this presentation is about What are GMO’s?
and its contents include How does this differ from Mendel and his peas?
Why to do it?
Benefits of Genetic Engineering and Modifying, Risks associated with Genetic Modification, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Guidelines for GMO creation and release, Transformation of plant cells, Gene flow, Patent protection can be conferred on plant materials in the following ways and Genetically Modified Plants: Patent Protection
After sequencing of the genome has been done, the first thing that comes to mind is "Where are the genes?". Genome annotation is the process of attaching information to the biological sequences. It is an active area of research and it would help scientists a lot to undergo with their wet lab projects once they know the coding parts of a genome.
Presented by- MD JAKIR HOSSAIN
Doctoral Research Scholar
Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering ,
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies,
Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Turkey
E. Mail- mjakirbotru@gmail.com
The Protein Information Resource, is an integrated public bioinformatics resource to support genomic and proteomic research, and scientific studies & contains protein sequences databases
After sequencing of the genome has been done, the first thing that comes to mind is "Where are the genes?". Genome annotation is the process of attaching information to the biological sequences. It is an active area of research and it would help scientists a lot to undergo with their wet lab projects once they know the coding parts of a genome.
Presented by- MD JAKIR HOSSAIN
Doctoral Research Scholar
Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering ,
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies,
Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Turkey
E. Mail- mjakirbotru@gmail.com
The Protein Information Resource, is an integrated public bioinformatics resource to support genomic and proteomic research, and scientific studies & contains protein sequences databases
Genome annotation, NGS sequence data, decoding sequence information, The genome contains all the biological information required to build and maintain any given living organism.
Yeast two-hybrid is based on the reconstitution of a functional transcription factor (TF) when two proteins or polypeptides of interest interact. Upon interaction between the bait and the prey, the DBD and AD are brought in close proximity and a functional TF is reconstituted upstream of the reporter gene.
In this presentation, I talk about the various tools for the submission of DNA or RNA sequences into various sequence databases. The sequence submission tools talked about in this presentation are BankIt, Sequin and Webin.
DNA SEQUENCING METHODS AND STRATEGIES FOR GENOME SEQUENCINGPuneet Kulyana
This presentation will give you a brief idea about the various DNA sequencing methods and various strategies used for genome sequencing and much more vital information related to gene expression and analysis
Ethical issues related to animal biotechnologyKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Why are genetically modified animals produced?
Examples of transgenic animals
Why are animals used instead of genetically modified microbes or plants?
Ethical issues
Religious concerns
Responsibility of Scientists
Need for Guidelines
Conclusion
References
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
Genomic databases are referred to as online repositories of genomic variants, described for a single (locus-specific) or more (general) genes or specifically for a population or ethnic group (national/ethnic).
An integrated publicly accessible bioinformatics resource to support genomic/proteomic research and scientific discovery.
Established in 1984, by the National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF) Georgetown University Medial Center, Washington D.C., USA.
It is the source of annotated protein databases and analysis tools for the researchers.
Serve as primary resource for the exploration of protein information.
Accessible by text search for entry and list retrieval, and also BLAST search and peptide match.
Genetic Engineering in Insect Pest management Mohd Irshad
gene incorporation is gaining attention across the globe with the aim of improving plant health, crop protection, and sustainable crop production. This versatile method of Scientific cultivation should be adopted by the growers as it has been investigated and assessed by experts and environmentalists. There is not any kind of toxic effect on mammalian.
Genome annotation, NGS sequence data, decoding sequence information, The genome contains all the biological information required to build and maintain any given living organism.
Yeast two-hybrid is based on the reconstitution of a functional transcription factor (TF) when two proteins or polypeptides of interest interact. Upon interaction between the bait and the prey, the DBD and AD are brought in close proximity and a functional TF is reconstituted upstream of the reporter gene.
In this presentation, I talk about the various tools for the submission of DNA or RNA sequences into various sequence databases. The sequence submission tools talked about in this presentation are BankIt, Sequin and Webin.
DNA SEQUENCING METHODS AND STRATEGIES FOR GENOME SEQUENCINGPuneet Kulyana
This presentation will give you a brief idea about the various DNA sequencing methods and various strategies used for genome sequencing and much more vital information related to gene expression and analysis
Ethical issues related to animal biotechnologyKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Why are genetically modified animals produced?
Examples of transgenic animals
Why are animals used instead of genetically modified microbes or plants?
Ethical issues
Religious concerns
Responsibility of Scientists
Need for Guidelines
Conclusion
References
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
Genomic databases are referred to as online repositories of genomic variants, described for a single (locus-specific) or more (general) genes or specifically for a population or ethnic group (national/ethnic).
An integrated publicly accessible bioinformatics resource to support genomic/proteomic research and scientific discovery.
Established in 1984, by the National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF) Georgetown University Medial Center, Washington D.C., USA.
It is the source of annotated protein databases and analysis tools for the researchers.
