This document summarizes a research paper on facial expression recognition for security purposes. It begins with an introduction on the importance of facial expressions in interpersonal relations and security. It then describes the system architecture, which involves detecting faces and facial features, representing subtle expression changes, and interpreting these changes to recognize emotions. The system employs the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) to classify facial deformations into action units. Potential issues addressed include geographical variability, personalization and calibration, and dealing with missing values through facial symmetry. Evaluation results show average accuracy of 71.7% for recognizing emotions like joy and surprise.
Expressing and recognizing emotional behavior of human play an important role in communication systems. Facial expression analysis is the most expressive way to display human emotion. Three types of facial emotion are recognized and classified: happy, sad, anger. Depending on the emotion, the music player will play the song accordingly which eliminates the time-consuming and tedious task of manually segregating or grouping songs into different lists and help in generating an appropriate playlist based on individual’s emotional features. This paper implements an efficient extraction of facial points using Beizer Curves which is more suitable for use in mobile devices. To enhance the audibility level of audio and memory shortage group play concept is also introduced. More than one android mobiles communicate with each other through Peer to Peer connection using Wi-Fi direct. Along with music player editing features like audio trimming and precise voice recording. Later the customized audio file can be set as alarm, ringtone, notification tones. Since all the emotional recognition is done for the real time images, it outperforms well than the any other existing face recognition algorithms or music play applications.
Expressing and recognizing emotional behavior of human play an important role in communication systems. Facial expression analysis is the most expressive way to display human emotion. Three types of facial emotion are recognized and classified: happy, sad, anger. Depending on the emotion, the music player will play the song accordingly which eliminates the time-consuming and tedious task of manually segregating or grouping songs into different lists and help in generating an appropriate playlist based on individual’s emotional features. This paper implements an efficient extraction of facial points using Beizer Curves which is more suitable for use in mobile devices. To enhance the audibility level of audio and memory shortage group play concept is also introduced. More than one android mobiles communicate with each other through Peer to Peer connection using Wi-Fi direct. Along with music player editing features like audio trimming and precise voice recording. Later the customized audio file can be set as alarm, ringtone, notification tones. Since all the emotional recognition is done for the real time images, it outperforms well than the any other existing face recognition algorithms or music play applications.
A new alley in Opinion Mining using Senti Audio Visual AlgorithmIJERA Editor
People share their views about products and services over social media, blogs, forums etc. If someone is willing
to spend resources and money over these products and services will definitely learn about them from the past
experiences of their peers. Opinion mining plays vital role in knowing increasing interests of a particular
community, social and political events, making business strategies, marketing campaigns etc. This data is in
unstructured form over internet but analyzed properly can be of great use. Sentiment analysis focuses on polarity
detection of emotions like happy, sad or neutral.
In this paper we proposed an algorithm i.e. Senti Audio Visual for examining Video as well as Audio
sentiments. A review in the form of video/audio may contain several opinions/emotions, this algorithm will
classify the reviews with the help of Baye’s Classifiers to three different classes i.e., positive, negative or
neutral. The algorithm will use smiles, cries, gazes, pauses, pitch, and intensity as relevant Audio Visual
features.
Efficient Facial Expression and Face Recognition using Ranking MethodIJERA Editor
Expression detection is useful as a non-invasive method of lie detection and behaviour prediction. However, these facial expressions may be difficult to detect to the untrained eye. In this paper we implements facial expression recognition techniques using Ranking Method. The human face plays an important role in our social interaction, conveying people's identity. Using human face as a key to security, the biometrics face recognition technology has received significant attention in the past several years. Experiments are performed using standard database like surprise, sad and happiness. The universally accepted three principal emotions to be recognized are: surprise, sad and happiness along with neutral.
Local feature extraction based facial emotion recognition: A surveyIJECEIAES
Notwithstanding the recent technological advancement, the identification of facial and emotional expressions is still one of the greatest challenges scientists have ever faced. Generally, the human face is identified as a composition made up of textures arranged in micro-patterns. Currently, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of Local Binary Pattern based texture algorithms which have invariably been identified to being essential in the completion of a variety of tasks and in the extraction of essential attributes from an image. Over the years, lots of LBP variants have been literally reviewed. However, what is left is a thorough and comprehensive analysis of their independent performance. This research work aims at filling this gap by performing a large-scale performance evaluation of 46 recent state-of-the-art LBP variants for facial expression recognition. Extensive experimental results on the well-known challenging and benchmark KDEF, JAFFE, CK and MUG databases taken under different facial expression conditions, indicate that a number of evaluated state-of-the-art LBP-like methods achieve promising results, which are better or competitive than several recent state-of-the-art facial recognition systems. Recognition rates of 100%, 98.57%, 95.92% and 100% have been reached for CK, JAFFE, KDEF and MUG databases, respectively.
Recognition of Facial Emotions Based on Sparse CodingIJERA Editor
This paper deals with acknowledgment of characteristic feelings from human countenances is a fascinating subject with an extensive variety of potential applications like human-PC communication, robotized mentoring frameworks, picture and video recovery, brilliant situations, what's more, driver cautioning frameworks. Generally, facial feeling acknowledgment frameworks have been assessed on lab controlled information, which is not illustrative of the earth confronted in genuine applications. To vigorously perceive facial feelings in genuine regular circumstances, this paper proposes a methodology called Extreme Sparse Learning (ESL), which can mutually take in a word reference (set of premise) and a non-direct grouping model. The proposed approach consolidates the discriminative force of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) with the reproduction property of meager representation to empower exact arrangement when given uproarious signs and blemished information recorded in common settings. Moreover, this work exhibits another neighborhood spatioworldly descriptor that is particular what's more, posture invariant. The proposed structure can accomplish best in class acknowledgment precision on both acted what's more, unconstrained facial feeling databases.
