The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which are organisms whose genetic material has been altered for various applications in agriculture and medicine. It outlines the regulatory processes for the development and commercialization of GMOs, the benefits and impacts on food quality, health, environment, and economy, including increased crop yields and reduced pesticide use. Additionally, it highlights specific GMO crops and their traits, such as herbicide resistance and improved nutritional value.

1. GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
Biotechnology and Society

2. Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMO)
• An organism or microorganism whose genetic material has been
altered by mean of genetic engineering
• Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is direct
manipulation of an organisms genome using biotectlhnology
• Organisms that have been genetically modified include
microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast, plants, fish and mammals
• To do this artificially, may require attaching the genes to a virus or
just physically inserting the extra DNA into the nucleus of the inteded
host with a very small syringe, or with a very small particles fired from
gene gun.

3. Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMO)
• Transgenic plants- have been enginereed for scientific research, to
create new colors of flower and to create improved crops
• Miicrobes- genetically modified bacteria are used to produce the
protein insulin to treat diabetes
• Mammals- the process of gentically engineering animals is slow,
tedious, and expensive process. However, new technologies are
making genetic modifications easier and more precise

4. Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMO)
• Fish- genetically modified fish are used for scientific research, and as
pets, and are being considered for use as food and as aquatic
pollution sensor
• GM Crops- in Agriculture, genetically engineered crops are created to
posses desirable traits, and such resistance to pest, herbicides, or
harsh environmental conditions, improved product shelf life,
increase nutritional value or production of valuable goods such as
drugs (pharming)

5. GE CROP TRAITS
• Herbicide tolerance- crop can withstand herbicide application
• Insect tolerance- plant produces toxin to kill pest
• Stress tolerance- crop is tolerant of stress, low nutrient levels or
excess nutrients
• Improved nutrition- plant produces substance of nutritive value or is
changed not to produce an antinutrient
• Disease resistant- crop is resistant to certain diseases

6. GE CROP TRAITS
• Increased storage- crop can be stored stores longer to avoid spoilage
losses
• Medicinal uses- crops that produce medicines and vaccines
• Industrial uses- crops makes more efficient industries

7. Three Genetically Modified Crops in the
Philippines
1. Bt Corn- resistant to the asiatic corn borer
2. Bt Eggplant- borer resistant
3. Golden Rice- addressing vitamin A deficiency

8. A. Regulatory Procedures
1. Prepare a project proposal for submission to the Institutional
Biosafety Committee (IBC).
2. Submit the proposal to the IBC, which conducts a risk
assessment and endorses to NCBP (National Committee on
Biosafety of the Philippines).
3. Apply to the NCBP for a permit to conduct contained testing.
4. Apply to DA-BPI (Department of Agriculture- Bereau of Plant
Industry) for a field testing after contained testing is complete and
successful, conditional on the endorsement by the NCBP.

9. A. Regulatory Procedures
5. DA-BPI creates a STRP (Scientific and Technical Review
Panel) concurrent with public notification by the IBC, and the
STRP evaluates potential adverse effects to humans and the
environment.
6. Risk assessment by STRP and the BPI-Core Biotechnology
Team (BPI-BCT).
7. Conduct single field test and then multilocation field tests (after
receipt of field test permit and each field is evaluated )
8. Obtain permit for release (propagation commercialization)

10. B. Regulatory Process
• Research and Development: GMO development begins with
research in laboraties to create modified organisms with desired
traits, such as peat resistant or improved nutritional content.
• Pre-Market Assessment: Before a GMO commercially
released, it typically undergoes a pre-market assessment by
regulatory activity. This assessment evaluates the potential risks
and benefits associated with the GMO.
• Safety Evaluation: The safety evaluation of GMO's involves
assessing their potential impacts on human health, animal
health and environment. It includes examining the introduce
traits, potential allergenicity, toxicity, and potential for gene flow
to wild relatives.

11. B. Regulatory Process
• Risk Assessment: Risk assessments evaluates the potential
risks associated with the GMO, including it's potential to harm
human, health, the environment, and other organism. It
considers factors such as the likelihood of unintended effects,
potential to invasiveness, amd potential to negative impacts on
diversity.
• Regulatory Review: Regulatory authorities review the data by
the developers of GMO's and assess their compliance with
safety and risk assessment guidelines.