Serve as primary resource for the exploration of protein information.
Accessible by text search for entry and list retrieval, and also BLAST search and peptide match.
Genetic Engineering in Insect Pest management Mohd Irshad
gene incorporation is gaining attention across the globe with the aim of improving plant health, crop protection, and sustainable crop production. This versatile method of Scientific cultivation should be adopted by the growers as it has been investigated and assessed by experts and environmentalists. There is not any kind of toxic effect on mammalian.
THIS PRESENTATION IS MAINLY ON THE EFFECTS, AVAILABILITY, STATUS, SAFETY, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF GM CROPS IN MODERN LIFE. IT WILL HELP MANY STUDENTS TO STUDY ON THIS TOPIC IN FUTURE.
This ppt have a detailed source about the Biosafety issues in Biotechnology and their implements over by the government. It have a topics about the issues in antibiotic resistance gene , GMO crops etc.
in humans, genetically modified plants or organisms are widely used for genetics engineering technology enhanced the new production of foods to save and healthy the ecosystem biodiversity. The possible emergence of allergies to GM-related foods and toxicity from GM crops are the two most significant GMO dangers to people. so I can provide awareness to human being save your life. Genetic modification is a special set of gene technology that alters the genetic machinery of such living organisms as animals, plants or microorganisms. Combining genes from different organisms is known as recombinant DNA technology and the resulting organism is said to be ‘Genetically modified (GM)’, ‘Genetically engineered’ or ‘Transgenic’. In instances, the product is directly consumed as food, but in most of the cases, crops that have been genetically modified are sold as commodities, which are further processed into food ingredients.
Experts are working on developing foods that have the ability to alleviate certain disorders and diseases. Though researchers and the manufacturers make sure that there are various advantages of consuming these foods, a fair bit of the population is entirely against them. GM foods are useful in controlling the occurrence of certain diseases. By modifying the DNA system of these foods, the properties causing allergies are eliminated successfully. These foods grow faster than the foods that are grown traditionally. At times, genetically engineered food crops can be grown at places with unfavorable climatic conditions too. A normal crop can grow only in specific season or under some favorable climatic conditions. It is known that the main concerns about adverse effects of GM foods on health are the transfer of antibiotic resistance, toxicity and allergenicity. The safety of GM food is a hot topic, as are questions about how to label it, whether agricultural biotechnology is necessary to address world hunger now or in the future, and more specifically, questions about intellectual property and market dynamics, the environmental effects of GM crops, and the role of GM crops in industrial agriculture more generally.
this presentation is about microbes interact and live i.e this is all about the survival by mutualism, cooperation, commensaism, ammensalism and predation
Presentation on genetics of nitrogen fixation by Tahura MariyamTahura Mariyam Ansari
this presentation is about what is the genetics involvement in nitrogen fixation i.e which gene is responsible etc....
the contents include Genetics of N2 fixing microorganisms, Bacterial Nodulation Genes and Regulation of nod Gene Expression, Nif Genes and their Regulation in K. Pneumoniae & Cyanobacteria, Nitrogen fixation mechanism
Nitrogenase Types, Structure and Function, Alternative nitrogenase, Substrate for Nitrogenase, Electron proteins and Hydrogen evolution
research paper title is Contamination of hospital food with Clostridium difficile in Central Italy. the contents include Clostridium difficile, Major cause of hospital infection, Various associated risk factors, Management strategies recommended by regulatory bodies, Critical Control points (CCCPs) and decision tree
Existence and survival of microbes in changing environmental conditionTahura Mariyam Ansari
its contents include Introduction, Types of changing, environmental condition, Temperature, Salt concentration, Pressure and Radiation (i.e the harsh conditions in which microbes can survive)
this presentation is about reporter gene essay, its types, blue white screening and its application, Antibiotic resistance gene and Herbicide resistance markers
this is a presentation on gene expression vector that includes what is expression vector, how many types of expression vector and difference between cloning and expression vector
Genetic transformation method in mammals cell by NIDHI MISHRA and tahura mari...Tahura Mariyam Ansari
this presentation includes method of gene transfer, factor that affect efficiency of gene transfer, fate of DNA in the recipient cells, autonomous replication vector and some other subtopics.
this is a presentation on molecular markers that include what is molecular marker, it's types, biochemical markets (alloenzyme), it's classification, data analysis and it's applications
this ppt is about, how to preserve milk by fermentation process. The fermented products include cheese (types of cheese, cheese producing organism), yogurt (types of yogurt), cultured buttermilk, acidophilus milk and kefir along with a little description about milk.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
genetically modified organisms (related to IPR) by Tahura Mariyam
1. TOPIC- Genetically Modified Organism
PRESENTED BY:
TAHURA MARIYAM
MSc. MICROBIOLOGY (Sem -II)
P.ID: 19MSCMB009
PRESENTED TO: Dr. O.P Verma (Assistant professor)
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
JACOB INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIO-ENGINEERING
SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE,TECHNOLOGY, AND SCIENCES,
PRAYAGRAJ
2. CONTENT
What are GMO’s?