Sentiment classification aims to detect information such as opinions, explicit , implicit feelings expressed
in text. The most existing approaches are able to detect either explicit expressions or implicit expressions of
sentiments in the text separately. In this proposed framework it will detect both Implicit and Explicit
expressions available in the meeting transcripts. It will classify the Positive, Negative, Neutral words and
also identify the topic of the particular meeting transcripts by using fuzzy logic. This paper aims to add
some additional features for improving the classification method. The quality of the sentiment classification
is improved using proposed fuzzy logic framework .In this fuzzy logic it includes the features like Fuzzy
rules and Fuzzy C-means algorithm.The quality of the output is evaluated using the parameters such as
precision, recall, f-measure. Here Fuzzy C-means Clustering technique measured in terms of Purity and
Entropy. The data set was validated using 10-fold cross validation method and observed 95% confidence
interval between the accuracy values .Finally, the proposed fuzzy logic method produced more than 85 %
accurate results and error rate is very less compared to existing sentiment classification techniques.
Elicitation of Apt Human Emotions based on Discrete Wavelet Transform in E-Le...AM Publications
This paper is going to address one of the important challenges faced by e-learning environment that is simulating a real-time class room environment. The success of the class room is mainly because of the special bond the tutor and the student share among themselves in a class room but this affective aspect completely get missed in e-learning environment. Most of the research which is been going on this field have concentrated only on student emotional aspect to some extent leaving completely the emotional aspect of the Teacher. When the most of the educational institution is concentrating on the cognitive aspects of the pedagogy, this paper is strongly advocating on the affective aspect of the pedagogy – which is the need of the hour. This paper deals with how the emotion captured for both the teacher and student by means of energy coefficients calculated by Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT) method to be used effectively and efficiently in the e-learning platform.
Data and Information Integration: Information ExtractionIJMER
Information extraction is generally concerned with the location of different items in any document, may be textual or web document. This paper is concerned with the methodologies and applications of information extraction. The field of information extraction plays a very important role in the natural language processing community. The architecture of information extraction system which acts as the base for all languages and fields is also discussed along with its different components. Information is hidden in the large volume of web pages and thus it is necessary to extract useful information from the web content, called Information Extraction. In information extraction, given a sequence of instances, we identify and pull out a sub-sequence of the input that represents information we are interested in.
Manual data extraction from semi supervised web pages is a difficult task. This paper focuses on study of various data extraction techniques and also some web data extraction techniques. In the past years, there was a rapid expansion of activities in the information extraction area. Many methods have been proposed for automating the process of extraction. We will survey various web data extraction tools. Several real-world applications of information extraction will be introduced. What role information extraction plays in different fields is discussed in these applications. Current challenges being faced by the available information extraction techniques are briefly discussed along with the future work going on using the current researches is discussed.
The properties of polynomial hermitian, polynomial normal and polynomial unitary
matrices are discussed. A characterization for polynomial normal matrix is obtained
Modelling the Effect of Industrial Effluents on Water Quality: “A Case Study ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A Novel Method for Creating and Recognizing User Behavior ProfilesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A new alley in Opinion Mining using Senti Audio Visual AlgorithmIJERA Editor
People share their views about products and services over social media, blogs, forums etc. If someone is willing
to spend resources and money over these products and services will definitely learn about them from the past
experiences of their peers. Opinion mining plays vital role in knowing increasing interests of a particular
community, social and political events, making business strategies, marketing campaigns etc. This data is in
unstructured form over internet but analyzed properly can be of great use. Sentiment analysis focuses on polarity
detection of emotions like happy, sad or neutral.
In this paper we proposed an algorithm i.e. Senti Audio Visual for examining Video as well as Audio
sentiments. A review in the form of video/audio may contain several opinions/emotions, this algorithm will
classify the reviews with the help of Baye’s Classifiers to three different classes i.e., positive, negative or
neutral. The algorithm will use smiles, cries, gazes, pauses, pitch, and intensity as relevant Audio Visual
features.
Efficient Facial Expression and Face Recognition using Ranking MethodIJERA Editor
Expression detection is useful as a non-invasive method of lie detection and behaviour prediction. However, these facial expressions may be difficult to detect to the untrained eye. In this paper we implements facial expression recognition techniques using Ranking Method. The human face plays an important role in our social interaction, conveying people's identity. Using human face as a key to security, the biometrics face recognition technology has received significant attention in the past several years. Experiments are performed using standard database like surprise, sad and happiness. The universally accepted three principal emotions to be recognized are: surprise, sad and happiness along with neutral.
Local feature extraction based facial emotion recognition: A surveyIJECEIAES
Notwithstanding the recent technological advancement, the identification of facial and emotional expressions is still one of the greatest challenges scientists have ever faced. Generally, the human face is identified as a composition made up of textures arranged in micro-patterns. Currently, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of Local Binary Pattern based texture algorithms which have invariably been identified to being essential in the completion of a variety of tasks and in the extraction of essential attributes from an image. Over the years, lots of LBP variants have been literally reviewed. However, what is left is a thorough and comprehensive analysis of their independent performance. This research work aims at filling this gap by performing a large-scale performance evaluation of 46 recent state-of-the-art LBP variants for facial expression recognition. Extensive experimental results on the well-known challenging and benchmark KDEF, JAFFE, CK and MUG databases taken under different facial expression conditions, indicate that a number of evaluated state-of-the-art LBP-like methods achieve promising results, which are better or competitive than several recent state-of-the-art facial recognition systems. Recognition rates of 100%, 98.57%, 95.92% and 100% have been reached for CK, JAFFE, KDEF and MUG databases, respectively.
