The document discusses various concepts of health and disease. It describes the biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic concepts of health. It also discusses the biopsychosocial dimensions of health. For disease, it covers the agent, host, environment triad and concepts of causation, natural history, and levels of prevention. It provides definitions of health from WHO and other sources and describes indicators used to measure community health status.
Indicator is a variable which gives an indication of a given situation or a reflection of that situation.
Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
Indicators help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained.
This ppt contains all the information about the Modes of intervention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Indicator is a variable which gives an indication of a given situation or a reflection of that situation.
Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
Indicators help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained.
This ppt contains all the information about the Modes of intervention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Health is a multifactorial
The factors which determine the health of an individual are many, some are inside the body ( genetic/ intrinsic) and some are outside the body ( environmental factors)
The interaction of these factors may either promote or deteriorate the health.
The important determinants of health are,
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease Aditya Sharma
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease
PPT
Heredity
Environment
Lifestyle
Socio-economic conditions
Health services
Education
Income
Housing
Health is a multifactorial
The factors which determine the health of an individual are many, some are inside the body ( genetic/ intrinsic) and some are outside the body ( environmental factors)
The interaction of these factors may either promote or deteriorate the health.
The important determinants of health are,
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease Aditya Sharma
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease
PPT
Heredity
Environment
Lifestyle
Socio-economic conditions
Health services
Education
Income
Housing
Concept of health and disease (concept and definition of health,well being, illness,sickness and disease; philosophy of health; concept and definition of disease; changing concepts of health; dimensions of health; spectrum of health; iceberg phenomenon of disease; responsibility for health: Individual, community, state and international) Concept of causation (germ theory of disease; epidemiological triad; multi-factorial
causation; web of causation; natural history of disease: pre-pathogenesis and pathogenesis phase)Determinants of health
Prevention, its levels in line with phases of disease concurrent to natural history Concept of modes of intervention in different levels of prevention Burden of disease (concept of burden of disease; measurements used in burden of disease: DALY, QALY, YLL, YLD) Indicators of Health (Concept and characteristics of health indicator; Different types of
mortality and morbidity indicators: mortality Indicators-crude death rate; age-specific death rate; infant mortality rate; maternal mortality rate and ratio; Morbidity indicators:
This PPT covers UNIT 1 of Social and Preventive Pharmacy , BP802T, B.Pharmacy 8th sem. and is as per the syllabus of PCI, in a very comprehensive language.
A comprehensive presentation about community dentistry, health , definition, dimensions, different concepts, and indicators of health. Disease, its concepts, iceberg concept of disease. Concepts of control.
Infections, stages of infectious process, active immunity and passive immunity, difference between two.
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STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF GOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS REGARDING...Kailash Nagar
STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF GOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS REGARDING ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPER ACTIVITY DISORDER IN SELECTED GOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL OF NADIAD CITY”
Comparative Study of Teaching Approach Nursing Simulation Vs Group Discussion...Kailash Nagar
Comparative Study of Teaching Approach Nursing Simulation Vs Group Discussion on Respiratory Assessment in Terms of Knowledge and Critical Thinking Abilities Among Nursing Students
Perception and Behavioural Outcome towards COVID-19 Vaccine among Students an...Kailash Nagar
ntroduction: Perception and behaviour towards corona vaccine among peoples in India was poor due to some side effects and negative media publicity in primary phases of vaccination. India has developed two types of vaccine (Covaxin and Covishield). During primary phase of corona vaccine we don’t have appropriate research and literature, about side effects and how far vaccine is reliable that why due so some minor side effect and negative media publicity peoples are very scared to take vaccine. So few peoples were started denial get vaccinated. The researcher wan to explore the positivity through the research result to reduce the negative mindset of the peoples toward corona vaccine, Because in India few peoples has fear to take vaccine against corona due to negative media publicity and scared of side effect.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Concept of health and Disease
1. Concept of Health andConcept of Health and
DiseaseDisease
Dr. Kailash Nagar
Assistant Professor
Dept. Of Community Health
2. Concept of Health
Biomedical concept
Ecological concept
Psychosocial concept
Holistic concept
3. Biomedical concept
Health is “absence of disease” ie if one is
free from disease than he is considered
healthy.
