Diabetes mellitus (DM) has routinely been described as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that develops as a consequence of defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
Such a deficiency results in increased concentrations of glucose in the blood, which in turn damage many of the body's systems, in particular the blood vessels and nerves.
1. Microvascular (due to damage to small blood vessels).
2. Macrovascular (due to damage to larger blood vessels).
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has routinely been described as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that develops as a consequence of defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
Such a deficiency results in increased concentrations of glucose in the blood, which in turn damage many of the body's systems, in particular the blood vessels and nerves.
1. Microvascular (due to damage to small blood vessels).
2. Macrovascular (due to damage to larger blood vessels).
diabetes was associated with insulin resistant state which affects liver cells.Also fatty liver may be called NAFLA OR NASH may lead to liver cirrhosis and sometimes to hepatocelular carcinoma
Diabetes is a problem with your body in which glucose level (Sugar level) in blood rise higher than normal. This is also called hyperglycemia. Diabetes affects each and every organ of your body. Learn more about what is diabetes and its types. Get to know its risk factors, its effects on your body, prevention tips and diet tips to reduce diabetes.
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Lifestyle modifications in Diabetes mellitusPrabhjot Saini
Lifestyle choices in Diabetes mellitus patients, current factors, Dietary modifications, exercises, alcohol and smoking cessation, stress management and personal and foot care required to manage diabetes and blood sugar levels
diabetes was associated with insulin resistant state which affects liver cells.Also fatty liver may be called NAFLA OR NASH may lead to liver cirrhosis and sometimes to hepatocelular carcinoma
Diabetes is a problem with your body in which glucose level (Sugar level) in blood rise higher than normal. This is also called hyperglycemia. Diabetes affects each and every organ of your body. Learn more about what is diabetes and its types. Get to know its risk factors, its effects on your body, prevention tips and diet tips to reduce diabetes.
Indus Health Plus provides best preventive health checkup packages such as heart checkup, full body checkup packages, fitness checkup, annual corporate checkup, executive checkup, couple checkup and family health checkup at 50% less than market cost with same day reports.
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Call Us: 0-90490-22222
Lifestyle modifications in Diabetes mellitusPrabhjot Saini
Lifestyle choices in Diabetes mellitus patients, current factors, Dietary modifications, exercises, alcohol and smoking cessation, stress management and personal and foot care required to manage diabetes and blood sugar levels
prevention of heart attacks is the theme on this world heart day.heart disease is increasing in india like an epidemic & affecting younger people with more mortality
CAD is spreading like an epidemic in south east Asia,esp india where its affecting younger ppl with grave prognosis. due to limited resourses, primary prevention becomes the most important tool to arrest this epidemic
The number of people with diabetes rose from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014.
Prevalence has been rising more rapidly in low and middle-income countries than in
high-income countries.
Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke, and lower
limb amputation.
Between 2000 and 2016, there was a 5% increase in premature mortality from diabetes.
In 2019, an estimated 1.5 million deaths were directly caused by diabetes. Another 2.2 million deaths were attributable to high blood glucose in 2012.
A healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight, and avoiding tobacco use are ways to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes can be treated and its consequences avoided or delayed with diet, physical activity, medication, and regular screening and treatment for complications
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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NPCDCS BY DR.R.MOHAN
1. DR.RAVINDRA MOHAN
M.D. (OBS & GYNAE)
N.C.D.O. SAHARSA ,
BIHAR
NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR PREVENTION
AND CONTROL OF
CANCER , DIABETES , CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE AND STROKE
( NPCDCS)
2. WHY A NATIONAL PROGRAMME . ?
India is facing a rapid health transition with rising
burden of NCDs. Which are emerging as leading cause of deaths –
over 42% of all deaths .. That too in potentially productive years
(Age 35-64 yrs).
Overall prevalence in India :-
Diabetes mellitus – 62.47 / 1000 population
Hypertension -- 159.46 / 1000 population
Ischemic heart disease – 37 / 1000 population
Strokes - 1.54 / 1000 population
Keeping these in view :-
NPCDCS initiated in year 2010 .
Implemented in 100 backward and inaccessible districts
across 21 states during 2010-12.
