This document discusses diabetes prevention and control. It outlines three levels of prevention: primordial, primary, and secondary. Primordial prevention aims to prevent risk factors in early childhood through health promotion and lifestyle modifications. Primary prevention occurs before disease onset also through lifestyle changes. Secondary prevention focuses on early diagnosis, screening, and management. Behavioral risk factors for diabetes include unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco/alcohol use, and stress. Physiological risk factors are high BMI, blood pressure, blood glucose, and cholesterol. Primary prevention strategies are stopping smoking, increasing physical activity, and weight loss. Secondary prevention involves monitoring BMI, blood glucose, waist circumference, and cholesterol. Tertiary prevention focuses on regular checkups, medication,
A decentralized system of disease surveillance for timely and effective public health action with a focus on functional integration of surveillance components of various vertical programmes.
National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stro...Vivek Varat
Government of India initiated a National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) during 2010-11 after integrating the National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) with (NPDCS).
Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), started in India in 1985.
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare provides several vaccines to infants, children & pregnant women through UIP.
Immunization is a process through which a person is made immune to an infectious disease.
On 19 November 1985, GOI renamed EPI program, modifying the schedule as ‘Universal Immunization Program’ dedicated to the memory of Late Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi.
UIP has two vital components: immunization of pregnant women against tetanus, and immunization of children
National programme for prevention and control of cancer, diabetes, CVDs and s...Dr Lipilekha Patnaik
NCDs are surpassing the burden of communicable diseases in India, need for National Programme on Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke was envisaged.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)Kavya .
Chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
It usually affects the skin and peripheral nerves
Long incubation period generally 5-7 years.
Classified as paucibacillary or multibacillary
permanent disability
Timely diagnosis and treatment of cases
Hypertension or high blood pressure has become a common health problem.
•High blood pressure may cause coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease and dementia.
•The narrower your arteries are, the higher your blood pressure will be.
•Your blood pressure measurement takes into account how much blood is passing through your blood vessels and the amount of resistance the blood meets while the heart is pumping.
•High blood pressure generally develops over many years, and it affects nearly everyone eventually.
•Fortunately, high blood pressure can be easily detected. And once you know you have high blood pressure, you can work with your doctor to control it.
Get more details @
Pulse Polio is an immunisation campaign established by the government of India to eliminate poliomyelitis (polio) in India by vaccinating all children under the age of five years against the polio virus.
Polio is a viral disease that destroys the nerve cells present in the spinal cord causing paralysis or muscle weakness to some part of the body.
Pulse Polio Programme was launched in 1995 after a resolution for a global initiative of polio eradication was adopted by World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1988.
A decentralized system of disease surveillance for timely and effective public health action with a focus on functional integration of surveillance components of various vertical programmes.
National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stro...Vivek Varat
Government of India initiated a National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) during 2010-11 after integrating the National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) with (NPDCS).
Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), started in India in 1985.
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare provides several vaccines to infants, children & pregnant women through UIP.
Immunization is a process through which a person is made immune to an infectious disease.
On 19 November 1985, GOI renamed EPI program, modifying the schedule as ‘Universal Immunization Program’ dedicated to the memory of Late Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi.
UIP has two vital components: immunization of pregnant women against tetanus, and immunization of children
National programme for prevention and control of cancer, diabetes, CVDs and s...Dr Lipilekha Patnaik
NCDs are surpassing the burden of communicable diseases in India, need for National Programme on Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke was envisaged.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)Kavya .
Chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
It usually affects the skin and peripheral nerves
Long incubation period generally 5-7 years.
Classified as paucibacillary or multibacillary
permanent disability
Timely diagnosis and treatment of cases
Hypertension or high blood pressure has become a common health problem.
•High blood pressure may cause coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease and dementia.
•The narrower your arteries are, the higher your blood pressure will be.
•Your blood pressure measurement takes into account how much blood is passing through your blood vessels and the amount of resistance the blood meets while the heart is pumping.
•High blood pressure generally develops over many years, and it affects nearly everyone eventually.
•Fortunately, high blood pressure can be easily detected. And once you know you have high blood pressure, you can work with your doctor to control it.
Get more details @
Pulse Polio is an immunisation campaign established by the government of India to eliminate poliomyelitis (polio) in India by vaccinating all children under the age of five years against the polio virus.
Polio is a viral disease that destroys the nerve cells present in the spinal cord causing paralysis or muscle weakness to some part of the body.
Pulse Polio Programme was launched in 1995 after a resolution for a global initiative of polio eradication was adopted by World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1988.
