that is a function of a continuous variable in one
is the utmost important consideration in radar. Wavelet dimension called the signal domain.† Its Fourier transform,
transform is very effective method to remove the clutter. denoted as X(Ω), is given by
This paper presents a technique based on the wavelet X (Ω) = ) du Ω ∈ (−∞,∞) (1)
transform to remove the clutter. In this technique we used
Fourier transform and descrete wavelet transform after
And is said to be a function in the transform domain. The
that applied inverse discrete wavelet transform for signal.
inverse transform is
These techniques applied for inphase and quadrature
phase, total spectrum and single range gate. Very
encouraging results got with this technique that have X (u) = ) du u ∈ (−∞, ∞) (2)
shown practical possibilities for a real time
implementation and for applications related to frequency In Esq. (1) And (2), the frequency variable is in
domain. radians per unit of u. For example, if u = t, that is, u is in
units of seconds, then is the usual radian frequency in units
Keywords: Wind profiler, wavelet transform, Fourier of radians per second; if u is a spatial variable in meters,
transform, clutter, signal processing. then is spatial frequency in units of radians per meter.
Equivalents transform pair using a cyclical frequency
I. INTRODUCTION variable F =Ω /2π is
Wavelet analysis attracted much attention recently
in signal processing. It has been successfully applied in X (F) = ) du F ∈ (−∞,∞)
many applications such as transient signal analysis, image
analysis, communication systems and other signal X (u) = ) dF u ∈ (−∞,∞)
processing applications. It is not a new theory in the sense
that many of ideas and techniques involved in wavelets If the signal domain is time (u = t), then F is in
(subband coding, quadrature mirror filters etc.) were cycles per second, or hertz. The various wavelet analysis
devolped independently in various signal processing methods are described in comparison to the widely known
applications. Especially, it has turned out that the specific Fourier transform. The Fourier transform only retrieves the
features of wavelets can also be efficiently used for certain global frequency content of a signal, all time information is
problems in the context of radar signal analysis. The aim of lost. To overcome this problem the short time Fourier
this paper is to give an overview on the analysis of RWP transform is developed, however this method suffers from a
data and to explain how wavelets can be utilized for clutter limitation due to a fixed resolution in both time and
removal. frequency. A multiresolution analysis of the local frequency
The goal of RWP systems is to gather information content of a signal is made possible by wavelet analysis.
concerning the three dimensional atmospheric wind vectors.
Radio frequency pulses are emitted and backscattered from III. WAVELET TRANSFORMS
small in homogeneities in the atmosphere. The term wavelet means a small wave. The
The reflected signal is sampled at certain rates smallness refers to the condition that this (window) function
corresponding to different heights. The Doppler shift of the is of finite length (compactly supported). The wave refers to
atmospheric (clear-air) signal, which can assumed to be the condition that this function is oscillatory. The term
constant over the small measurement period mother implies that the functions with different region of
(quasistationarity), generates a peak in the Fourier power support that are used in the transformation process are
spectrum. derived from one main function, or the mother wavelet. In
other words, the mother wavelet is a prototype for
II. FOURIER TRANSFORMS generating the other window functions.
The Fourier transform is as ubiquitous in radar Like Fourier analysis, wavelet analysis deals with
signal processing as in most other signal processing fields. expansion of functions in terms of a set of basis functions.
Frequency domain representations are often used to Unlike Fourier analysis, wavelet analysis expands functions
separate desired signals from interference; the Doppler shift not in term of trigonometric polynomials but in terms of
is a frequency domain phenomenon of critical importance; wavelets which are generated in the form of translations
and it will be seen that in some radar systems, especially and dilations of a fixed function called the mother wavelet.
imaging systems, the collected data are related to the The wavelets obtained in this way have special scaling
desired end product by a Fourier transform. Both properties. They are localized in time and frequency,
continuous and discrete signals are of interest, and therefore permitting a closer con nection between the function being
Fourier transforms are required for both. Consider a signal x
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2. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4591-4594 ISSN: 2249-6645
represented and their coefficients. Greater numerical except under unusual conditions. The development of
stability in reconstruction and manipulation is ensured. modern wind profiler is an outgrowth of research work
The objective of wavelet analysis is to define these done with radars designed to probe the ionosphere, where
powerful wavelet basis functions and find efficient methods longer wavelengths and extreme sensitivity was required.