Based on germ theory of disease.
Question – malnutrition, chronic disease,
accidents, drug abuse, mental illness ,
environmental pollution etc which lead to
ecological concept
4. Ecological concept
Ecologists – health is dynamic equilibrium
between man and his environment, and disease is
maladjustment of the human organism to his
environment.
“Health implies the relative absence of pain and
discomfort and a continuous adaptation and
adjustment to the environment to ensure optimal
function”
5. Ecological concept
Raised two questions
– Imperfect man
– Imperfect environment
History shows that improvement in human
adaptation to natural environment can lead
to longer and better quality of life- even
with the absence of modern health delivery
services.
6. Psychosocial concept
Development in social science – Health is not only
a biomedical phenomenon, but it is influenced by
social,
psychological,
cultural,
economic and
political factors of the people concerned,
“Health is both a biological and social
phenomenon”
7. Holistic concept
Synthesis of all the above concepts,
It recognizes the strength of social,
economic, political and environmental
influences on health
Then came a many definitions of health
8. Definitions of Health
“the condition of being sound in body, mind or
spirit, especially freedom from physical disease
or pain” (webster)
“soundness of body or mind; that condition in
which its functions are duly and efficiently
discharged” ( oxford)
“ a condition or quality of the human organism
expressing the adequate functioning of the
organism in given conditions, genetic and
environmental” ( operational def by WHO)
9. Health Definition
WHO define health
“Health is a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being and not
merely an absence of disease or infirmity”
10. Dimension of Health
Health is Multidimensional.
WHO definition envisages
Physical
dimension
Mental
Dimension
Social
Dimension
11. Physical
dimension
The state of physical health implies the
notion of “perfect functioning” of the
body. It conceptualizes health biologically
as a state in which every cell and every
organ is functioning at optimum capacity
and in perfect harmony with the rest of the
body.
http://images01.trafficz.com/cache/h3w4/500_1189535325_running.jpg
12. Mental
Dimension
Mental health is not mere absence of
mental illness.
Good mental health is ability to respond to
the many varied experience of life with
flexibility and sense of purpose.
http://cms.mumbaimirror.com/portalfiles/7/3/200710/Image/Mental%20Health.jpg
13. “A state of balance between the individual
and the surrounding world, a state of
harmony between oneself and others, a
coexistence between the realities of the self
and that of other people and that of the
environment”
14. Social dimension
Social well-being implies harmony and
integration within the individual, between
each individual and other members of
society and between individuals and the
world in which they live.
“quantity and quality of an individual’s
interpersonal ties and the extent of
involvement with the community.”
15. Spectrum of Health
Health and disease lie along a continuum, and there
is no single cut-off point.
Positive health
Better Health
Freedom from sickness
Unrecognized sickness
Mild sickness
Severe sickness
Death
The Health sickness spectrum
16. Spectrum concept of health
Emphasizes that the health of an individual
is not static.
It is a dynamic phenomenon and a process
of continuous change.
17. Determinants of Health
Health is multifactorial.
The factors which influence health lie both
within the individual and externally in the
society in which he or she lives.
The factors interact and these interactions
may be health- promoting or deleterious.
21. Indicators of Health
Required to measure the health status of a
community.
Compare health status of one country with
others
For assessment of health care needs
For allocation of resource
Monitoring and evaluation of health
services
22. Indicators
Mortality indicators
Morbidity indicators
Disability rates
Nutritional status indicators
Health care delivery indicators
Utilization rates
Indicators of social and mental health
23. Environmental indicators
Socio-economic indicators
Health policy indicators
Indicators of quality of life
others
24. Concept of disease
Webster defines disease as “ a condition in
which body health is impaired, a departure
from a state of health, an alteration of
human body interrupting the performance
of vital functions.”
Ecological point=“a maladjustment of the
human organism to the environment.”