UNDERSTANDING AND DEFEATING THE SILENT KILLERErnest Fonjie
Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Understanding and managing diabetes is crucial to prevent its negative impacts on your health. With the right information and strategy in place, you can successfully control your blood sugar levels and lead a healthy and fulfilling life. In this blog, we will explore the causes, symptoms, and consequences of diabetes, along with preventive measures and management techniques to tackle this silent killer head-on. So, let's dive right in and learn how to keep diabetes at bay.
Cardiovascular diseases, also known as heart diseases, are a group of health
conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. These conditions range in
severity from mild to life-threatening, with potentially fatal outcomes such as
heart attacks, strokes, and heart failure. Cardiovascular diseases are a
significant public health challenge and the leading cause of mortality worldwide.
Various factors can contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases,
including smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, and physical
inactivity. Genetics can also play a role in some cases, while the risk of
developing cardiovascular diseases increases with age.
Preventive measures can manage or even prevent the risk factors associated
with cardiovascular diseases. These measures include lifestyle changes such as
regular physical activity, a healthy diet, quitting smoking, and stress
management. Medical interventions such as medication and surgery can also be
effective in preventing or managing cardiovascular diseases.
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes. Understanding
the causes, risk factors, and preventive measures of cardiovascular diseases can
help individuals reduce their risk and lead healthier lives.
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases:
There are various types of Cardiovascular diseases. below is the list:
1. Heart failure
2. Arrhythmia
3. Atherosclerosis
4. Aortic aneurysm
5. Peripheral artery disease
6. Congenital heart disease
7. Cardiomyopathy
8. Mitral valve prolapse
9. Pulmonary stenosis
10. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
11.Rheumatic heart disease
12. Ischemic heart disease
13. Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular accident)
Risk Factors:
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality
worldwide. The development of CVDs is influenced by a multitude of risk factors,
which can be classified into modifiable and non-modifiable. Managing these risk
factors can reduce the risk of heart disease and other CVDs.
Modifiable risk factors encompass unhealthy lifestyle choices such as smoking,
physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity,
and diabetes. Smoking is a significant risk factor for CVDs as it damages the
blood vessels’ lining, increases blood pressure, and raises the risk of blood clots.
Inactivity and an unhealthy diet also contribute to the development of CVDs,
leading to obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes.
Non-modifiable risk factors include age, gender, and family history. As we age,
our risk of developing CVDs increases. Men are at higher risk than women,
although women’s risk increases after menopause. Family history is also a
crucial factor in determining an individual’s risk of developing CVD. People with a
family history of heart disease are more likely to develop CVDs themselves.
It is essential to understand the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and take
appropriate steps to manage them. Life
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Lifestyle choices in Diabetes mellitus patients, current factors, Dietary modifications, exercises, alcohol and smoking cessation, stress management and personal and foot care required to manage diabetes and blood sugar levels
The Link Between Heart Disease and Obesity: Understanding the Deadly Connecti...Aditi Jagtap Pune
Heart disease and obesity are deeply intertwined, creating a dangerous cycle that poses significant risks to individuals’ health and well-being. The excess body weight associated with obesity contributes to various physiological changes that increase the risk of heart disease, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, inflammation, and abnormal clotting. Recognizing the shared risk factors and implementing comprehensive prevention strategies are key to breaking this deadly connection as stated by Dr. Ranjit Jagtap Daughter - Aditi Jagtap Pune.
The Link Between Heart Disease and Obesity: Understanding the Deadly Connecti...Dr Ranjit Jagtap
Heart disease and obesity are deeply intertwined, creating a dangerous cycle that poses significant risks to individuals’ health and well-being. The excess body weight associated with obesity contributes to various physiological changes that increase the risk of heart disease, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, inflammation, and abnormal clotting. Recognizing the shared risk factors and implementing comprehensive prevention strategies are key to breaking this deadly connection as stated by Dr. Ranjit Jagtap clinic.
Preventing diabetes and obesity in mental health disordersHealthXn
Diabetes is common in people with mental health disorders. This presentation discusses why and what therapies may worsen the disorder and how to prevent obesity and diabetes
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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ASA GUIDELINE
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This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
5. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Primordial early childhood
(preventing risk factors) Health promotion
& lifestyle modifications
Primary Before the onset of disease
Health promotion & lifestyle modification
Secondary
Early diagnosis
Screening & management
Tertiary
Prevent complications & rehabilitation.
16. References-
1- NCD Resources training module for NPDCS for health workers
(http://searo.who.int)
2-WHO Global Prevalence of Diabetes Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for
2030
(http://www.who.int)
3-Prevention of diabetes- Dr Abir Youssef
4-Diabetes prevention & control- Seema Daud
5- Textbook of preventive & social medicine- K. Park