3. NCDs
Non Communicable diseases NCDs – are chronic
degenerative diseases.
They develop slowly over years and often do not
have symptoms.
They cause premature death or damage to various
organs of body.
Once developed , usually not curable .
Healthy lifestyle and regular medications – NCDs
can be controlled to prevent premature deaths or
damage to organs.
4. CONTD…….
During year 2005
NCD accounted for 53% of all deaths in age group 30-
59 yrs.
Of these 29% were due to CVD.
1 out of 4 Indians carry risk of dying prematurely due
to NCDs.
In year 2000 –
118 millions having high BP….expected to go
up to 213 million in 2025.
Govt. of India in 2010-11 ….NPDCS
in 2011-12 merged cancer control program
NPCDCS.
5.
6. OBJECTIVES
Prevent and control common NCDs through behavior
and life style changes .
Provide early diagnosis and treatment of common
NCDs.
Build capacity at various levels of Health care for
prevention , diagnosis and treatment of common
NCDs.
Train human resource :- doctors, paramedics and
nursing staffs to cope with increasing burden of
NCDs.
Support for development of database of NCDs
Establish and develop capacity for palliative
and rehabilitative care .
7. STRATEGIES :-
Health promotion , awareness generation
and promotion of healthy lifestyle .
Early diagnosis through Screening .
Timely , affordable and accurate diagnosis .
Access to affordable treatment .
Rehabilitation .
Supervision , monitoring and evaluation .
8. Our Goals ……
To prevent CHD,CeVD ,and PVD events and
Cancer :-
- Quit Tobacco use or reduce amount smoked .
- Healthy food choices.
- Be physically active .
- Reduce body mass index ; Waist hip ratio
- Lower Blood Pressure .
- Lower Blood cholesterol and LDL- Cholesterol
- Control Hyperglycemia .
- Take anti platelet therapy when necessary .
9. RISK FACTORS …..
Behavioral RF Physiological RF Disease Outcome
Unhealthy Diet BMI ( Obesity ) Diabetes
Physical Inactivity Hypertension Heart Disease
Tobacco Hyper-
Cholesterolemia
Stroke
Alcohol High Blood sugar
Level
Cancer
Stress Chronic Respiratory
disease
Primary Prevention
Health Promotion
Secondary Prevention
Case Management
Tertiary Prevention
Case Management
12. Role and Responsibility of
ASHAs/ANMs/GNMs/CHOs
Family folder and CBAC forms are the most important and basic
part in NPCDCS program.
ASHA worker -must fill up Family Folder and than CBAC forms
of all adults > 30 years of age .
All >30 years must be screened for NCDs at HSCs/HWCs /or in
camp mode by ANM/GNM/CHO.
All screened Positive must be referred to PHC/CHC for
confirmation of NCDs and proper treatment .
CBAC- Community Based Assessment Checklist
13. All adults > 30 years at
community level
CBAC Assessment by ASHA/ ANM/CHO
Screening for NCDs
Hypertension, DM
Screening for Cancer -
Oral, Uterine Cervix, breast
CBAC Score < 4
CBAC Score >= 4
Refer to SC for Screening
Screened
Positive
Screened
Negative
Refer to PHC for
investigation
& treatment
Follow up - Lifestyle modification, compliance to
treatment
Referral to higher centre in case of complication
• Healthy lifestyle Promotion
• Annual Screening
On priority
Any symptom Positive
Refer to PHC for further
investigation and
treatment
• Follow up diagnosed
patient in the
community for
treatment adherence
and
side effect of treatment
• Referral in case of any
complication to higher
centre
Screened
negative
As per govt. directives medicines for 1 month may be given to
patients with NCDs
18. Part B: Early Detection; Ask if Patient has any of these
Symptoms
19. Part B: Early Detection; Ask if Patient has any of these
Symptoms
20. Fuel used for cooking & Occupational
Exposure and Mental Health
21. Risk Assessment at
HWC/HWC/PHC/CHC
To estimate Cardiovascular risk –
Informations required are …
- Presence or absence of Diabetes.
