This document provides an overview of the syllabus for an Anatomy and Physiology I course. It includes: 1. Contact information for the instructor and an outline of topics to be covered in Unit I, including cell chemistry, physiological processes, and homeostasis. 2. Descriptions of the basic components of life, including cells, tissues, organs and systems. It also discusses metabolism, homeostasis, and stress responses. 3. Explanations of organic compounds important for living things, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers, polymers, and functions of each type of organic molecule.

1. Anatomy & Physiology I-BIO 110 Dr. G. Krasilovsky Welcome e-mail: gkrasilo@sunyrockland.edu.com Office hours: after class by appointment Office: Lecture Classroom!!

2. Chapters: 1 - pp.1-11 plus lab material pp12-22 2 - skim pp.29, 42-60 3 - Next Unit: pp.62-95; 100-105 Readings for Unit I Marieb & Hoehn (2010). Human Anatomy & Physiology . 8th edition.

3. UNIT I - Introduction I. Introduction A. What is Life? B. Physiological Processes C. Directional Terms (lab material) D. Body Cavities (lab material) II. Chemistry for the Cell

4. A. What is Life? 1. A quality or characteristic of a system that demonstrates the following: a) consists of specific chemicals that can interact and utilize or produce energy (energy = ability to do work) b) has an organized basic structure ( CELL ) which could increase in size and number ( ANATOMY = study of structure ) cell = basic unit of structure and function of all living things tissue = group of cells with similar structure and function

5. A. What is Life? b) Basic Structure - continued -cell = basic unit of structure and function of all living things -tissue = group of cells with similar structure and function (muscle tissue, connective tissue) -organ = group of different tissues that function together (stomach, heart, ovaries) -system = group of different organs that function together (circulatory system, respiratory system) -organism = a living individual or a group of different systems that function together c) is capable of relating various physical and chemical processes ( PHYSIOLOGY )

6. Fig. 1.1

7. B. Physiological Processes 1. Examples of life processes demonstrating relationships Several ways to show relationships between processes- all correct Locomotion (movement) What systems are involved? - - - Continue adding physiological processes

8. Fig. 1.2

9. 2. Metabolism a) sum total of all chemical processes in an organism’s cells b) includes ALL physiological process listed above c) general term: “ metabolic disorder ”????? d) indicative of the energy utilization of an organism and its components: this is the value of metabolic rate

10. 3. HOMEOSTASIS a) self regulation of the internal environment of an organism, maintaining life functions within a NORMAL range b) Examples: Blood sugar Blood pressure Body temperature Hydration levels / Salt levels, etc.

11. Fig. 1.4

12. Fig. 1.5

13. Fig. 1.5 modified

14. 4. Stress - the absence of homeostasis What are physiological signs of stress? - - Value of stress vs. stress as a sign of disorder 5. Negative and Positive feedback Ability of an end-product to regulate its own production

15. See Fig. 1.6 modified

16. Fig. 1.6

19. Fig. 1.9

20. II. Chemistry for the Cell ( pages 42 - 60) A. Definitions 1. Element - simplest form of matter 2. Chemical Compound - 2 or more different elements in definite proportion H 2 O HCl C 6 H 12 O 6 H 2 O 2

21. 3. Monomer - basic repeating building block individual bricks, stones, tiles 4. Polymer - many monomers joined together = wall, path, ceiling or floor Organic compounds are carbon containing complex compounds or polymers

22. B. Table of Organic compounds 1. Carbohydrates (C O H) 1a. Monomer = Monosaccharides 3 carbon / 5 carbon / 6 carbon=hex ose Hexose = C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose or Fructose or Galactose Isomers - same number and type of elements but different structural arrangement Glucose is the most important monosaccharide Main source of energy for cell Form glucose from other organic compounds Store glucose as glycogen in animals

23. Fig. 2.15a Glucose Fructose Galactose Deoxyribose Ribose

24. 1b. Disaccharide = 2 subunits/monomers Mono + Mono = Disaccharide + Water Monosaccharides are stable - do not want to react - make unstable by removing the components of water (HOH) - water is therefore an end product as two monomers bond together DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS to produce a larger organic compound (removal of water) Examples (different monomer combinations) Sucrose=common table sugar Lactose = milk sugar Maltose = malt sugar

25. Monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation. (a) Dehydration synthesis Figure 2.14a Biological molecules are formed from their monomers or units by dehydration synthesis and broken down to the monomers by hydrolysis reactions.