Recognition of Facial Emotions Based on Sparse CodingIJERA Editor
This paper deals with acknowledgment of characteristic feelings from human countenances is a fascinating subject with an extensive variety of potential applications like human-PC communication, robotized mentoring frameworks, picture and video recovery, brilliant situations, what's more, driver cautioning frameworks. Generally, facial feeling acknowledgment frameworks have been assessed on lab controlled information, which is not illustrative of the earth confronted in genuine applications. To vigorously perceive facial feelings in genuine regular circumstances, this paper proposes a methodology called Extreme Sparse Learning (ESL), which can mutually take in a word reference (set of premise) and a non-direct grouping model. The proposed approach consolidates the discriminative force of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) with the reproduction property of meager representation to empower exact arrangement when given uproarious signs and blemished information recorded in common settings. Moreover, this work exhibits another neighborhood spatioworldly descriptor that is particular what's more, posture invariant. The proposed structure can accomplish best in class acknowledgment precision on both acted what's more, unconstrained facial feeling databases.
Sentiment classification aims to detect information such as opinions, explicit , implicit feelings expressed
in text. The most existing approaches are able to detect either explicit expressions or implicit expressions of
sentiments in the text separately. In this proposed framework it will detect both Implicit and Explicit
expressions available in the meeting transcripts. It will classify the Positive, Negative, Neutral words and
also identify the topic of the particular meeting transcripts by using fuzzy logic. This paper aims to add
some additional features for improving the classification method. The quality of the sentiment classification
is improved using proposed fuzzy logic framework .In this fuzzy logic it includes the features like Fuzzy
rules and Fuzzy C-means algorithm.The quality of the output is evaluated using the parameters such as
precision, recall, f-measure. Here Fuzzy C-means Clustering technique measured in terms of Purity and
Entropy. The data set was validated using 10-fold cross validation method and observed 95% confidence
interval between the accuracy values .Finally, the proposed fuzzy logic method produced more than 85 %
accurate results and error rate is very less compared to existing sentiment classification techniques.
Elicitation of Apt Human Emotions based on Discrete Wavelet Transform in E-Le...AM Publications
This paper is going to address one of the important challenges faced by e-learning environment that is simulating a real-time class room environment. The success of the class room is mainly because of the special bond the tutor and the student share among themselves in a class room but this affective aspect completely get missed in e-learning environment. Most of the research which is been going on this field have concentrated only on student emotional aspect to some extent leaving completely the emotional aspect of the Teacher. When the most of the educational institution is concentrating on the cognitive aspects of the pedagogy, this paper is strongly advocating on the affective aspect of the pedagogy – which is the need of the hour. This paper deals with how the emotion captured for both the teacher and student by means of energy coefficients calculated by Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT) method to be used effectively and efficiently in the e-learning platform.
Data and Information Integration: Information ExtractionIJMER
Information extraction is generally concerned with the location of different items in any document, may be textual or web document. This paper is concerned with the methodologies and applications of information extraction. The field of information extraction plays a very important role in the natural language processing community. The architecture of information extraction system which acts as the base for all languages and fields is also discussed along with its different components. Information is hidden in the large volume of web pages and thus it is necessary to extract useful information from the web content, called Information Extraction. In information extraction, given a sequence of instances, we identify and pull out a sub-sequence of the input that represents information we are interested in.
Manual data extraction from semi supervised web pages is a difficult task. This paper focuses on study of various data extraction techniques and also some web data extraction techniques. In the past years, there was a rapid expansion of activities in the information extraction area. Many methods have been proposed for automating the process of extraction. We will survey various web data extraction tools. Several real-world applications of information extraction will be introduced. What role information extraction plays in different fields is discussed in these applications. Current challenges being faced by the available information extraction techniques are briefly discussed along with the future work going on using the current researches is discussed.
The properties of polynomial hermitian, polynomial normal and polynomial unitary
matrices are discussed. A characterization for polynomial normal matrix is obtained
Modelling the Effect of Industrial Effluents on Water Quality: “A Case Study ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A Novel Method for Creating and Recognizing User Behavior ProfilesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Analysis of Multicast Routing Protocols: Puma and OdmrpIJMER
ABSTRACT: In general, Wireless communication is defined as sharing of information between one or more systems
through wireless links. Wireless networks can be categorized into two different modes as infrastructure based and
infrastructure less. Infrastructure based mode is the most common use wireless mode for the end user loop. Infrastructure
fewer modes also called as the Ad hoc mode relies on wireless communications without any fixed infrastructure.
Infrastructure based networks are characterized by their use of access points (AP), or base stations. The most known
example of infrastructure based wireless network is GSM and more recently, Wi-Fi. Ad Hoc networks introduce a new way
of communication. An ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically functions as a network
without the use of any existing infrastructure and centralized administration. Mobile Ad-hoc networking (MANET), an
emerging field of wireless networking is an autonomous system of wireless mobile hosts, connected by wireless links that
dynamically create a temporary network and establish an infrastructure less network. The topology of the network may
change frequently and unpredictably. Multicast routing has been widely applied in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), to
support different group oriented applications like video conferencing, interactions with Special interest groups etc.,
efficiently. This paper presents the comparative analysis of two multicast routing protocols, PUMA and ODMRP.
Keywords: MANET, PUMA, ODMRP, AODV, WMN’s.