- Gender
- Smoker or Non- smoker
- Age
- Systolic blood pressure
- Total blood cholesterol
22. Risk Assessment (Contd.)
RISK of CVD may be higher – in presence of :
- Already on antihypertensive therapy.
- Premature menopause .
- Obesity.
-Sedentary lifestyle.
- Family history of CHD
- Raised Triglyceride level (>150 mg/dl)
- Low HDL cholesterol level <40mg/dl
males/<50mg/dl in females
- Micro albuminuria
- Socioeconomic deprivation.
23. HEALTH PROMOTION
Behavioral Changes focussing on the following :-
Increased intake of healthy foods ;
Salt reduction
Increased physical activity
Avoidance of tobacco and alcohol
Reduction of Obesity
Stress management
Awareness about warning signs of Cancer etc.
Regular health check-up
Facilitate IEC activities as educationl materials .
24.
25. Body needs Insulin to convert sugar, starches
and other foods into energy.
Impairment of Insulin secretion and action in
body
Abnormally elevated levels of glucose in blood
Classically termed as Diabetes .
DIABETES – a disease in which body does not
produce or properly use hormone INSULIN ..
26. TYPES OF DIABETES
Type 1 … usually occurs in young people ,
children and adolescents . Onset usually acute
and severe .Insulin required for survival from
autoimmune destruction of beta cells in
Pancreatic islets .Family history rare .
Type 2 …..commonest type . Usually occurs after
age of forty years . Onset usually insidious and
may be mild to severe .Family history usually
positive . No evidence of autoimmunity . No
insulin dependence till LATE in course of
illness .
27. Who are at RISK ..?
Age above 30 years .
Overweight , BMI >23kg/m2
Physical inactivity , exercises less than 3 times a
week .
High blood pressure .
Impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose
tolerance.
Higher Triglycerides and/or cholesterol level .
Family history .
During pregnancy – if she had diabetes
If she delivered a baby – birth weight >4 kg
28. When to Suspect …?
Symptoms of uncontrolled Hyperglycemia (
excess thirst, excess urination, excess hunger
with weight loss )
Frequent infections.
Unexplained lethargy
Fatigue
Impotence in men
29. Criteria for T2DM
Fasting glusose
( mg/dl )
2 hour Post
glucose load
(mg/dl )
Diabetes mellitus >= 126 > = 200
Impaired glucose
Tolerance
< 110 > 140 to < 200
Impaired Fasting
Glucose
>= 110 to < 126
WHO definition 1999
30.
31.
32. Abnormally elevated Blood Pressure – a Pathological
condition – increases work load on Heart .
Termed high blood pressure or Hypertension
TYPES :-
Primary / Essential - No known cause . Constitutes
majority of High B.P. in the world
Secondary - Caused by some other medical
conditions/problem or the use of certain edications ..such as
reno-vascular disease ,chronic renal disease , Endocrinal
disorders ,Hyperthyroidism , Cushing’s syndrome ,sleep
disorders , coarctation of aorta etc.
33. Criteria for diagnosing High B.P.
Caterory Systolic - mmHg Diastolic -mmHg
Normal Less than 120 Less than 80
Pre- Hypertension 120- 139 80-89
High Blood Pressure
Stage 1 140-159 90-99
Stage 2 160 or higher 100 or higher
34. Risk Assessment
Risk factors :-
- lack of physical activity
- Obesity
- High salt intake
- Excess alcohol consumptions .
-Family History
-Frequent intake of pain relieving drugs
-Steroids intake for Asthma
-Swelling on feet
-Urinary difficulties H/O passing stones
36. Treatment Goals
Initial aim- to obtain B.P. less than 130/85 mm of Hg .
Ideally aim should be to get B.P. levels of less than
120/80 without bothersome side effects .
Life style advice if no co-existing risk factors .
Prevent and control Risk factors .
Maintain healthy blood pressure throughout person’s
lives
Prevent and control risk factors
Blood pressure more than 160/100 mmHg ….
Treatment should be started or more than 140/90
mmHg in Diabetics or end organ damage (such as
protinuria , high blood urea,ECG evidences )
37. Prevention and management of
Dyslipidemia
Dyslipidemia - elevation of Plasma Cholesterol ,
Triglycerides or both or Low HDL level ..that
contributes to development of Atherosclerosis .
