The document discusses various topics related to environmental science including energy flow in ecosystems, food chains and webs, ecological pyramids, succession, biogeochemical cycles, categories of ecosystems like grasslands and aquatic ecosystems, and biodiversity. It also covers natural resources like forests and food resources, and issues related to deforestation, mining in forests, dams and river valley projects, and afforestation programs.
This document provides an introduction to environmental science. It defines environmental science as the systematic study of the environment and humanity's place within it. Environmental science is highly interdisciplinary and holistic in nature, with the goal of understanding how natural systems function and how human activity impacts those systems. The key components of environmental science discussed include atmospheric sciences, ecology, environmental chemistry, and geosciences.
The document provides an overview of environmental impact assessment (EIA). It defines EIA as assessing the effects of proposed projects on the environment. EIA identifies alternatives and aims to balance economic and environmental costs and benefits. It integrates environmental concerns early in project planning. EIA started as a mandatory regulatory process in the US in 1969 and is now required in over 100 countries. The key stages of EIA are screening, scoping, baseline data collection, impact analysis, mitigation planning, public hearings, decision making, and monitoring. EIA aims to be fair, provide credible information for decisions, and ensure sustainability.
This document provides an introduction to environmental studies, including definitions of key terms and the relationships between the environment, ecology, and ecosystems. It discusses the components of the environment, including biotic and abiotic factors. It also examines the impact of technology and humans on the environment, including environmental degradation. Important questions are provided on these topics for further study.
Introduction to Environment Ecology and Ecosystemchirag yadav
Environmental studies is the scientific study of our environment and our place in it. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes both scientific and social aspects of human impact on the world. Environmental studies requires skills from various disciplines like chemistry, biology, earth sciences, and geography. The environment can be divided into four main segments - the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Understanding environmental issues is important for solving problems like pollution, overexploitation of resources, and achieving sustainable development. Public awareness and participation are needed to address environmental degradation.
This document provides an overview of ecological concepts and principles of ecosystems. It defines ecology and describes the basic units of ecological systems from protoplasm to the biosphere. Key concepts discussed include populations, communities, ecosystems, food webs, and the abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. Four principles of ecosystems are outlined: everything is related, everything must go somewhere, nature knows best, and there is no free lunch. Factors affecting ecosystems and environmental health are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in environmental science. It discusses that environmental science studies the natural world and human interactions with it using the scientific method. It also summarizes that humans depend on natural resources and the environment for survival but have degraded natural systems through pollution, erosion and species extinction. The document stresses that environmental science seeks to understand these relationships and how the natural world works in order to develop solutions to environmental problems.
Wetlands, a fragile ecosystem known for its functions and services is becoming more vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Hence in order not to miss out on these services provided by wetlands, it is imperative to put in place climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in regards to wetlands management.
A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water , either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem .
The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other
land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants , adapted to the unique hydric soil.
This document provides an introduction to environmental science. It defines environmental science as the systematic study of the environment and humanity's place within it. Environmental science is highly interdisciplinary and holistic in nature, with the goal of understanding how natural systems function and how human activity impacts those systems. The key components of environmental science discussed include atmospheric sciences, ecology, environmental chemistry, and geosciences.
The document provides an overview of environmental impact assessment (EIA). It defines EIA as assessing the effects of proposed projects on the environment. EIA identifies alternatives and aims to balance economic and environmental costs and benefits. It integrates environmental concerns early in project planning. EIA started as a mandatory regulatory process in the US in 1969 and is now required in over 100 countries. The key stages of EIA are screening, scoping, baseline data collection, impact analysis, mitigation planning, public hearings, decision making, and monitoring. EIA aims to be fair, provide credible information for decisions, and ensure sustainability.
This document provides an introduction to environmental studies, including definitions of key terms and the relationships between the environment, ecology, and ecosystems. It discusses the components of the environment, including biotic and abiotic factors. It also examines the impact of technology and humans on the environment, including environmental degradation. Important questions are provided on these topics for further study.
Introduction to Environment Ecology and Ecosystemchirag yadav
Environmental studies is the scientific study of our environment and our place in it. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes both scientific and social aspects of human impact on the world. Environmental studies requires skills from various disciplines like chemistry, biology, earth sciences, and geography. The environment can be divided into four main segments - the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Understanding environmental issues is important for solving problems like pollution, overexploitation of resources, and achieving sustainable development. Public awareness and participation are needed to address environmental degradation.
This document provides an overview of ecological concepts and principles of ecosystems. It defines ecology and describes the basic units of ecological systems from protoplasm to the biosphere. Key concepts discussed include populations, communities, ecosystems, food webs, and the abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. Four principles of ecosystems are outlined: everything is related, everything must go somewhere, nature knows best, and there is no free lunch. Factors affecting ecosystems and environmental health are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in environmental science. It discusses that environmental science studies the natural world and human interactions with it using the scientific method. It also summarizes that humans depend on natural resources and the environment for survival but have degraded natural systems through pollution, erosion and species extinction. The document stresses that environmental science seeks to understand these relationships and how the natural world works in order to develop solutions to environmental problems.
Wetlands, a fragile ecosystem known for its functions and services is becoming more vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Hence in order not to miss out on these services provided by wetlands, it is imperative to put in place climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in regards to wetlands management.
A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water , either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem .
The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other
land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants , adapted to the unique hydric soil.
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments, focusing on energy transfer. Key concepts in ecology include interactions within and among populations, nutrient cycling through ecosystems, and effects of natural and human activities. Ecosystems consist of biotic communities of interacting populations that inhabit a common environment and abiotic factors with which they interact. Energy and matter cycle through ecosystems via producers, consumers, and decomposers in food webs and nutrient cycles. Toxins can biologically magnify and increase in concentration as they move up food chains.
Environmental systems are complex arrangements of interacting biological, physical, chemical, social and economic components within the Earth's environment. They can include systems like the atmosphere, oceans, and populations of plants and animals. Models are used to study environmental systems and can take various forms from simple empirical models to complex process-based models. Environmental systems generally have four main features - they involve complex nonlinear interactions; their characteristics vary greatly over spatial and temporal scales; these scales are often incompatible between components; and many processes are unobservable. The key types of environmental systems are hydrological, ecological and climatic systems.
