The document discusses several topics related to genome evolution, including: 1. Genome evolution involves the acquisition of new genes through gene duplication within genomes or lateral gene transfer between species. Gene duplication can occur at the whole genome level or for individual or groups of genes. 2. Genome evolution also involves rearrangement of existing genes through domain shuffling, where gene segments are joined to form new proteins, or domain duplication where repetitive domains evolve new functions. 3. Introns may have evolved early in ancestral genes and are gradually being lost from genomes ("introns early" hypothesis) or evolved more recently and are accumulating ("introns late"). Early evidence supported "introns early" with conserved intron positions in homologous genes.

2. HUMAN GENOME STRUCTURE

3. CONTENTS OF NUCLEAR GENOME

5. GENOME EVOLUTION

6. Genome Evolution

9. Whole-genome duplications can result in sudden expansions in gene number The basis of autopolyploid

11. Duplications of individual genes and groups of genes have occurred frequently in the past Multigene families are common components of all genomes

12. Examples of multigene families of nonidentical genes are two related families of genes that encode globins

13. Human Globin Genes

16. Alterations of Chromosome Structure

18. There are two ways in which rearrangement of domain-encoding gene segments can result in novel protein functions .

19. Domain shuffling: segments coding for structural domains from completely different genes are joined together to form a new coding sequence that specifies a hybrid or mosaic protein

21. Domain shuffling: Tissue plasminogen activator ( TPA ),

26. ‘ introns early’ called ‘exon theory of genes’ Minigenes became exons and the DNA sequences between them became introns .

29. Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development