Numerical Analysis of Fin Side Turbulent Flow for Round and Flat Tube Heat E...IJMER
Numerical three dimensional simulation of turbulent flow in round and flat tube fin heat exchangers having two rows of staggered arrangement has been carried out to investigate fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics using ANSYS Fluent 14® software. HYPERMESH10® Software has been
used for the creation of models as well for meshing. The cases have been simulated for different fin side Reynolds number in turbulent regime to observe the effect of various parameters like fin pitch, tube pitch and fin temperature on Colburn j factor and Friction factor f for both round and flat tubes. Fin side flow has been simulated using various steady flow models in the software for same velocity range. As simulation using k-ε model resulted in close agreement with that of experimental in turbulent regime, it is considered for further analysis. The performance of round tubes is compared with that of flat tubes with same flow area and geometrical parameters. For both round and flat tube domains with all the geometrical configurations simulated in this work Colburn j factor varied inversely with the inlet air velocity. The heat transfer is more with the higher fin spacing for both round and flat tubes following the above said trend. On the other hand, the pressure drop across the tubes is more with the lesser fin spacing
in contrast to the heat transfer. Due to lesser turbulent intensity in flat tubes, they exhibit slightly lesser
Colburn j factor and considerably lesser pressure drop compared to round tubes. Although flat tubes
exhibit slightly lesser Colburn j factor, due to larger exposed tube area increase in the air temperature in
the fin side is comparable with that of round tubes. Higher fin temperatures result with lesser Colburn j factor and higher pressure drop across the tubes although the fin temperature affects the pressure drop to lesser extent.
Experimental Investigation of Electrode Wear in Die-Sinking EDM on Different ...IJMER
EDM is an advanced machining method for manufacturing, hard material parts which
are difficult to machine by conventional machining process. There are various type of products which
can be produced by using Die-sinking EDM, such as dies, moulds. Parts of aerospace, automobile
industry and surgical components can be finished machined by EDM. In present scenario numbers of
researchers have explored a number of ways to improve EDM efficiency. The optimum selection of
manufacturing condition is very important in manufacturing processes as they determine surface
quality, dimensional accuracy of the obtained parts. This experimental investigation is mainly focused
on electrode wear in cylindrical copper electrode on different pulse-on & off time (µs) at constant
current(amp.) which is an important parameter. In this experimental work, an investigation has been
made to optimize the response parameter (electrode wear) of EDM on die-steel with electrolytic
cylindrical copper electrode. Die-steel (HRC-58) is widely used in production of dies. In this
investigation copper has been taken as electrode and die-steel as a work piece. Electrode wear has
been investigated in the form of weight (gm) and length (mm.) of electrode on different input process
parameters. viz constant discharge current (amp.), pulse on time (T-on), pulse off time (T-off)
GPS cycle slips detection and repair through various signal combinationsIJMER
GPS Cycle slips affect the measured spatial distance between the satellite and the receiver,
thus affecting the accuracy of the derived 3D coordinates of any ground station. Therefore, cycle slips
must be detected and repaired before performing any data processing. The objectives of this research are
to detect the Cycle slips by using various types of GPS signal combinations with graphical and statistical
tests techniques, and to repair cycle slips by using average and time difference geometry techniques.
Results of detection process show that the graphical detection can be used as a primary detection
technique whereas the statistical approaches of detection are proved to be superior. On the other hand,
results of repairing process show that any trial can be used for such process except for the 1st and 2nd
time differences averaging all data as they give very low accuracy of the cycle slip fixation
Implementation of Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer Base on DFS (Digital Frequ...IJMER
Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer has become essential components in wireless communication
systems. They are used as frequency synthesizers with precise and convenient digital control in both traditional
electronics, such as televisions and AM/FM radios, and modern consumer products among which cellular
mobile phone is a striking example.
IC fabrication technology advances have made monolithic integration possible. More and more
electronic devices can be put on the same chip to reduce the number of external components and then the costs.
Therefore, on a single chip we can accomplish many functions for which we might need to make several chips
work together a few years ago. A monolithic wide-band PLL is of great interests to wireless communication
applications due to both its low cost and convenience to switch between different communication standards.
The focus of this work is to implement a wide-band Frequency Synthesizer using as few as possible building
blocks and also as simple as possible structure.
Modeling, Simulation And Implementation Of Adaptive Optical System For Laser ...IJMER
Adaptive Optical System (AOS) for correction of beam jitter in a high power laser source is described. The jitter in a high power laser may results from platform vibrations and dynamically varying in-homogeneities in the lasing medium. The effect of beam jitter on the performance of high power laser in directed energy weapon (DEW) system is discussed. Simulation studies have been carried out to optimize parameters of jitter correction system. An experimental arrangement to stabilize a high power laser beam is described and results are presented.