A presentation delivered by Jason Bernier, CBCL Limited on March 6, 2017 at the Sea Water Air Conditioning in the Caribbean Workshop at the Caribbean Development Bank.
Human activities are negatively impacting ecosystems in several key ways:
- Pollution from nutrient runoff, sewage, oil spills, and thermal pollution are causing eutrophication and lowering oxygen levels in water;
- Overfishing and destructive fishing practices like poisoning and explosives are depleting fish stocks and destroying habitats;
- Global warming from greenhouse gas emissions is raising ocean temperatures and causing acidification, damaging coral reefs and marine life.
- If left unaddressed, these human impacts will continue degrading ecosystems and compromising their ability to support life.
Our environment consists of both natural and man-made elements that surround us. It includes living things like plants and animals as well as non-living things like oceans, soil and human structures. Environmental science seeks to understand our relationship with the natural world and find balanced solutions to problems in order to protect both the environment and human well-being. While human activities like agriculture, industry and population growth have degraded natural systems, environmental science can help limit impacts and maintain ecological functioning to achieve sustainability.
This seminar presentation discusses the impact of climate change on biodiversity. It begins with an overview of how to manage Earth's temperature through solar energy and greenhouse gases. It then examines worldwide carbon emissions over time and explains the greenhouse effect. The values of biodiversity are outlined, and the presentation shows the impact of climate change on forests visible from space. A case study examines the effect of climate change on mountain pine beetles. The main impacts of climate change discussed are species extinction, effects on forests, water, polar regions and wildlife. The presentation concludes that temperatures will continue to rise and growing seasons will lengthen.
Biogeochemical cycles describe the cycling of essential nutrients like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur between the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components of ecosystems. Energy from the sun drives these cycles as nutrients are exchanged between organisms, water, air, soil, and rock. Humans have disrupted natural biogeochemical cycles through activities like burning fossil fuels, clearing vegetation, using fertilizers, and pollution, which has contributed to issues like climate change and algal blooms.
This document outlines the syllabus and important concepts for the Ecology & Ecosystems unit. It covers topics like introduction to ecology, ecosystem structure and function, components of ecosystems including producers, consumers, and decomposers. It also discusses biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. and energy flow within ecosystems. Other topics covered are food chains, ecological pyramids, and different ecosystem types. The document provides definitions and explanations of key terminology used in ecology. It also includes important questions related to the syllabus.
Human activities like deforestation, overpopulation, waste production, pollution and overuse of natural resources are negatively impacting the environment. Key factors of environmental degradation include deforestation for fuel, livestock or commodities which removes forests; overpopulation exceeding the carrying capacity of regions; and waste such as household trash, hazardous, medical and industrial waste. Pollution from fossil fuel use and agriculture introduces harmful substances into the air, water and land. Energy production from sources like coal mining, oil drilling and reservoirs also damages the environment, as does over-extraction of natural resources through mining, fishing and logging without concern for conservation and sustainability.
This presentation is about interdependence of man and environment. It highlights the environmental factors which contribute to the life of man. Further , it focuses on the factors which affect the weather and climate of Pakistan.
This document discusses various methodologies used in environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It outlines key characteristics an EIA methodology should have, such as being appropriate to the task and free from bias. Common impact identification methods are described, including checklists, matrices, networks and overlays. The stages of impact prediction, evaluation and identification are explained. The document also discusses techniques for impact prediction, evaluation of significance, and designing environmental protection measures. Overall it provides an overview of conceptual approaches and analytical tools used in EIAs.
What is Environment and Types of Environmrnt.pptxshafiulkayes
What is Environment? Types of Environment. Basic components of the Environment.
All the physical surroundings on Earth are called the environment. The environment includes everything living and everything nonliving. The nonliving part of the environment has three main parts: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the lithosphere.
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment. The components of ecology include abiotic (non-living) factors like temperature and biotic (living) factors like other organisms. A niche describes an organism's role and interactions within its ecosystem, including how it meets its needs. Relationships between organisms in an ecosystem can be symbiotic like mutualism, or involve one organism benefiting more than the other like parasitism or commensalism. Natural selection leads to evolution as organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on those traits, changing the gene frequency in a population over time. Speciation occurs when reproductive isolation splits one species into two distinct species.
In this persentation I give a short description about ecology and the history of it. I also show the ecological crisis as well as environmental situation for ethical and social awareness.
The document provides information about ecosystems and ecology. It begins with definitions of ecosystems as self-regulating groups of interacting species and their environment, and ecology as the study of organism interactions and relationships. It then describes the key components and structure of ecosystems, including abiotic (physical and chemical) and biotic factors. Biotic components include producers (photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs), consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores), and decomposers. The document also discusses energy flow and trophic levels in food chains and food webs in ecosystems.
Energy from the sun flows through ecosystems via photosynthesis in producers and is transferred between trophic levels through food webs. However, only about 10% of energy is transferred between adjacent trophic levels, with the rest lost as heat. As a result, the amount of biomass and number of organisms decreases at each higher trophic level, as illustrated by ecological pyramids. This energy flow and transfer of matter between trophic levels is governed by the laws of thermodynamics.
This document discusses environmental sampling, focusing on water sampling. It covers three main areas of environmental sampling: water sampling, air sampling, and soil sampling. For water sampling, it is important to understand the water cycle, soil permeability and porosity, and basic water characteristics. The document then discusses the hydrologic cycle, soil permeability, water tables, groundwater vs. surface water, considerations before sampling like safety plans and permits, on-site observations and tests, sampling locations and flow calculations, and detention time.
1. An ecosystem is defined as a community of living organisms (biotic factors) interacting with each other and their non-living (abiotic) environment.
2. The key components of an ecosystem include biotic factors like producers, consumers, decomposers and abiotic factors like air, water, soil, and sunlight.
3. Ecosystems function through energy flow, nutrient cycling, and interactions between organisms like predation and symbiosis. Ecosystem processes like photosynthesis and respiration are important for energy and nutrient exchange.