25. WHO definition
WHO defined health but not disease
because:
Sprectrum of disease ( many stages)
Some acute, some insidious
Carrier state, infect.
Some are related to organisms, some other
cause.
26. Concept of Causation
Up to the time Louis
Pasteur (1922-1985),
Super natural theory
Theory of Humors
Contagion
Miasmatic
Micro organisms.
Germ Theory
http://www.educomputacion.cl/images/stories/biografias/luis%20pasteur/300px-Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg
27. Epidemiological Triad
Germ theory has
limitation-
Not everyone exposed
to TB develops
Agent Host
Environment
29. The Agent
“an organism, a substance or a force, the
presence or lack of which may initiate a
disease process or may cause it to
continue.”
May be single or multiple.
Living or biological agests
Nonliving or inanimate, ( nutrients,
chemical or physical agent)
35. Multifactorial causation
Not a new concept
Pettenkofer of Munich (1819-1901) was
the early proponent of this concept.
Germ theory overshadowed this concept
Now back to multifactorial causation.
( Aetiology- Social, economic, cultural,
genetic and psychological ect.)
36. Web of Causation
Suggested by MacMahon and Pugh in their
book “Epidemiologic Principles and
Methods”
Concept ideally suits in the study of
chronic disease.
Where the disease agent is not known.
Web of Causation considers all the
predisposing factors of any typeand their
complex interrelationship with each other.
37. Web of Causation
Change in life style
Abundance of
food Lack of physical
exercise
Smoking
Stress
Emotional Aging and other factors
Obesity Hyper Tension
Hyperlipidaemia
Increased catacholamines
Thrombotic tendency
Changes in walls of arteries
Coronary occlusion
Myocardial ischaemia
Myocardial infarction
Coronary
Arteriosclerosis
Web of causation for myocardial infarction
38. Natural History of Disease
Disease results from a complex interaction
between man, an agent and the
environment.
Natural history of disease signifies the way
in which a disease evolves over time from
the earliest stage of its prepathogenesis
phase to its termination as recovery,
disability or death, in the absence of
treatment or prevention.
39. Natural history of disease
Period of pre-pathogenesis Period of
Pathogenesis
D
is
ea
se
Pr
o
ce
ss
Agent Host
Environment
Signs & symptoms
Illness
Disability
Defect
Chronic state
Death
Recovery
Levels of
prevention
Primary
prevention
Secondary
Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Modes of
Intervention
Health
Promotion
Early
Diagnosis
Disability
limitation
Rehabilitation
41. Concept of Control
Disease control describes operations aimed at
reducing:
1. The incidence of disease
2. The duration of disease, and consequently the
risk of transmission
3. The effects of infection, including both the
physical and psychosocial complications
4. The financial burden to the community.
42. Disease elimination
Between control and eradication, an
intermediate goal = elimination.
Elimination is used to describe interruption
of transmission of disease
Eg: elimination of measles, polio.
43. Disease eradication
Literally means to “tear out by roots”
Implies termination of all transmission of
infection by extermination of the infectious
agent
Till now small pox has been eradicated.
44. Concept of prevention
Prevention depends on
Knowledge of causation,
Dynamics of transmission
Identification of risk factors and risk
groups
Availability of prophylactic or early
detection and
Treatment measures.
46. Primordial prevention
Prevention of the emergence or
development of risk factors in countries or
population groups in which they have not
yet appeared.
Eg; obesity, hypertension- prevented by
avoiding smoking, physical exercise.
47. Primary prevention
Action taken prior to the onset of disease,
which removes the possibility that a
disease will ever occur.
Eg reduction in BP. For CVD.
48. Secondary prevention
Action which halts the progress of a
disease at its incipient stage and prevents
complications
Early diagnosis– through- screening tests
49. Tertiary prevention
When the disease process has advanced beyond
its early stages.
All measures available to reduce or limit
impairments and disabilities, minimise suffering
caused by existing departure from good health
and to promote the patients adjustment to
irremediable conditions
Disability-- leprosy