27. Fig.2.14b

28. 1b. Disaccharide (continued) DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS to produce a larger organic compound (removal of water) HYDROLYSIS is the process to breakdown or digest a disaccharide or larger compound by ADDING components of water to the bond between 2 monomers, and break it Sugar = 10 or fewer monosaccharides together, sweet tasting and soluble in water Artificial sugar vs. artificial sweetener

29. 1c. Multiunits = Polysaccharides 100 or more monosaccharides bonded together Dehydration Synthesis to bond each 2 monomers together Hydrolysis to digest the polysaccharide into smaller subunits Larger saccharides are not soluble in water and not sweet tasting

30. 1c. Polysaccharides (continued) Starch - plant storage polysaccharide, we digest starch and produce glucose Cellulose - plant polysaccharide makes up cell wall, digested by cows and horses but not by humans (fiber in our diet) GLYCOGEN - animal storage polysaccharide, excess glucose stored as glycogen primarily in muscle and liver

31. Fig. 2.15c

32. B. 2. Proteins (C O H N) 2a. Monomer - Amino Acids (Fig. 2.17a-e) 20 common different types which all have an amino group (NH 2 -) plus an organic acid group (-COOH) attached to a central carbon plus a single group of atoms called an -R group attached to the same central carbon

33. Fig. 2.17d-e

34. B. 2. Proteins (continued) 2b. Linkage of amino acids = Peptide 2 a.a. = dipeptide 3 a.a. = tripeptide 2 - 9 amino acids = small peptide Dehydration synthesis - removal of water (HOH) from the amino and acid groups (on both sides) Hydrolysis =?? Fig. 2.18

35. B. 2b. Peptides (continued) Biological roles of peptides (2-9 a.a.) Neurotransmitters - peptides released by nerve cells to stimulate or inhibit another nerve cell or a muscle or a gland Endorphins - natural opiates, runner’s high Enkephalins Hormones- peptides released by a gland into the circulatory system to stimulate or inhibit a final target organ (gland or other organ) Hypothalamic releasing hormones Certain pituitary hormones

36. B. 2b. Peptides (continued) Ten or more amino acids = Polypeptide Also biologically active 3. Protein a) Introduction Large polymer = Macromolecules One or more chains of amino acids Total of 100 - thousands of amino acids Many peptide bonds in a chain b) Protein functions 1. Cell structure - membranes 2. Transport function - in blood and in/out of cell LDL vs. HDL

37. b) Protein functions 3. Muscle contraction due to contractile proteins 4. Receptors - proteins associated with a cell membrane to control chemical interactions at the level of the membrane (separate from #1) A key to open a specific lock A specific chemical interacts with a specific receptor 5. Enzyme - biological catalysts Catalyst - regulate (usually speed up) a chemical reaction without being used up or changed Some enzymes require cofactors (metal/organic) Specific substrates require specific enzymes

38. Fig. 2.21

40. Fig. 2.19 Levels of Protein Structure

41. 3. Fats or Lipids a) C-O-H, but different ratio from carbohydrates b) properties - do not mix well with water, but dissolve in organic solvents Fats = solid Oils = liquid c) subunits (not monomers) Fatty acids - varying hydrocarbons plus organic acid Glycerol - same sugar alcohol Triglycerides = 3:1 ratio

42. d) Fig. 2.16a Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis

43. 3.d. Types of fatty acid chains Saturated fats Solid at room temperature Usually animal products All single bonds between carbon -carbon Straight, packed together = solid Not metabolized as well - come out of solution during transport in blood - arteriosclerosis Unsaturated Fats Often liquid at room temperature(not packed) Usually plant products Some carbon=carbon double bonds, therefore fewer hydrogen attached to carbons, kinks Metabolized and transported better than the above in the blood Trans fat - oils that are solidified with addition of hydrogen at double bonds :. Not metabolized well (margarine)

44. Fig. 2.16 b-c

45. 3.e. Functions of Fats/Lipids 1. Protect and insulate body organs Second source of energy for the cells Chief component of cell membrane structure - phospholipids (Fig. 2.15b) Cholesterol also part of cell membrane structure (NOT A FAT) Prostaglandins - made from fatty acid chain, universal in body, involved with blood clotting, inflammation, birth - aspirin inhibits its synthesis

46. 4. Nucleic Acids (C O H N P) a) monomer = nucleotide with three components 5 carbon sugar = pentose Phosphate Nitrogen containing base (1 of 4 types) Fig. 2.22a

47. Fig. 2.23

48. 4. Nucleic Acids (Fig. 2.22b) b) Polynucleotide Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis c) 100 - 1000s of nucleotides equals a Nucleic Acid DNA - Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid RNA - Ribonucleic Acid

49. 3 black underlined comparisons most important