The document discusses key concepts in ecology and ecosystems. It defines ecology as the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment. An ecosystem is composed of organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. Ecologists study ecosystems at different levels from organisms to populations to communities and landscapes. Key ecosystem processes include nutrient cycling, energy flow, and food webs between organisms.
Resources are defined as matter, space and time utilized for the wellbeing of mankind is called as resources. The natural resources are materials, which living organisms can take from nature for sustaining their life or any components of the natural environment that can be utilized by man to promote his welfare is considered to be natural resources.
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments, focusing on energy transfer. Key concepts in ecology include interactions within and among populations, nutrient cycling through ecosystems, and effects of natural and human activities. Ecosystems consist of biotic communities of interacting populations that inhabit a common environment and abiotic factors with which they interact. Energy and matter cycle through ecosystems via producers, consumers, and decomposers in food webs and nutrient cycles. Toxins can biologically magnify and increase in concentration as they move up food chains.
Environmental systems are complex arrangements of interacting biological, physical, chemical, social and economic components within the Earth's environment. They can include systems like the atmosphere, oceans, and populations of plants and animals. Models are used to study environmental systems and can take various forms from simple empirical models to complex process-based models. Environmental systems generally have four main features - they involve complex nonlinear interactions; their characteristics vary greatly over spatial and temporal scales; these scales are often incompatible between components; and many processes are unobservable. The key types of environmental systems are hydrological, ecological and climatic systems.
A presentation delivered by Jason Bernier, CBCL Limited on March 6, 2017 at the Sea Water Air Conditioning in the Caribbean Workshop at the Caribbean Development Bank.
Human activities are negatively impacting ecosystems in several key ways:
- Pollution from nutrient runoff, sewage, oil spills, and thermal pollution are causing eutrophication and lowering oxygen levels in water;
- Overfishing and destructive fishing practices like poisoning and explosives are depleting fish stocks and destroying habitats;
- Global warming from greenhouse gas emissions is raising ocean temperatures and causing acidification, damaging coral reefs and marine life.
- If left unaddressed, these human impacts will continue degrading ecosystems and compromising their ability to support life.
Our environment consists of both natural and man-made elements that surround us. It includes living things like plants and animals as well as non-living things like oceans, soil and human structures. Environmental science seeks to understand our relationship with the natural world and find balanced solutions to problems in order to protect both the environment and human well-being. While human activities like agriculture, industry and population growth have degraded natural systems, environmental science can help limit impacts and maintain ecological functioning to achieve sustainability.
This seminar presentation discusses the impact of climate change on biodiversity. It begins with an overview of how to manage Earth's temperature through solar energy and greenhouse gases. It then examines worldwide carbon emissions over time and explains the greenhouse effect. The values of biodiversity are outlined, and the presentation shows the impact of climate change on forests visible from space. A case study examines the effect of climate change on mountain pine beetles. The main impacts of climate change discussed are species extinction, effects on forests, water, polar regions and wildlife. The presentation concludes that temperatures will continue to rise and growing seasons will lengthen.
Biogeochemical cycles describe the cycling of essential nutrients like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur between the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components of ecosystems. Energy from the sun drives these cycles as nutrients are exchanged between organisms, water, air, soil, and rock. Humans have disrupted natural biogeochemical cycles through activities like burning fossil fuels, clearing vegetation, using fertilizers, and pollution, which has contributed to issues like climate change and algal blooms.
This document outlines the syllabus and important concepts for the Ecology & Ecosystems unit. It covers topics like introduction to ecology, ecosystem structure and function, components of ecosystems including producers, consumers, and decomposers. It also discusses biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. and energy flow within ecosystems. Other topics covered are food chains, ecological pyramids, and different ecosystem types. The document provides definitions and explanations of key terminology used in ecology. It also includes important questions related to the syllabus.
Human activities like deforestation, overpopulation, waste production, pollution and overuse of natural resources are negatively impacting the environment. Key factors of environmental degradation include deforestation for fuel, livestock or commodities which removes forests; overpopulation exceeding the carrying capacity of regions; and waste such as household trash, hazardous, medical and industrial waste. Pollution from fossil fuel use and agriculture introduces harmful substances into the air, water and land. Energy production from sources like coal mining, oil drilling and reservoirs also damages the environment, as does over-extraction of natural resources through mining, fishing and logging without concern for conservation and sustainability.
This presentation is about interdependence of man and environment. It highlights the environmental factors which contribute to the life of man. Further , it focuses on the factors which affect the weather and climate of Pakistan.
This document discusses various methodologies used in environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It outlines key characteristics an EIA methodology should have, such as being appropriate to the task and free from bias. Common impact identification methods are described, including checklists, matrices, networks and overlays. The stages of impact prediction, evaluation and identification are explained. The document also discusses techniques for impact prediction, evaluation of significance, and designing environmental protection measures. Overall it provides an overview of conceptual approaches and analytical tools used in EIAs.
What is Environment and Types of Environmrnt.pptxshafiulkayes
What is Environment? Types of Environment. Basic components of the Environment.
All the physical surroundings on Earth are called the environment. The environment includes everything living and everything nonliving. The nonliving part of the environment has three main parts: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the lithosphere.
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment. The components of ecology include abiotic (non-living) factors like temperature and biotic (living) factors like other organisms. A niche describes an organism's role and interactions within its ecosystem, including how it meets its needs. Relationships between organisms in an ecosystem can be symbiotic like mutualism, or involve one organism benefiting more than the other like parasitism or commensalism. Natural selection leads to evolution as organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on those traits, changing the gene frequency in a population over time. Speciation occurs when reproductive isolation splits one species into two distinct species.
In this persentation I give a short description about ecology and the history of it. I also show the ecological crisis as well as environmental situation for ethical and social awareness.
The document provides information about ecosystems and ecology. It begins with definitions of ecosystems as self-regulating groups of interacting species and their environment, and ecology as the study of organism interactions and relationships. It then describes the key components and structure of ecosystems, including abiotic (physical and chemical) and biotic factors. Biotic components include producers (photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs), consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores), and decomposers. The document also discusses energy flow and trophic levels in food chains and food webs in ecosystems.