Regeneration of Liquid Desiccant in Solar Passive Regenerator with Enhanced ...IJMER
Demand for air conditioning is growing, which many times strains the electricity grid. It is
desirable to use technologies like liquid desiccant based air conditioning, which can use waste heat or
solar thermal energy. Solar regeneration has challenges like numerous components, higher parasitic
power and low efficiency. In this work, a solar passive regenerator is developed and used, which has
nominal power consumption for its operation. Its efficiency can be improved significantly by enhanced
glass cooling as demonstrated in this work. The moisture removal rate could be improved by more than
100% with this method. The effect of concentration and solar insolation on moisture removal rate was
also studied in this work
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Experimental Investigations of Exhaust Emissions of four Stroke SI Engine by ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Reduction of Topology Control Using Cooperative Communications in ManetsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Face expression recognition using Scaled-conjugate gradient Back-Propagation ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Emotion Recognition from Facial Expression Based on Fiducial Points Detection...IJECEIAES
The importance of emotion recognition lies in the role that emotions play in our everyday lives. Emotions have a strong relationship with our behavior. Thence, automatic emotion recognition, is to equip the machine of this human ability to analyze, and to understand the human emotional state, in order to anticipate his intentions from facial expression. In this paper, a new approach is proposed to enhance accuracy of emotion recognition from facial expression, which is based on input features deducted only from fiducial points. The proposed approach consists firstly on extracting 1176 dynamic features from image sequences that represent the proportions of euclidean distances between facial fiducial points in the first frame, and faicial fiducial points in the last frame. Secondly, a feature selection method is used to select only the most relevant features from them. Finally, the selected features are presented to a Neural Network (NN) classifier to classify facial expression input into emotion. The proposed approach has achieved an emotion recognition accuracy of 99% on the CK+ database, 84.7% on the Oulu-CASIA VIS database, and 93.8% on the JAFFE database.
A Comprehensive Survey on Human Facial Expression DetectionCSCJournals
In the recent years recognition of Human's Facial Expression has been very active research area in computer vision. There have been several advances in the past few years in terms of face detection and tracking, feature extraction mechanisms and the techniques used for expression classification. This paper surveys some of the published work since 2001. The paper gives a time-line view of the advances made in this field, the applications of automatic face expression recognizers, the characteristics of an ideal system, the databases that have been used and the advances made in terms of their standardization and a detailed summary of the state of the art. The paper also discusses facial parameterization using FACS Action Units (AUs) and advances in face detection, tracking and feature extraction methods. It has the important role in the humancomputer interaction (HCI) systems. There are multiple methods devised for facial feature extraction which helps in identifying face and facial expressions.
Ijip 965SVM Based Recognition of Facial Expressions Used In Indian Sign LanguageCSCJournals
In sign language systems, facial expressions are an intrinsic component that usually accompanies hand gestures. The facial expressions would modify or change the meaning of hand gesture into a statement, a question or improve the meaning and understanding of hand gestures. The scientific literature available in Indian Sign Language (ISL) on facial expression recognition is scanty. Contrary to American Sign Language (ASL), head movements are less conspicuous in ISL and the answers to questions such as yes or no are signed by hand. Purpose of this paper is to present our work in recognizing facial expression changes in isolated ISL sentences. Facial gesture pattern results in the change of skin textures by forming wrinkles and furrows. Gabor wavelet method is well-known for capturing subtle textural changes on surfaces. Therefore, a unique approach was developed to model facial expression changes with Gabor wavelet parameters that were chosen from partitioned face areas. These parameters were incorporated with Euclidian distance measure. Multi class SVM classifier was used in this recognition system to identify facial expressions in an isolated facial expression sequences in ISL. An accuracy of 92.12 % was achieved by our proposed system.
Facial Expression Recognition System: A Digital Printing Applicationijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Facial Expression Recognition System: A Digital Printing Applicationijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Emotion plays an important role in daily life of human being. The need and importance of automatic emotion recognition has grown with increasing role of human computer interaction applications. All emotion is derived from the presence of stimulus in body which evoke the physiological response. Yash Bardhan | Tejas A. Fulzele | Prabhat Ranjan | Shekhar Upadhyay | Prof. V.D. Bharate"Emotion Recognition using Image Processing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10995.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/telecommunications/10995/emotion-recognition-using-image-processing/yash-bardhan
USER EXPERIENCE AND DIGITALLY TRANSFORMED/CONVERTED EMOTIONSIJMIT JOURNAL
In human natural interaction (human-human interaction), humans use speech beside the non-verbal cues
like facial expressions movements and gesture movements to express themselves. However, in (humancomputer
interactions), computer will use the non-verbal cues of human beings to determine the user
experience and usability of any software or application on the computer. We introduce a new model called
Measuring User Experience using Digitally Transformed/Converted Emotions (MUDE) which measures
two metrics of user experience(satisfaction and errors) , and compares them with SUS questionnaire results
by conducting an experiment for measuring the usability and user’s experience.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Application of Parabolic Trough Collectorfor Reduction of Pressure Drop in Oi...IJMER
Pipelines are the least expensive and most effective method for the oil transportation.
Due to high viscosity of crude oil, the pressure drop and pumping power requirements are very high.
So it is necessary to bring down the viscosity of crude oil. Heated pipelines are used reduce the oil
viscosity by increasing the oil temperature. Electrical heating and direct flame heating are the common
method used for heating the oil pipeline. In this work, a new application of Parabolic Trough Collector
in the field of oil pipeline transport is introduced for reducing pressure drop in oil pipelines. Oil
pipeline is heated by applying concentrated solar radiation on the pipe surface using a Parabolic
Trough Collector in which the oil pipeline acts as the absorber pipe. 3-D steady state analysis is
carried out on a heated oil pipeline using commercial CFD software package ANSYS Fluent 14.5. In
this work an effort is made to investigate the effect of concentrated solar radiation for reducing
pressure drop in the oil pipeline. The results from the numerical analysis shows that the pressure drop
in oil pipeline is get reduced by heating the pipe line using concentrated solar radiation. From this
work, the application of PTC in oil pipeline transportation is justified.
Application of Parabolic Trough Collectorfor Reduction of Pressure Drop in Oi...