How does this differ from Mendel and his peas?
Why to do it?
Benefits of Genetic Engineering and Modifying
Risks associated with Genetic Modification
Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Guidelines for GMO creation and release
Transformation of plant cells
Gene flow
Patent protection can be conferred on plant materials in the following ways
Genetically Modified Plants: Patent Protection
3. What are GMO’s?
A genetically modified organism
contains DNA that has been altered
using genetic engineering. Genetically
modified animals are mainly used for
research purposes, while genetically
modified plants are common in today’s
food supply.
4. How does this differ from Mendel and
his peas?
GM vs. Selective breeding
Selective breeding –
slow -imprecise
modification of genes that naturally occur in the organism
GM
very fast
precise
can introduce genes into an organism that would not occur naturally!
5. Why to do it?
Rice: not high in essential nutrients
Modification:
+ daffodil genes and a bacterium = betacarotene content drastically increased
+ genes from a french bean = double the iron content.
Tomatoes: Introduce genes to increase shelf life.
Potato : modified to produce a beetle killing toxin
Yellow squash : modified to contain to viral genes that resistant the most common viral
diseases
Develop foods that contain vaccines and antibodies that offer valuable protection
against diseases such as cholera, hepatitis, and malaria
Canola : modified to resist one type of herbicide or pesticide
6. Benefits of Genetic Engineering and
Modifying
1. Higher yielding crops, more efficient use of land
2. Can save money and promote higher profits
3. Longer shelf life, less waste. Example: Tomatoes from genetically modified seeds stay
fresh longer.
4. Enhanced taste and quality
5. Reduced maturation time
6. Increased and improved nutrients and stress tolerance
A single gene genetically engineered into cauliflower can increase production of beta-carotene
100 times.
A gene can be implanted into a soybean upgrading the soy protein
Society
Increased food security for growing populations and growth challenges
7. Risks associated with Genetic Modification
Safety
Potential human health implications.
Potential environmental impact.
Out-crossing
Inevitable out-crossing of transgenic plants with naturally occurring ones.
Creation of super-weeds
Creation of biological weapons.
Access and Intellectual Property
Domination of world food production by a few companies and developing countries.
8. Ethics
Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species.
Labeling
Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., Canada and the United
States).
Mixing GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts.
Society
New advances may be skewed to the interests of rich countries.
9. Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Genetically modified foods are currently regulated by the CFIA
works collaboratively with Environment Canada, Health Canada, and
Fisheries and Oceans
Goal: to ensure that products of biotechnology are considered safe to
human and animal health and the environment.
According to the CFIA, the assessment process for GE foods is very
rigorous
10. Guidelines for GMO creation and
release
Early planning and design of GMO-s to reduce environmental risks (reduce
risks of sterility, lower fitness,
The promoter should be inducible rather than constitutive
Selection markers should be removed before cultivation
Prevent large-scale or commercial releases if scientific knowledge exist
about possible risks
Post-release monitoring to detect environmental risks
Thorough risk- assesment, experts should have multidisciplinary training
11. Transformation of plant cells
Using a disease causing pathogen, Agrobacterium tumefaciensis (for
dicotyledonous plants)
Particle bombardement ( mostly for monocots)
Physical methods
Chemical methods
The transformation process is very inefficient (Birch, 1997)
Transgene is linked to a selectable marker, encoding
herbicide-resistance
antibiotic-resistance
12. Gene flow
Transgenes are inherited and have the potencial to disperse (Quist and
Chapella, 2001, 2002, Beckie et al, 2003)
Crop to crop
Crop to wild (Ellstrand et al. 1999, 2003, and Messeguer, 2003)
Fitness transgenes conferring resistance has an effect on plant population
dynamics (Power, 2002, Mitchell and Power 2003, Callaway et al. 2004, Snow et al.
2003)
13. Patent protection can be conferred on plant
materials in the following ways
Through US model of utility patents.
Through normal patents on plants and cells.
Through patenting plant varieties.
Through providing Sui generis form of Plant Variety Protection (PVP), e.g.-
Plant Breeders Rights.
Through allowing patents on DNA sequence, gene, transformed plants by
these and seed and progeny of these plants.
Agreement on Trade-Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)
does not mention the issue that whether the genes should be patentable. This
issue is left for national legislation. The only specific requirement is for
protection of plant varieties and micro-organisms.
14. Genetically Modified Plants: Patent
Protection
The status of patent protection for GM plants is presently uncertain in
India and is a debate rife with economic and ethical considerations. It is
relevant to note the legislative intent of the Patents Act and follow the
history of its revisions to become TRIPS (the Agreement on Trade-Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) compliant to understand the issues
surrounding the patentability of plant-related inventions in a broader
context (Declaration on Patent Protection – Regulatory Sovereignty under
TRIPS 2014.