Energy from the sun flows through ecosystems via photosynthesis in producers and is transferred between trophic levels through food webs. However, only about 10% of energy is transferred between adjacent trophic levels, with the rest lost as heat. As a result, the amount of biomass and number of organisms decreases at each higher trophic level, as illustrated by ecological pyramids. This energy flow and transfer of matter between trophic levels is governed by the laws of thermodynamics.
This document discusses environmental sampling, focusing on water sampling. It covers three main areas of environmental sampling: water sampling, air sampling, and soil sampling. For water sampling, it is important to understand the water cycle, soil permeability and porosity, and basic water characteristics. The document then discusses the hydrologic cycle, soil permeability, water tables, groundwater vs. surface water, considerations before sampling like safety plans and permits, on-site observations and tests, sampling locations and flow calculations, and detention time.
1. An ecosystem is defined as a community of living organisms (biotic factors) interacting with each other and their non-living (abiotic) environment.
2. The key components of an ecosystem include biotic factors like producers, consumers, decomposers and abiotic factors like air, water, soil, and sunlight.
3. Ecosystems function through energy flow, nutrient cycling, and interactions between organisms like predation and symbiosis. Ecosystem processes like photosynthesis and respiration are important for energy and nutrient exchange.
The document discusses key concepts in ecology and ecosystems. It defines ecology as the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment. An ecosystem is composed of organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. Ecologists study ecosystems at different levels from organisms to populations to communities and landscapes. Key ecosystem processes include nutrient cycling, energy flow, and food webs between organisms.
Resources are defined as matter, space and time utilized for the wellbeing of mankind is called as resources. The natural resources are materials, which living organisms can take from nature for sustaining their life or any components of the natural environment that can be utilized by man to promote his welfare is considered to be natural resources.
This document contains notes from a science lesson on food webs. The notes define food webs as a series of overlapping food chains that show the relationships among organisms in an ecosystem. Examples of food webs from different ecosystems are shown. Students then participate in an activity where they organize organisms into food webs on paper. The lesson concludes with an exit slip and homework assignment involving additional questions about marine food webs.
Ecological succession is the orderly progression of a vegetation community through developmental stages over time, eventually reaching a climax community. The key stages are:
1) Pioneer species first colonize the bare ground, exploiting the lack of competition. Moss and other low-growing plants are common pioneers.
2) After a few years, competition and environmental changes increase as the number of species grows. Soil develops, temperatures moderate, and nutrients rise with more complex food webs and larger herbivores present.
3) Further successional stages occur until a stable climax community is reached that is in equilibrium with the local climate and environment. In the UK, deciduous oak woodland is a common climax community
The document summarizes different types of ecological succession that occur in ecosystems. It describes how succession leads to increases in ecosystem complexity over time through changes in species composition and interactions. Succession can be driven by external environmental changes (allogenic) or internal biological processes (autogenic). Primary succession occurs on new, undeveloped habitats while secondary succession follows disturbances to existing habitats. Intensive human activities like agriculture, pollution, and development can reduce ecosystem complexity by simplifying species interactions and food webs.
Classification of natural resources (pdf)Jhia Yalung
This document classifies and defines different types of natural resources. It distinguishes between renewable and non-renewable resources. Renewable resources such as crops, water, and solar energy can regenerate themselves rapidly and are not depleted once used. Non-renewable resources like fossil fuels, metals, and minerals form over long periods of geological time and are finite in supply. Natural resources are further broken down into categories such as food and fiber resources, aquatic resources, soil resources, and atmospheric resources. The document provides examples to illustrate renewable resources like biomass and geothermal energy, as well as non-renewable resources including coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear power.
This document provides an overview of environmental science and ecosystems. It defines environmental science as the study of how humans interact with their environment, including both natural and human-made components. It then describes different types of ecosystems like forests, grasslands, deserts, freshwater, and marine environments. For each ecosystem, it outlines the key biotic components (producers, consumers, decomposers) and abiotic components. Overall, the document introduces some of the fundamental concepts of environmental science and ecology.
Resources can be classified in several ways, including by origin, exhaustibility, ownership, and development status. Biotic resources come from living things while abiotic resources are non-living. Renewable resources can replenish, like forests, while non-renewables deplete, like fossil fuels. Resources are also grouped by whether they are owned privately, by a community, or nationally. Potential resources have not been used yet, while developed resources have been surveyed and reserves can be accessed with current technology.
The document classifies natural resources based on their origin, stage of development, and renewability. It provides examples of biotic and abiotic resources classified by origin. Potential and actual resources are classified by stage of development. Renewable resources like sunlight, wind, and hydroelectric power are replenishable, while non-renewable resources like fossil fuels and minerals are not. Examples of renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power. Non-renewable resources discussed are fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas formed from ancient organic matter, as well as mineral resources.
This document discusses natural resources including forests, water, minerals, and biodiversity. It provides classifications of these resources and describes their importance. Forests are classified based on type and provide biodiversity habitat. Water resources are discussed including the water cycle, sources like rain and wells, and dams which can provide benefits like irrigation but also cause issues like displacement. Minerals are classified and India's major mineral resources are outlined. Exploitation of minerals through surface and underground mining can impact the environment. Overall the document presents an overview of key natural resources and issues related to their management and conservation.
After industrialization and urbanization led to immense impacts on the environment, public awareness is needed about environmental pollution from human activities. The cooperation of social organizations at every level is required to address issues like overexploitation of natural resources. Government awareness campaigns should encourage practices like rainwater harvesting and discourage using vehicles and water unnecessarily to help control pollution and save the environment. Public participation is essential for sustainable development goals, and people must understand that degrading the environment harms themselves.
Natural resources, Conservation, & its Depletion.Jonathan Vincent
This document discusses various types of natural resources including renewable and non-renewable resources. It covers forest resources, water resources, mineral resources, energy resources, and land resources. It describes the importance and uses of these resources as well as causes of depletion such as deforestation, overexploitation, and unsustainable practices. Conservation methods are also proposed such as recycling, reducing consumption, and judicious use of resources.