Cholesterol exists largely as LDS-cholesterol ,
VLDL- cholesterol ,HDL cholesterol and
triglycerides .
Low HDL cholesterol is an important Risk factor for
CHD , while High HDL cholesterol has a protective
effect and is considered a Negative Risk factor .
No indigenous Indian prospective data - on risks of
High blood cholesterol on CHD .
All patients with established CVD or Diabetes should
undergo Lipid Profile .
38. LDL Cholesterol Serum level (mg/dl)
Optimal <100
Near Optimal 100-129
Borderline High 130-159
High 160-189
Very High >190
Serum Triglycerides
Normal <150
Borderline High 150-199
High 200-499
Very High >500
Serum HDL Cholesterol
Low <40
High >60
39. Management of High Blood Cholesterol
BASED ON ----
Whether patient has established Cardiovascular
Diseases like previous Heart
Attack/Stroke/Angina/Peripheral Vascular Disease .
Is Diabetic or Not .
What other CVD risk factors present –
Hypertension/smoking/Age/Obesity
Blood sugar/total cholesterol/HDL/LDL cholesterol
levels
At PHC/CHC level – All patients with established CVD
or Diabetes – counseled on Non pharmacology
treatment and also initiated on STATINS (
Atrovastin/Simvastin)
40. Coronary Artery Disease
CAD – a condition in which there is an inadequate
supply of blood and oxygen to a portion of
myocardium.
43. CAD …..
Chest Pain – commonest symptom
Typical Angina- Substernal pressure radiating to
neck, jaw, arm with durtion <20-30 minutes –
associated with dyspnea,diaphoresis,palpitation
,nausea-vomiting – increases with exertion ,
decreases with rest .
MI – Increased Angina intensity and duration >30
minutes . 25% MIs are clinically silent .
44. Management at Various Level
Level 1
PHC
Level 2
CHC /SDH
Level 3
District hospital
Level 4
Medical Colleges
Diagnose and Refer
as soon as possible
Details history
Investigations-
ECG
Blood Sugar
Serum Creatinine
Cholesterol
Chest X-ray
Treatment –
Nitroglycerin
Oral Nitrates
Beta blockers
Aspirin
Statins and ACE
inhibitors
Reduce Cholesterol
<200mg/dl
Reduce LDL <100mg/dl
REFER if not controlled
Management same
as level 2 for New
patient
Echocardiography
for LV function
Management same
as level 2 for new
patient
Angiography and
Revascularization if
facilities available
for refractory cases
45. Prevention and Management of STROKE
STROKE - If an artery in the brain becomes blocked
by a thrombus – it causes Stroke .
TIA – Transient Ischemic attack – a temporary lack
of blood supply to a part of Brain .
Prevention - Stroke can be prevented by
controlling high blood pressure , avoiding tobacco
use and leading a healthy lifestyle .
46. STROKE
Identification of an acute Event –
- sudden onset of weakness of one half of body or
part of body .
- sudden onset of inability or difficulty in speech.
-sudden onset of imbalance
- sudden onset of blindness
- sudden onset of dizziness or spinning
- sudden severe headache
- seizures
- sudden loss of consciousness .
47. STROKE – Management
If available – CT scan in all cases
Secure the airway by keeping head to a side
If breathing is compromised – assiste ventilation
Securing a good IV line – infusing 5% dextrose
Manage elevated blood pressure – systolic around 140
mmHg and diastolic between80-90mmHg.
Avoid Mannitol/Glycerol unless evidence of raised intra-
cranial-pressure with signs of decerebration.
Supportive care to prevent deep vein Thrombosis by
prophylaxis with 5000 units Heparin
Acute rehabilitation – proper positioning , passive
movements of limbs, bowel/bladder care .
50. Primary Prevention
Tobacco control
Health education related to sexual reproductive
factors
Avoiding alcohol use
Healthy diet
Physical activity and avoidance of Obesity
51. TOBACCO
Of all cancers in India – 34% are due to tobacco .
Tobacco smoke contains 4000 chemicals of which at
least 438 can cause cancer .
Tobacco chewing – most important risk factor for
Oral Cancer .