A02414491453
1. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
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Facial Expression Recognition for Security
Mrs. Ayesha Butalia, Dr. Maya Ingle, Dr. Parag Kulkarni
Abstract: Facial expressions play an important role in The general trend of comprehending observable
interpersonal relations as well as for security purposes. components of facial gestures utilizes the FACS, which is
The malicious intensions of a thief can be recognized with also a commonly used psychological approach. This
the help of his gestures, facial expressions being its major system, as described by Ekman [12], interprets facial
part. This is because humans demonstrate and convey a lot information in terms of Action Units, which isolate
of evident information visually rather than verbally. localized changes in features such as eyes, lips, eyebrows
Although humans recognize facial expressions virtually and cheeks.
without effort or delay, reliable expression recognition by The actual process is akin to a divide-and-
machine remains a challenge. conquer approach, a step-by-step isolation of facial
A picture portrays much more than its equivalent features, and then recombination of the interpretations of
textual description. Along this theory, we assert that the same in order to finally arrive at a conclusion about the
although verbal and gestural methods convey valuable emotion depicted.
information, facial expressions are unparalleled in this
regard. RELATED WORK
In sustenance to this idea, a facial expression is Visually conveyed information is probably the
considered to consist of deformations of facial components most important communication mechanism used for
and their spatial relations, along with changes in the centuries, and even today. As mentioned by Mehrabian [8],
pigmentation of the same. This paper envisages the upto 55% of the communicative message is understood
detection of faces, localization of features thus leading to through facial expressions. This understanding has sparked
emotion recognition in images. an enormous amount of speculation in the field of facial
gestural analysis over the past couple of decades. Many
Key Terms: Facial Gestures, Action Units, Neural different techniques and approaches have been proposed
Networks, Fiducial Points, Feature Contours. and implemented in order to simplify the way computers
comprehend and interact with their users.
INTRODUCTION The need for faster and more intuitive Human-
Facial expression recognition is a basic process performed Computer Interfaces is ever increasing with many new
by every human every day. Each one of us analyses the innovations coming to the forefront. [1]
expressions of the individuals we interact with, to Azcarate et al. [11] used the concept of Motion
understand best their response to us. The malicious Units (MUs) as input to a set of classifiers in their solution
intensions of a thief or a person tobe interviewed can be to the facial emotion recognition problem. Their concept
recognized with the help of his gestures, facial expressions of MUs is similar to ―Action Units‖ as described by
being its major part. In this paper we have tried to Ekman. [12]. Chibelushi and Bourel [3] propose the use of
highlight the facial expressions for security reasons. GMM (Gaussian Mixture Model) for pre-processing and
In the next step to Human-Computer interaction, HMM (Hidden Markov Model) with Neural Networks for
we endeavor to empower the computer with this ability — AU identification.
to be able to discern the emotions depicted on a person‘s Lajevardi and Hussain [15] suggest the idea of
visage. This seemingly effortless task for us needs to be dynamically selecting a suitable subset of Gabor filters
broken down into several parts for a computer to perform. from the available 20 (called Adaptive Filter Selection),
For this purpose, we consider a facial expression to depending on the kind of noise present. Gabor Filters have
represent fundamentally, a deformation of the original also been used by Patil et. Al [16]. Lucey et. al [17] have
features of the face. devised a method to detect expressions invariant of
On a day-to-day basis, humans commonly registration using Active Appearance Models (AAM).
recognize emotions by characteristic features displayed as Along with multi-class SVMs, they have used this method
part of a facial expression. For instance, happiness is to identify expressions that are more generalized and
undeniably associated with a smile, or an upward independent of image processing constraints such as pose
movement of the corners of the lips. This could be and illumination.
accompanied by upward movement of the cheeks and Noteworthy is the work of Theo Gevers et. al [21]
wrinkles directed outward from the outer corners of the in this field. Their facial expression recognition approach
eyes. Similarly, other emotions are characterized by other enhances the AAMs mentioned above, as well as MUs.
deformations typical to the particular expression. Tree-augmented Bayesian Networks (TAN), Native Bayes
More often than not, emotions are depicted by (NB) Classifiers and Stochastic Structure Search (SSS)
subtle changes in some facial elements rather than their algorithms are used to effectively classify motion detected
obvious contortion to represent its typical expression as is in the facial structure dynamically.
defined. In order to detect these slight variations induced, Similar to the approach adopted in our system, P. Li et, al
it is important to track fine-grained changes in the facial have utilized fiducial points to measure feature deviations
features. and OpenCV detectors for face and feature detection.
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www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.4, July-Aug 2012 pp-1449-1453 ISSN: 2249-6645
Moreover, their geometric face model orientation employs the FACS, which is still the most widely used
is akin to our approach of polar transformations for method to classify facial deformations.
processing faces rotated within the same plane (i.e. for The output of the above stage is a set of detected
tilted heads). action units. Each emotion is the equivalent of a unique set
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE of action units, represented as rules in first-order logic.
These rules are utilized to interpret the most probable
emotion depicted by the subject.
The rules can be described in first-order predicate
logic or propositional logic in the form:
Gesture (surprise):- eyebrows (raised) ^ eyes (wide-open)
^ mouth (open).
For instance, the following diagram shows all the
fiducial points marked on the human face. And for a
particular emotion, a combination of points are affected
and monitored. Like for surprise, the following action
units are considered:
Opening of mouth indicated by pt 19 and pt 18
Widening of eyes shown by pt 13, pt14, pt 9 and
Fig. 1: Block Diagram of the Facial Recognition System pt 10.
Raised eyebrows using pt 2 and pt 5
The task of automatic facial expression
recognition from face image sequences is divided into the
following sub-problem areas: detecting prominent facial
features such as eyes and mouth, representing subtle
changes in facial expression as a set of suitable midlevel
feature parameters, and interpreting this data in terms of
facial gestures.