This document discusses various renewable and non-renewable energy resources. It begins by defining renewable resources as those that can regenerate through natural cycles like water, air and biomass. Non-renewable resources exist in fixed quantities like fossil fuels and metals. It then discusses the importance of conservation over destruction of resources. The document also covers different energy sources in detail - both conventional sources like coal, oil, natural gas and non-conventional sources like solar, wind, hydro and nuclear power. It provides advantages and limitations of each energy source.
The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface, driven by solar energy. Water can exist in three forms - liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor) - and changes form as it moves through the cycle of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection, runoff, infiltration, storage, and either return to the seas or a repeat of the cycle. The sun's heat causes evaporation and transpiration, forming water vapor that rises and condenses into clouds and precipitates as rain or snow back to Earth, completing the cycle which is vital to life and all human activities that depend on water.
El documento define los diferentes elementos arquitectónicos y espacios que componen un teatro, incluyendo el escenario, telón, candilejas, patio de butacas, vestidores y palcos, entre otros, y cómo estos sirven para organizar las áreas de actuación, audiencia y equipo técnico.
The document summarizes and compares two ecosystems in Puerto Rico: Bosque Seco de Guánica and El Yunque National Forest. It describes the different forest areas within each ecosystem, including the types of trees and canopy layers. It also discusses the differences in rainfall, soil composition, and how each ecosystem has adapted. Finally, it provides details on some of the unique flora and fauna found in each forest and some environmental problems currently facing them.
An ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic components that interact with each other. Biotic factors include living organisms like plants, animals, and microbes, while abiotic factors refer to non-living physical and chemical elements like water, soil, sunlight, temperature, and minerals. Organisms depend on each other through food webs, with energy transferring between trophic levels from producers to primary, secondary and tertiary consumers. Ecosystems also cycle nutrients through the actions of decomposers which break down organic matter. Examples of ecosystems include forests, grasslands, freshwater and marine environments.
An ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic components that interact with each other. Biotic factors include living organisms like plants, animals, and microbes, while abiotic factors refer to non-living physical and chemical elements like water, soil, sunlight, temperature, and minerals. Organisms depend on each other through food webs, with energy transferring between trophic levels from producers to primary, secondary and tertiary consumers. Ecosystems also cycle nutrients through the actions of decomposers which break down organic matter. Examples of ecosystems include forests, grasslands, freshwater and marine environments.
This document summarizes key concepts in environmental science, including:
1) It defines important terms like ecology, ecosystem, environment, and environmental science.
2) It describes components of ecosystems like abiotic and biotic factors, and interactions between living and non-living things.
3) It explains ecological concepts such as food chains, food webs, biogeochemical cycles, biomes, sources of pollution, and principles of sustainability.
This document discusses ecosystems and their structure and function. It defines an ecosystem as the interaction between living organisms and their surrounding environment. The key components of an ecosystem include biotic factors like plants and animals, and abiotic factors like climate, soil and water. Ecosystems function through processes like productivity, decomposition, energy flow and nutrient cycling. It provides examples of ecosystems like ponds and describes their biotic and abiotic components as well as producers, consumers and decomposers. It also discusses important ecosystem concepts like primary and secondary productivity, ecological pyramids, food chains and food webs, trophic levels and ecological succession.
Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. The biosphere contains all life on Earth, including the interactions between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors, from individuals to entire ecosystems and biomes. Ecologists use observation, experimentation, and modeling to understand energy flow through trophic levels and the cycling of matter like water, nutrients, carbon, and nitrogen between ecosystems. Population growth rates are influenced by births, deaths, immigration and emigration, and are limited by available resources and carrying capacity.
The document summarizes key concepts in ecology. It discusses the biosphere and how ecologists study relationships between individuals, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the entire biosphere. It then covers the basic methods used in ecological research - observing, experimenting, and modeling. It explains energy flow through ecosystems via photosynthesis and food chains. Matter is recycled through biogeochemical cycles like the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. The document also describes the abiotic and biotic factors that determine ecosystems and biomes, as well as population growth patterns.
I didn't make this powerpoint, this is from my IB Biology teacher but it's one of the only topics I actually really enjoyed sooo I'm putting it up, ^_^
An ecosystem is a functional unit consisting of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. Key components include producers, consumers, and decomposers interacting within a web of food chains and nutrient cycles. Energy enters through producers via photosynthesis and is transferred between trophic levels, with only 10% typically being transferred between adjacent levels as depicted in ecological pyramids. Ecosystems also cycle nutrients and undergo successional changes over time as conditions change.
Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and webs. Producers, like plants, capture energy from the sun and convert it to chemical energy during photosynthesis. Consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms and are classified as herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores based on their diets. Energy and nutrients transfer between trophic levels with about 10% traveling to the next level, resulting in pyramids of numbers and biomass that narrow with each increasing trophic level. Key nutrients like carbon and nitrogen cycle through abiotic and biotic factors, being used and reused by different organisms in ecosystems.
This course introduces students to ecology, biodiversity, and evolution. It covers topics such as ecosystems, ecological pyramids, environmental impacts on organisms, population ecology, community ecology, atmospheric composition, pollution, climate change, biodiversity, habitats, niches, food webs, trophic levels, and ecological pyramids. Key concepts studied are ecosystems, trophic levels, food webs, ecological pyramids, biodiversity, habitats, niches, environmental effects on phenotypes through epigenetics and phenotypic plasticity.
This document discusses ecosystems and their components. It defines an ecosystem as consisting of both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components that interact in a particular environment. It then describes different types of ecosystems like forest, grassland, aquatic, and artificial ecosystems. The key components of ecosystems discussed are producers, consumers, decomposers, and reducers. Energy flow through ecosystems is also summarized, along with the concepts of food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids. Specific examples of aquatic, forest, and desert ecosystems are provided.