for their computation. It can be shown that every
application using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) can be BASIC PRINCIPLE OF WIND PROFILING RADARS
formulated using wave lets to provide more localized Wind profiling radars depend upon the scattering
temporal (or spatial) and fre quency information. Thus, of electromagnetic energy by minor irregularities in the
instead of a frequency spectrum, for example, one gets a index of refraction of the air. The index of refraction is a
wavelet spectrum. In signal process ing, wavelets are very measure of the speed at which electromagnetic waves
useful for processing nonstationary signals. A major propagate through a medium. For wind profiling, this
advance in wavelet theory was the discovery of smooth medium is the atmosphere. A spatial variation in this index
mother wavelets whose set of discrete translations Two encountered by a propagating electromagnetic (radio wave)
different kinds of wavelet transform can be distinguished, a causes a minute amount of the energy to be scattered (or
continuous and a discrete wavelet transform. The dispersed) in all directions. Most of the energy incident on
continuous wavelet transform is calculated by the the refractive irregularity propagates through it without
convolution of the signal and a wavelet function. A wavelet being scattered.
function is a small oscillatory wave which contains both
The analysis and the window function. The V. SIGNAL PROCESSING
discrete wavelet transform uses filter banks for the analysis The purpose of radar signal processing is to extract
and synthesis of a signal. The filter banks contain wavelet desired data from radar backscattered echoes. The desired
filters and extract the frequency content of the signal in data usually concerns the detection of a target of interest,
various sub bands. the location of the target in space.
The accuracy of the data available from radar is
CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM limited by thermal noise introduced by the radar receiver,
At the most redundant end, one has the CWT. For echoes from targets of no interest (clutter), and externally
CWT the parameters vary in a continuos fashion. This generated interface.
representation offers the maximum freedom in the choice of Radar signal processing is used to enhance signals
the analysis wavelet. The only requirement is that the and to suppress clutter and externally generated signals. In
wavelet satisfies an admissibility condition; in particular it the case of atmospheric radars the target generated by the
must have zero mean. The condition is also crucial to be process of refractive index fluctuations. These signals are
CWT invertible on its range. very weak even for powerful radar systems. So,
sophisticated signal processing technique is required to
DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM extract these signals.
Here, we have discrete function f(n) and the definition of An elementary form of radar consists of
discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is given by transmitter, antenna and an energy detecting device, which
C(a,b) =C( j,k ) ѱj,k(n) may be receiver. Single antenna is used for both
Where ѱj,k is a discrete wavelet defined as: transmission and reception. The signal transmitted by the
ѱj,k(n)=2-j/2ѱ(2-jn –k) transmitting antenna gets reflected by the target and is re-
The parameters a,b are defined in such a way that a = 2j,b = radiated in all directions. This energy re-radiated in the
2j k . Sometimes the analysis is called dyadic as well. One backward directions, is of prime interest to radar.
of the function of wavelet transform is Daubechies.
DAUBECHIES
The Daubechies familie is named after Ingrid
Daubechies who invented the compactly supported
orthonormal wavelet, making wavelet analysis in discrete
time possible. The first order Daubechieswavelet is also
known as the Haar wavelet, which wavelet function
resembles a step function. Higher order Daubechies
functions are not easy to describe with an analytical
expression. Theorder of the Daubechies functions denotes
the number of vanishing moments, or the number of zero
moments of the wavelet function. This is weakly related to
the number of oscillations of the wavelet function. The
larger the number of vanishing moments, the better the
frequency localization of the decomposition.