Tobacco smoking causes cancer of lung , larynx, and
oesophagus.
Passive smoking – increased risk of Cancers among
non-smokers.
52. ALCOHOL
Increased alcohol consumption – associated with
Cancers of mouth .
Co-existence of tobacco habits – multiplicative effect
53. SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS
Associated with Cancers of Uterine cervix and Breast
Like – young age at first sexual activity , multiple sexual
partners and poor sexual hygiene – associated with
cancer cervix .
Late marriage , nulliparity , and late menopause – linked
with Breast cancer - but underlying mechanism probably
uninterrupted exposure to Oestrogen for prolonged
periods .
Education regarding sexual hygiene and sexual
behaviour . Preventing infection with HPV.
Early detection of Breast cancer – main strategy (as not
preventable)
54. OTHER FACTORS ……..
DIETS - rich in animal fats , especially red meat
increase the risk . Diets high in fresh vegetables and
fruits and fibres Reduce the Risk .
OCCUPATION - workers engaged in manufacture
of rubber tyres , textile workers . Wood workers
,chemical and pharmaceuical plants .
55. EARLY DETECTION
Early detection only part of wider strategy .
Warning signals of Cancer – ( CAUTION )
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A wound that does not Heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing .
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness of voice
56. ORAL CANCER SCREENING
Cancer occurring in any part of oral cavity is called Oral Cancer .
Oral cancer is sixth deadliest cancer in the world .
Risk factors :- Common-
Chemical irritants ( tobacco , alcohol)
Physical irritants ( prolonged Denture irritation, irregular
teeth)
Signs & symptoms :-
A sore in mouth that doesn’t heal ,
Persistent mouth pain
A lump or thickening in the cheek
A white or red patch on gums ,tongue, tonsil ,or lining of mouth
Difficulty in swallowing or chewing
Difficulty in moving the jaw or tongue
59. BREAST CANCER SCREENING
BREAST awareness and Breast self examination –
essential for every women – be aware of the size , shape
and consistency of her breasts .
Every women should be aware of following signs :-
A change of size
A nipple – pulled in or changed in position or shape
A rash on or around the nipple
Discharge from one or both nipples
Puckering or dimpling of skin
Lump or thickening in the Breast
Constant pain in the breast or armpit
60. How to do a breast self-exam:
Step 1: Begin by looking at your breasts in the mirror with your
shoulders straight and your arms on your hips.
Step 2: Now, raise your arms and look for the same changes.
Step 3: While you're at the mirror, look for any signs of fluid
coming out of one or both nipples (this could be a watery,
milky, or yellow fluid or blood).
Step 4: Next, feel your breasts while lying down, using your
right hand to feel your left breast and then your left hand to
feel your right breast. Use a firm, smooth touch with the first
few finger pads of your hand, keeping the fingers flat and
together. Use a circular motion, about the size of a quarter.
Step 5: Finally, feel your breasts while you are standing or
sitting.
61.
62. Uterine Cervix Screening
Cervical cancer – third most common cancer among
women in the world .
Human papilloma virus infection – a sexually
transmitted infection , is primary cause .
Symptoms :-
post-menopausal bleeding ,
post-coital bleeding ,
inter menstrual bleeding ,
blood stained discharge per vaginum ,
excessive seropurulent discharge ,
backache ,
lower abdominal pain .
63.
64. Uterine Cervix screening
AT PHC / CHC /SDH / DH- LEVEL
Visual inspection using 4% Acetic acid (VIA)
( acetic acid causes dehydration of cells ,reducing transparency of
epithelium , identify squamo-columnar junction - if no white
patch in ectocervix – test is NEGATIVE ) Identify- High/Low
Risk.
Visual inspection using Lugol’s iodine (VILI)
At SDH / DH LEVEL - Above screening plus --
Pap test . If result is normal, you can wait three years until your next Pap
test. (Cyto pathologist can report Negative or Positive –abnormalities
suspicious of low grad or high grade CIN )
HPV test . This is called primary HPV testing. If result is normal, wait
five years until your next screening test.
HPV test along with the Pap test. This is called co-testing. If both
results are normal, you can wait five years until your next screening test