The document provides an overview of various ecosystem concepts including producers, consumers, decomposers, energy flow, food chains, food webs, ecological pyramids, and different types of ecosystems such as forest, grassland, desert, aquatic, and marine. It discusses abiotic and biotic factors, trophic levels, and key aspects of different ecosystems including climate, plants, animals, and adaptations. Examples are given of different food webs and how ecosystems function in terms of productivity, decomposition, nutrient cycling, and energy flow.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in ecology. It defines ecology as the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. It then describes different levels of ecological organization from species to biomes. Factors that shape ecosystems are explored, including biotic factors like plant and animal life as well as abiotic factors such as climate. Cycles like the water and carbon cycles are also summarized. Energy flow through ecosystems is explained, differentiating producers, consumers, decomposers and parasites. Food chains, webs, and energy pyramids are defined. Finally, ecological succession, including primary and secondary succession, is introduced.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in ecology. It defines ecology as the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. It then describes different levels of ecological organization from species to biomes. Factors that shape ecosystems are explored, including biotic factors like plant and animal life as well as abiotic factors such as climate. Cycles like the water and carbon cycles are also summarized. Energy flow through ecosystems is explained, with descriptions of producers, consumers, decomposers, and parasites. Food chains, webs, and energy pyramids are defined. Finally, ecological succession, including primary and secondary succession, is introduced.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in ecology. It defines ecology as the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. It then describes different levels of ecological organization from species to biomes. Factors that shape ecosystems are explored, including biotic factors like plant and animal life as well as abiotic factors such as climate. Cycles like the water and carbon cycles are also summarized. Energy flow through ecosystems is explained, with descriptions of producers, consumers, decomposers, and parasites. Food chains, webs, and energy pyramids are defined. Finally, ecological succession, including primary and secondary succession, is introduced.
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2. ENERGY FLOW
• Movement of energy through ecosystems
• Foundation of life (Sustains the life)
• Limits the abundance and richness of life
• ECOSYSTEM ENERGY
• Sun(outside source)- the ultimate source of energy
• Ecosystem energy do not circulate
• Energy flow is a one way path
• Energy is utilized and converted to heat (demand for
food)
• Continues flow of energy is required to keep the
biological process active
3. • Energy entering pathways are 2.
– By the primary producers(Auto trophs)
– By the wind current or air convection through soil
ENERGY FLOW
4. FOOD CHAIN
• One way of representing Energy flow
• Transfer of food from plants(producers) through
herbivores-carnivores-decomposers
• Above process repeats in stages
• The simple stages of eating and being eaten is the
FOOD CHAIN
– 1. Grass-deer-lion
– 2. seed-mouse-owl
7. FOOD CHAIN
• Grazing food chain depends on solar energy
• Detritus food chain do not depends on solar energy
• TOPHIC LEVEL
• Feeding status of an ecosysytems
• Organisms feed on plants belongs to same steps or
trophic level
• Number of trophic levels depend on the population of
species and distribution of food
Eg: Wheat->Man
: Algea->insects->fish->man
10. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
• Graphical representation of trophic structure of ES
• Relationship b/w energy
• 3 types
– Pyramid of NUMBERS
– Pyramid of BIOMASS
– Pyramid of ENERGY
11. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
• Pyramid of Number
– Number of individual in a trophic level
– The length of the bar represents the population
– Progressive decrease in numbers from producers to
consumers
P
C1
C2
C3
12. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
• Pyramid of Biomass
– Based on the total dry weight of living material
– Total number of population X av. Weight of pop.= Biomass
• Pyramid of Energy
- Based on rate of energy flow
- Takes upright form always
- Energy will be lost in the
Upper levels
13. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
• Process through which the ES tends to change over a
period of time
• Causes of ecological succession
– Initial cause
Climatic causes: wind, fire, erosion
Biotic causes: activities of living creatures
– Ecesis cause
Migration, competition, aggregation,
– Stabilisation causes
Stabilisation of community
Reason:climate
14. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
• Types of succession
– Primary and secondary
– Primary succession
It is the initial development of ecosystem
Community occupies on an unoccupied site
Ex: forest on a new hardened lava form
Forest on a retreating glacier
- Secondary succession
Re-establishment of ecosystem
In this remnants of previous biological community, organic
matters of previous community
15. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
• Characteristics
It is unidirectional in nature
Modifies the physical env
It is predictable
It involves various developmental stages
AUTOTROPHIC SUCCN. HETROTROPHIC SUCCN.
Wide spread in nature Localized in nature
Starts in Inorganic env. Organic env.
Early dominance of Autotrophs Early dominance of
Hetrotrophs(bacteria, fungai)
Energy flow is maintained indefinitely Energy flow is limited
16. MAJOR CYCLES IN ECOSYSTEM
• WATER CYCLES
• Rain water partly flows to river and partly get
infiltrated
• Stored for an year
• Water is taken by the plants
• By Transpiration from leaves water escapes
• Condensate and the precipitate
• From the water body: Evaporation-condensation-
precipitation
• This cycle continues
18. MAJOR CYCLES IN ECOSYSTEM
• CARBON CYCLE
• Carbon included in ABIOTIC and BIOTIC parts
• Building block
• Plants takes CO2 + Light fixationcarbohydrates
• Plants gives out O2
• Hetrotrophs gives out CO2
• OXYGEN CYCLE
• It is a part of Carbon cycle
20. MAJOR CYCLES IN ECOSYSTEM
• NITROGEN CYCLE
• Plants take nitrogen from the soil
• Waste material from the
animals get broken down by
the bacteria
• Ammonia get digested by
the bacteria convert
it into Nitrites
• Nitrate fixing bacteria
convert Nitrate to Nitrites
22. CATEGORIES OF ECOSYSTEM
• GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM
• Terrestrial ecosystem
• Rainfall is low(250mm-600mm), soil is of poor quality
• Major community is grass with few trees
• Abundant grazing animal
• Soil rich in humus
• Occupies 90% of earth
• FOOD CHAIN
• GrassG. hopperhawk
• Grassmousesnake
23. CATEGORIES OF ECOSYSTEM
• GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM
Structure and function of Ecosystems
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS BIOTIC COMPONETS
Nutrients in the soil
includes
C,H,N,O,P,S,Water CO2,
Nitrates
PRODUCERS CONSUMERS DECOMPOSERS
Mainly grasses
and few forbs
and shrubs
Pri. Consumers
Cow, rabits, sheeps
Secondary cosumers
Fox birds
Ter. Cosumers
hawk
Microbes like fungi,
bacteria
24. CATEGORIES OF ECOSYSTEM
• DESERT ECOSYSTEM
• It occupies 17% of land area
• Receives annual rainfall below 25cm
• Large unoccupied area, poor availability of water
• Evaporation rate is high
• Less humidity
• Continues sunshine temperature is about 380ᴼC day
time night 4ᴼC
• Vegetation includes shrubs underground corns
• Here the animals can conserve water and food for long
time
25. CATEGORIES OF ECOSYSTEM
• DESERT ECOSYSTEM
ABIOTIC COMPONET BIOTIC
Dry soil with fewer
rainfall and high
temperature.