As described by Chibelushi and Bourel [3], facial
expression recognition shares a generic structure similar to
that of facial recognition. While facial recognition requires
that the face be independent of deformations in order to
identify the individual correctly, facial expression Fig. 2: Facial Points used for the distances definition [13]
recognition measures deformations in the facial features to
classify them. Although the face and feature detection Both face and feature localization are challenging
stages are shared by these techniques, their eventual aim is because of the face/features manifold owing to the high
different. inter-personal variability (e.g. gender and race), the
Face detection is widely applied through the HSV intrapersonal changes (e.g. pose, expression,
segmentation technique. This step narrows the region of presence/absence of glasses, beard, mustaches), and the
interest of the image down to the facial region¸ eliminating acquisition conditions (e.g. illumination and image
unnecessary information for faster processing. resolution).
Analyzing this region (facial) helps in locating
the predominant seven regions of interest (ROIs), viz. two Artificial Neural Networks and Fuzzy Sets
eyebrows, two eyes, nose, mouth and chin. Each of these We observed that other applications used an
regions is then filtered to obtain the desired facial features. ANN [13] with one hidden layer [1] to implement
Following up this step, to spatially sample the contour of a recognition of gestures for a single facial feature (lips)
certain permanent facial feature, one or more facial-feature alone. Hence it is but obvious that one such ANN will be
detectors are applied to the pertinent ROI. For example, necessary for each independent feature or Action Unit that
the contours of the eyes are localized in the ROIs of the will be interpreted for emotion analysis. We intend to
eyes by using a single detector representing an adapted utilize the concept of Neural Networks to assist the system
version of a hierarchical-perception feature location to learn (in a semi-supervised manner) how to customize
method [13]. We have performed feature extraction by a its recognition of expressions for different specialized
method that extracts features based on Haar-like features, cases or environments.
and classifies them using a tree-like decision structure. Fuzzy logic[22] (and fuzzy sets) is a form of multi-
This is similar to the process described by Borsboom et. al valued logic derived from fuzzy set theory to deal with
[7]
. reasoning that is approximate rather than accurate.
The contours of the facial features, generated by Pertaining to facial expressions, fuzzy logic comes into
the facial feature detection method, are utilized for further picture when a certain degree of deviation is to be made
analysis of shown facial expressions. Similar to the permissible from the expected set of values for a particular
approach taken by Pantic and Rothkrantz [2], we carry out facial expression.
feature points‘ extraction under the assumption that the
face images are non-occluded and in frontal view. We
extract 22 fiducial points, which constitute the action units,
once grouped by the ROI they belong to. The last stage
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The process of emotion detection can be further
enhanced to train the system using semi-supervised
learning. Since past data about a particular subject‘s
emotive expression can be stored and be made available to
the system later, it may serve to improve the machines
‗understanding‘ and be used as a base for inferring more
about a person‘s emotional state from a more experienced
perspective.
One approach to supervised learning is on
Fig. 3: The Two-Layer Neurofuzzy Architecture [13] inception of the system, for AU and gesture mapping.
Here, the user will give feedback to the system with
This is necessary because each person‘s facial respect to his/her images flashed on the screen in the form
muscles contort in slightly different ways while showing of gesture name. This calibration process may be allowed
similar emotions. Thus the deviated features may have approximately a minute or two to complete. In this way
slightly different coordinates, yet still the algorithm should the user is effectively tutoring the system to recognize
work irrespective of these minor differences. Fuzzy logic basic gestures so that it can build up on this knowledge in
is used to increase the success rate of the process of a semi-supervised manner later on. This feedback will be
recognition of facial expressions across different people. stored in a database along with related entries for the
A neuro-fuzzy architecture incorporates both the parameters extracted from the region of interest (ROI) of
techniques, merging known values and rules with variable the image displayed. The same feedback is also fed into
conditions, as shown in Fig. 3. Chatterjee and Shi [18] have the neuro-fuzzy network structure which performs the
also utilized the neuro-fuzzy concept to classify translation of the input parameters to obtain the eventual
expressions, as well as to assign weights to facial features result. It is used to shift the baseline for judging the input
depending on their importance to the emotion detection parameters and classifying them as part of the processing
process. involved in the system. Now, for further input received,
the neural network behaves in tandem with its new,
POTENTIAL ISSUES personalized rule set.
The user can also request for training examples to
Geographical Versatility
be gathered at discrete time intervals and provide a label
One of the fundamental problems faced by any
for each. This can be combined with the displacements
software that accepts images of the user as an input is that
output by the feature extraction phase and added as a new
it needs to account for the geographical variations bound
example to the training set. Another way to increase the
to occur in it. Though people coming from one
personalized information is to maintain an active history of
geographical area share certain physiological similarities,
the user, similar to a session. This data is used further on
they tend to be distinct from those who belong to another
to implement a context-based understanding of the user,
region. However, these physical differences will create a
and predict the likelihoods of emotions that may be felt in
lot of inconsistencies in the input obtained.
the near future.