12. B. Regulatory Process
• Labeling and Traceability: Many countries labeling of GMO
products to inform consumer . Traceability system tracks GMO's
from production to consumption .
• Post-Market Monitoring: After GMO is approved and released
into the market, regulatory authorities may require post market
monitoring to assess it's long-term effects on human health and
the environment.
• International Agreements: Some aspects of of GMO
regulation are influenced by international agreements, like the
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, which addresses the
transboundary movement of GMOs.

13. C. Impacts on Food Quality and Food
Quantity
• GMO crops have significantly increased crop yields and
simultaneously decreased pesticide use. By doing these two things
combined, we are producing more food with less inputs. Decreased
use of pesticides, means less pesticide production demand and also
less energy use on the farmers' end too.
• Genetic characteristics in fruits and vegetables, such as insect- and
disease-resistance, can also help farmers use less pesticides. But, in
instances where pesticides won't eliminate the presence of a pest, a
genetic modification can make a crop resistant to the disease caused
by pests.

14. D. Impacts on Health and Medicine
• GMO foods are carefully studied before they are sold to the
public to ensure they are as safe as the foods we currently eat.
• GMO foods are as healthful and safe to eat as their non-GMO
counterparts. Some GMO plants have actually been modified to
improve their nutritional value.
• More nutritious food
• Tastier food
• Disease- and drought-resistant plants that require fewer
environmental resources (such as water and fertilizer)

15. D. Impacts on Health and Medicine
• Food with more desirable traits, such as potatoes that produce less
of a cancer-causing substance when fried
• Medicinal foods that could be used as vaccines or other medicines
Some people have expressed concerns about GE foods, such as:
• Creation of foods that can cause an allergic or toxic reaction
• Unexpected or harmful genetic changes
• Inadvertent transfer of genes from one GM plant or animal to another
plant or animal not intended for genetic modification
• Foods that are less nutritious

16. E. Impacts on the Environment
• Genetically modified (GM) crop technology was widely
adopted for commercial use in 1996 and is mainly used in corn,
soybean, cotton, and canola crops.
• Herbicide Resistance: While the shift in the type of herbicide
used on GM crops represents a net improvement as measured
by EIQ, the dominant use of one or two herbicides has resulted
in broad spectrum herbicide resistant weeds.

17. E. Impacts on the Environment
• GM Insecticide Resistance: As with any environmental
management tactic, there is concern that GM crops may cause
adverse effects on non-target species. Species of concern include
parasitoids and arthropod predators of crop plants.
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Of great significance to the
environment, changes in agricultural practices associated with GM
crop use are associated with a reduction in fuel use and a
concomitant decrease in greenhouse gas emissions.
• Biodiversity Loss: The use of some GM crops can have negative
impacts on non-target organisms and on soil and water ecosystems.

18. F. Impacts on the Economy
• GM technology had a significant positive impact on farm income
derived from a combination of enhanced productivity and efficiency
gains. In 2014, the direct global farm income benefit from GM crop was
$17.7 Billion. This is equivalent to having added 7.2 percent to the value
of global production of the four main crops of soybeans,maize,canola
and cotton, since 1996, farm incomes have increased by $150.3
Billion, divided almost equally between farmers in developing and
develop countries.
• The primary impact of GM technology has been to provide more cost
effective (less expensive) and easier weed control for farmers). The
magnitude of these impacts varies by country and year, and is mainly
due to prevailing costs of different herbicides used in GM systems vs.
conventional alternatives, the mix and amount of herbicides applied, the
cost farmers pay for accessing the GM technology, and levels of weed
problems.

19. F. Impact on the Economy
• In the period 2008–2009, the average cost associated with the
use of GM HT technology globally increased relative to earlier
years because of the significant increase in the global price of
glyphosate relative to changes in the price of other herbicides
commonly used on conventional crops. This has abated since
2009 with a decline in the price of glyphosate to previous historic
trend levels.
• The amount farmers pay for use of the technology varies by
country. Pricing of technology (all forms of seed and crop
protection technology) varies according to the level of benefit that
farmers are likely to derive from it.

20. Prepared by:
Gaditano, Yna Alondra
Bañas, Kaye
Alag, Jayvon
Basino, Estella Mae
Lungcayas, Ken Mart
Zaulda Paul Allen
Gansing, Jorine
Ulgasan, Jef
Mahaling, John Floyd
Garcia, Bryan Jay
Calinsawe, Hiclet