Lack of organic
matter in soil
PRODUCERS CONSUMERS DECOMPOSERS
Shrubs , some
grass and few
trees
P. con.
Insects camels
S. Con
Lizard beetle
reptiles
T . Con.
Red tailed hawk,
vultures
Thermophilic
fungai
Bacteria
Poor vegetation
decomposers are
very low
26. CATEGORIES OF ECOSYSTEM
• AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM ( FRESH WATER)
• Pond lake ES
• Artificial or nature, temporary or permentant
• Self sufficient and self regulating
• Stagnent
• More polluted, due to
• limited amount of water
• Over utilisation of species
27. CATEGORIES OF ECOSYSTEM
• AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM ( FRESH WATER)
Abiotic component Biotic componets
Temperature, light,
pH, water, organic
and inorganic
component
Producers Consumers Decomposers
Rooted plants,
floating or
suspended plants,
phytoplanktons
p. con.
Animal feeding
microphytes, birds
feeding
phytoplankton
Sec. con.
Insects, fishes,
crabs
Ter. Con.
Large fishes
Micro organisms
like fungai, bacteria
30. What is Biodiversity
• Definition
• Verity of lives on earth
• Include all life forms-fungai, protozoa, bacteria to
plants, birds fish and mammal
• Variability in living organism from terrestrial marine and
aquatic ES and diversity within the species
Hierarchical levels
I. Genetic diversity
II. Species diversity
III.Ecosystem diversity
31. What is Biodiversity
• Genetic diversity
• Variation of genes within the species
• Genes : basic unit of all life
• Genes are responsible of both similarities and difference b/w
organisms
• Within a species there can be slight variations in
size, shape, resistance against diseases
• To conserve genetic diversity , diff population must b conserved
• Degree of conservation assessed from
• Diversity within breeding pop.
• Within species
• Ability to withstand env. condition
33. What is Biodiversity
• Species Diversity
• Richness of species in an ecosystem
• Counting the numbers and chances of species in an
ecosystem
• Ex; A community in which each species of same
number of individual- more diverse
• A community in which a particular species of large
number of individual- less diverse
34. What is Biodiversity
• Ecosystem diversity
• Existence of different ecosystem in a continent
• It can be assessed in terms of species diversity
• Assessment- evaluation of richness of species and their
relative abundance
• Landscape diversity
• Refer to size of several ecosystems
• Refers to their interaction with the land surface
35. MEASURING B. D.
• Alpha diversity
• Refers to the number of species in a community
Ex; Sahara desert and Amazon tropical rain forest
• Beta diversity
• Refer to degree to which a community
Changes along env. Gradient
Ex; Moss community
• Gamma diversity
• Rate at which additional
Species are seen in ES due to
Change in geographical condition
37. Introduction
• World comprises two components:-
• Natural world —Plants, Animals, Soil, Air and water.
• Anthropogenic world —Social institutions, mechanical devices
buildings created for ourselves (using sciences, technology and
political organisations)
Definition of Environment
Physical, biological, biophysical, topographical and climatological
conditions that surround and organisms or group of organisms
Environmental Science
Is an applied interdisciplinary field concerned with the environment
around us
Is concerned with social issues:- Environmental policies and
law, sustainability, resource economics, urban
planning, environmental ethics
39. Introduction
• Goals of Evs Studies
Reduction of societal consumption of non-renewable fuel resources
Development of alternate low carbon renewable energy resources
Conservation of scarce material resources
Protection of unique ecosystems
Preservation of endangered species
Establishment of Biosphere reserves
• Scope
Create awareness among the people to know about renewable and
non-renewable resources of region
Provide knowledge of ecological systems
40.
41. Introduction
• Goals
Reduction of societal consumption of non-renewable fuel resources
Development of alternate low carbon renewable energy resources
Conservation of scarce material resources
Protection of unique ecosystems
Preservation of endangered species
Establishment of Biosphere reserves
• Scope
Create awareness among the people to know about renewable and
non-renewable resources of region
Provide knowledge of ecological systems
Enables to understand the cause and consequences of natural and man
made disasters and pollution and measures to minimize it
Enables environmentally literate citizen to make apt judgment and
decision for the protection and improvement of earth
42. Introduction
• Scope (continues)
Exposes the problems of over population, health, hygiene and role of
art science and technologies to various environmental issues
Study convert theoretical knowledge to practice
It teaches the citizen the need for sustainable utilization of resources
• Importance
To study the env. In totality
To understand the Economic value of the nature
To understand the whole of the life process of man
To understand the interdisciplinary approach of this branch
To activate the participation of people in prevention and control of
various kinds of pollution
To control the human beings in the use of
food, apparels, plastics, fuels, water, paper, electricity
43. Introduction
• Importance (continues)
To understand the environmental issues from
local, regional, national, international point of view
To enable the cooperation from regional national and international
level on env. Issues
To understand the whole of the life process of man
To understand the Aesthetic and Recreational value of nature
To make the citizen to compete to do scientific work to find the
practical sol. to current env problem
To motivate the people in planned usage of resources
44. NEED OF PUBLIC AWARENESS
• Introduction
Enhanced pace of development activities and rapid urbanization--
resulted in stress on natural resources and quality of life
Trend of increasing pollution in various environmental media is
evident from the deteriorating air and water quality, higher noise
levels, increasing vehicular emission
Realizing the urgent need for arresting the trend, Ministry adopted