To tackle this issue, the software must employ a
Calibration and Personalization would further
technique that helps increase the scale of deviations
increase the recognition performance and allow a tradeoff
occurring, so that divergence to a certain degree can be
between generality and precision to be made. By applying
rounded off and the corresponding feature recognized.
these methods, the system in focus will be able to
Support Vector Machines [10] help the software do this.
recognize the user‘s facial gestures with very high
Fundamentally, a set of SVMs will be used to
accuracy; this approach is highly suitable for developing a
specify and incorporate rules for each facial feature and
personalized, user-specific application.
related possible gestures. The more the rules for a
Dealing with Missing Values
particular feature, the greater will be the degree of
The uncontrolled conditions of the real world and
accuracy for even the smallest of micro-expressions and
the numerous methods that can be employed to obtain the
for the greater resolution images.
information for processing can cause extensive occlusions
Originally designed for binary classification,
and create a vast scope for missing values in the input.
there are currently two types of approaches [10] for multi-
Back in the history of linear PCA, the problem of missing
class SVMs. The first approach is to construct and
values has long been considered as an essential issue and
combine several binary classifiers (also called ―one-per-
investigated in depth. [24][25] Thus in this paper the problem
class‖ method) while the other is to consider all data in
of missing values is tackled by taking into consideration
one optimization formulation named one-one way. Also,
the facial symmetry of the subject.
SVMs can be used to form slightly customized rules for
Though the human faces aren‘t exactly
drastically different geographical populations. Once the
symmetrical for most expressions, we create perfectly
nativity of the subject is identified, the appropriate multi-
symmetrical faces using the left or right (depending on
class SVM can be used for further analysis and processing.
which one is clearer) side of the face. Let‘s call it the
Thus, this method uses SVMs to take care of the
reference image. The creation of the Reference image is
differences and inconsistencies due to the environmental
shown below using the left and right sides of the face
variations.
respectively.
Personalization and Calibration
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4. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.4, July-Aug 2012 pp-1449-1453 ISSN: 2249-6645
As is evident from Table 1, our system shows greater
accuracy for Joy and Surprise with 73.3% and 80.0%
accuracy rates respectively. The average accuracy of our
system is 71.7%.
These results can be further improved by personalizing the
system as discussed in the previous section. A
personalized system is tuned to its user‘s specific facial
Fig 4: Left: original face, Centre: Symmetrical face actions, and hence, after a calibration period, can be
created using the right side, Right: Symmetrical face expected to give an average accuracy of up to 90%.
created using the left side.
FUTURE SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS
Now the original image is first scanned for the As human facial expression recognition is a very
occluded or blank areas in the face, that constitute the set elementary process, it is useful to evaluate the mood or
of missing values. After all the locations of blockages have emotional state of a subject under observation. As such,
been identified, the Reference image is super-imposed on tremendous potential lies untapped in this domain. The
this scanned image. During the superimposition the facial basic idea of a machine being able to comprehend the
symmetry is therefore utilized to complete the input values human emotive state can be put to use in innumerable
wherever necessary, and the missing values taken care of. scenarios, a few of which we have mentioned here.
Overcoming Time Constraints
The main challenge in analyzing the face, for the The ability to detect and track a user‘s state of mind
expression being portrayed, is the amount of processing has the potential to allow a computing system to offer
time required. This becomes a bottleneck in real time relevant information when a user needs help – not just
scenarios. One way of overcoming this time constraints is when the user requests help, for instance, the change
dividing the image into various regions of interest and in the Room Ambience by judging the mood of the
analyzing each in parallel independently. For instance, the person entering it.
face can be divided into regions of the mouth; chin, eyes, Help people in emotion-related research to improve
eyebrows etc. and the parallel analysis of these can be the processing of emotion data.
combined to get the final result. This approach will Applications in surveillance and security. For
guarantee a gain in the throughput of the system. instance, computer models obtained up to 71% correct
classification of innocent or guilty participants based
on the macro features extracted from the video camera
footage.
In this regard, lie detection amongst criminal suspects
during interrogation is also a useful aspect in which
this system can form a base. It is proven that facial
cues more often than not can give away a lie to the
trained eye.
Fig. 5: Delegation of Image Components to Parallel Patient Monitoring in hospitals to judge the
Processors effectiveness of prescribed drugs is one application to
the Health Sector. In addition to this, diagnosis of
RESULTS diseases that alter facial features and psychoanalysis
In this section we present the resulting of patient mental state are further possibilities.
effectiveness of our systems facial expression recognition Clever Marketing is feasible using emotional
capability as well as subsequent emotion classification. knowledge of a patron and can be done to suit what a
The Confusion Matrix below shows that for a dataset of patron might be in need of based on his/her state of
images depicting a particular emotion, how many were mind at any instant.
identified correctly, and how many were confused with Detecting symptoms such as drowsiness, fatigue, or
other emotions. The dataset comprised images taken of an even inebriation can be done using this system. Thus,
expert user, having knowledge of what a typical emotion is by helping in the process of Driver Monitoring, this
expected to show as per universal norms described by system can play an integral role in reducing road
Ekman [12]. Our dataset comprised 60 images of Indian mishaps to a great extent.
faces, with 15 each depicting Joy, Sorrow, Surprise and
Neutral emotive states. Also noteworthy of mention is the advantage of
reading emotions through facial cues, as our system does,
Total Accuracy: 71.7% over reading them through study of audio data of human
Table 1: Person-dependent Confusion Matrix for training voices. Not only does the probability of noise affecting
and test data supplied by an expert user and distorting the input reduce for our system, but also
there are fewer ways to disguise or misread from visual
Expression Joy Sorrow Neutral Surprise Overall
information as opposed to audio data, as is also stated by
Joy 11 1 1 2 73.3%
Busso et. al [23] . Hence facial expressions would form a
Sorrow 2 10 2 1 66.7% vital part of a multimodal system for emotion analysis as
Neural 3 2 10 0 66.7% well.
Surprise 2 0 1 12 80.0%
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