IV. WIND PROFILING RADARS
Conventional Doppler weather radars, which are
designed to detect hydrometeor, are not sensitive enough
because of their short wavelengths to detect the clear air,
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3. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4591-4594 ISSN: 2249-6645
Fig (a): Processing steps for extraction of parameters Figure2.shows the Quadrature phase signal in
which we have both signals. which are before and after
The receiving antenna captures the returned wavelets.
signals and channels it to the receiver, where it is processed By using wavelet transform remove the clutter in
to detect the presence of target and to extract its location inphase and quadrature signals.
and relative velocity. The distance of the target is
determined by measuring the time taken for the radar signal
to travel between target and radar the shift in carrier of the
reflected wave is a measure of the target’s relative velocity
and may be used to distinguish moving objects from
stationary objects. to the target and back. If relative motion
exists
NARL LAWP
Most important feature or NARL LAWP is the
simplified active array configuration. In this configuration,
each element of the planar micro strip patch antenna array
is fed directly by dedicated low power solid-state Figure 1. Time-series data from a 1280MHz wind
transceiver module consisting of a power amplifier (PA) profiler.The original inphasecomponent is shown in blue,
and LNA connected to the common antenna port through a the wavelet re moved clutter component in red.
circulator. A transmit/receive (T/R) switch switches the
input port between the PA and LNA. These transceiver
modules are made with commercially available
communication components, making them low cost and
affordable. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), thereby the range
performance is significantly improved as the feed loss is
eliminated. This configuration reduces the antenna size
significantly (at least by a factor of 4-6) when compared to
a conventional passive array system for the given range
performance and makes the wind profiler compact and
transportable. The second important feature of this system
is the utilization of a low power two-dimensional passive
multi-beam forming network, which simplifies the beam
Figure 2. Time-series data from a 1280MHz wind
formation.
profiler.The original quadrature component is shown in
IN-PHASE AND QUADRATURE COMPONENTS blue, the wavelet re moved clutter component in red.
Method and apparatus are disclosed for correcting
amplitude and phase imbalances between the "in phase" and Figure3. Shows the power spectrum compared to the after
"quadrature" channels of a digital signal processor by wavelet. This spectrum for single range gate. The descrete
waveet transform is used for to remove the clutter which is
determining a correction coefficient from a test signal
present in the range gate
periodically introduced into the quadrature phase detector
.
of a radar system.
Figure4. Shows the power spectrum before the wavelet
The frequency spectrum of the signal at the output
of the phase detector in response to each such test signal is transform. In which clutter is present.
utilized to produce a correction coefficient for application
to radar return signals passing through the phase detector Figure5. Shows the power spectrum after the wavelet.
during normal radar operation, thereby providing true In which clutter is removed.We collect the LAWP data upto
7km.
quadrature radar return signals for digital processing.
The ground clutter signal characteristic with a 90-
degree phase difference between I and Q components. The
mountains through the radar beam causes a frequency
sweep, and a localized appearance during the dwell period.
This type of vibrating signal can be analyzed with the
discrete wavelets. The frequency presentation of a discrete
wavelet that covers a band of frequencies.
In the time-domain, the wavelet consists of real
and imaginary sinusoidal wavelets that closely match with
the mountain signal.The discrete wavelet transform can be
calculated using a Fast Fourier Transform. To avoid
frequency leakage, a strong radar return signal should first
be removed with the wavelet method. Figure 3. power spectrum (blue) is compared to the
Figure1.shows the inphase signal in which we removed clutter power spectrum (red).
have both signals.which are before and after wavelets.
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www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4591-4594 ISSN: 2249-6645
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Authors thank to M.Durga Rao, Scientist engineer,SC-
D, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory Department
of Space, Government of India Gadanki India and I
.kullayamma,Assistant Professor, S.V.U. College Of
Engineering,Tirupathi,India for their encouragement and
infrastructure facilities to carry out this work.
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The raw data is stored in host processor first it converts into
spectral data. Spectral data is also stored in digital receiver.
The spectral data is processed by MATLAB programming.
The clutter is removed from the inphase and quadrature phase
signals and also from the total spectrum by using the discrete
wavelet transform for LAWP radar which is used at NARL,
Gadanki. By using different wavelet transform techniques the
clutter is removed from the wind profiler.
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