This document discusses insulin structure and synthesis. It begins by stating that insulin is composed of 51 amino acids arranged in two chains, an A chain with 30 amino acids and a B chain with 21 amino acids. It then describes the process of recombinant DNA technology used to synthesize insulin exogenously. Genes encoding insulin are inserted into E. coli bacteria using plasmids, and the bacteria are then used to produce human insulin (Humulin). Restriction enzymes and ligase are key enzymes used in recombinant DNA techniques. The document provides classifications of restriction enzymes and an overview of insulin signal transduction before concluding with thanks.

1. Biochemistry Student
Baharuddin
Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga
Surabaya
2014

2. Enzim dalam sintesis insulin
eksogen

3. INSULIN STRUCTURE
51 as. Amino (30 + 21)

4. Sintesis insulin
• Mediasi E.coli—Humulin
• Pemasugan gen ke bakteri --rekombinasi
(teknologi rekombinan)– dalam bakteri
menggunakan vektor (plasmid).

6. Restriction Site

7. Enzim utama
• Enzim restriksi (Golongan Hidrolase)
• Enzim Ligase endonuklease (Golongan Ligase)

8. All restriction enzymes fall into one of three classes
1. Class I endonucleases have a molecular weight
around 300,000 Daltons, are composed of non-
identical sub-units, and require Mg2+, ATP
(adenosine triphosphate), and SAM (S-adenosyl-
methionine) as cofactors for activity.
2. Class II enzymes are much smaller, with molecular
weights in the range of 20,000 to 100,000 Daltons.
They have identical sub-units and require only Mg2+
as a cofactor [1].
3. The Class III enzyme is a large molecule, with a
molecular weight of around 200,000 Daltons,
composed of non-identical sub-units.

9. Enzyme Nomenclature of Restriction

14. Insulin Signal Tranduction

15. SEKIAN DAN TERIMA KASIH

17. Group Reaction catalyzed Typical reaction
Enzyme example(s) with
trivial name
EC 1
Oxidoreductases
To catalyze oxidation/reduction
reactions; transfer of H and O
atoms or electrons from one
substance to another
AH + B → A + BH (reduced)
A + O → AO (oxidized)
Dehydrogenase,oxidase
EC 2
Transferases
Transfer of a functional
group from one substance to
another. The group may be
methyl-, acyl-, amino- or
phosphate group
AB + C → A + BC Transaminase,kinase
EC 3
Hydrolases
Formation of two products from a
substrate by hydrolysis
AB + H2O → AOH + BH Lipase, amylase,peptidase
EC 4
Lyases
Non-hydrolytic addition or
removal of groups from
substrates. C-C, C-N, C-O or C-S
bonds may be cleaved
RCOCOOH → RCOH + CO2 or [X-A-
B-Y] → [A=B + X-Y]
Decarboxylase
EC 5
Isomerases
Intramolecule rearrangement,
i.e. isomerization changes within
a single molecule
AB → BA Isomerase,mutase
EC 6
Ligases
Join together two molecules by
synthesis of new C-O, C-S, C-N or
C-C bonds with simultaneous
breakdown of ATP
X + Y+ ATP → XY + ADP + Pi Synthetase