Policy for Abatement of Environmental Degradation
Urgent need for public awareness about cleaner environment
Education should be given to women and children
45. NEED OF PUBLIC AWARENESS
• How to create awareness…
By forming an Action group and recognised NGOs
By joining local green movement and env. Conservation programmes
By propagating 3R principles
By organizing debates on env. Conservation with the help of
educational institution
By arranging tours to National Parks, Santuaries
• Institutions on Environment
Institution Duties
Bombay Natural History Society(1883)
It disseminate knowledge of flora and
fauna by means of lectures, field trips,
literature
Center for Environmental
Education(1984)
It aims to create env. Awareness amon
the communities
46. NEED OF PUBLIC AWARENESS
• Institutions on Environment
Institution Duties
Center for Science and Environment
Researches in the field of pollution,
forest, wildlife, land and water use
Indian Association of Environment
Management(1963)
It conduct seminars, essay competition
and exhibitions related to water
pollution
47. NATURAL RESOURCES
• Naturally occurring substances undisturbed by humans
• Activities associated with it:- extraction and purification
• Natural resources industries:- mining, petroleum
extraction, fishing, hunting and forestry
• Classifications:- based on by
– 1. source of origin,
– 2. stage of development,
– 3. renewability
48. NATURAL RESOURCES
• Based on Origin:-
• Biotic Resources
• Abiotic Resources
• Based on Stage of development
– Potential Resources:- petroleum
– Actual Resources:-wood
– Reserved Resources:- profitably used
– Stock resources:- hydrogen
• Based on renewability
• Renewable resources
• Non-renewable resources:- fossil fuel
50. FOREST RESOURCES
• Functions of forest:-
Habitat of flora and fauna
Balances gaseous cycle:-
Accelerate rainfall
Increase water holding capacity of soil
Maintain soil fertility
Prevent runoff increase the percolation
Provide cool atmosphere
51. DEFORESTATION
Causes :-
• Never ending need for timber, firewood and synthetic fibre
• Tunnels railways through forest
• Population explosion
• Hydroelectric project
• Overgrazing by cattle
• Climate and weather change
• Pests destroy forest
52. FOREST RESOURCES
• Effect of Deforestation
• Soil erosion
• Expansion of desert
• Decrease in rainfall
• Lose of fertile land
• Effect on climate
• Lowering of water table
• Economic losses
• Loss of flora and fauna
• Loss of biodiversity
• Increase in CO2
• Shortage of fire wood cause serious misery among tribal
womenfolk
53. FOREST RESOURCES
• Effect of Mining in Forest
• Pollution of surface and ground water resources due to the
discharge of mineralized mine water
• Air pollution due to release of green house gases ex: CH4
• Subsidence of land near mining area
• Drying up of perennial water source
• Migration of tribal people
54. FOREST RESOURCES
• Effect of Dams/River Valley projects
• Reservoir induces seismicity
• Increased incidence of water borne diseases like malaria, filaria
• Rehabilitation and resettlement
• AFFORESTATION PROGRAMME
• Conservation forestry : Re-growth of native vegetation
• Commercial forestry:- supply of goods
• Production forestry:-
• Social forestry
• Agro forestry or Urban forestry
55. FOOD RESOURCES
• Food essential component required by the body at all stages of life
Sources of food
CROP
LIVE STOCKS
AQUA CULTURE
CROPS
Fact:- 250000 species of plants / 3000 are agricultural/ 300 grown
for food/100 are produced large scale
Main crops:- wheat, rice, corn
World produces 1.6 million metric tons of wheat
LIVE STOCK
Includes domesticated animals eg:- cattle goat sheep camel
56. FOOD RESOURCES
AQUA CULTURE
Fact:- fish and sea food contribute 70 million metric tons of high
quality protein to world’s diet
WORLD FOOD PROBLEM
840million people remain chronically hungry in world
300million people in India are poverty stricken
5%
95%
40MILLION 800MILLION
72%
28%
300million in India
500million in other country
57. FOOD RESOURCES
• Food insecurity :- reason :- inequitable distribution of income
among the population
• FOOD INSUFFICIENCY
UNDER NOURISHMENT AND MALNOURISHMENT
UNDERNOURISHMENT
Lack of sufficient nutrients in available food
Disability to move and work
FACTS:- 2500cal/day is consumed by the world
Reason for undernourishment :- dietary intake is b/w 80%-90%
Major victims are children:- mental retardation, stunted growth their
dietary intake is <80%
58. FOOD RESOURCES
• Food insecurity :- reason :- inequitable distribution of income
among the population
• FOOD INSUFFICIENCY
UNDER NOURISHMENT AND MALNOURISHMENT
MALNOURISHMENT
Lack of specific components protein, vitamin in available food
Poor countries can’t afford expensive food
Death due to Malnourishment is not prominent
People are less productive and suffer from brain damage
59. FOOD RESOURCES
• OVERNUTRITION
Daily calorie intake of people in DVLPD countries=3500cal/day>>2500
Over weight, high blood pressure, heart attack
CHANGES CAUSED BY AGRICULTURE on ENV
Agricultural Industry :- oldest and largest
Production processing and distribution of food by industry
1ᴼ effect or On site Effect
2ᴼ effect or Off site Effect
Classifications :- LOCAL, REGIONAL , GLOBAL changes
60. FOOD RESOURCES
• LOCAL CHANGES
Occur at or near the farm site
Sedimentation in local river, soil erosion
Eutrophication :- fertilizers carried by the sediments
Sediments carries toxins
REGIONAL CHANGES
Large scale effect:- causes deforestation, desertification
Sedimentation in major rivers
Changes the chemical fertility over a large area
GLOBAL CHANGES
Attributed to climatic changes
61. FOOD RESOURCES
• EFFECT OF MODERN AGRICULTURE
+ve and –ve effect
Fertilizers , Pesticides, insecticides
Main problems are water logging and salination
Problems from:- FERTILIZERS
Inorganic component necessary :- N, P, K ca, mg , sulphur
+ve Effect:-
Easy to store, handle, apply,transport
Less smell, lower risk of pathogenic contamination
-ve Effect:-
Artificial fertilizers cause contamination
Excessive level of Nitrates in GW
Phosphate deposition cause Eutrophication, threat to water supply
62. FOOD RESOURCES
• EFFECT OF MODERN AGRICULTURE
Problems from:- PESTICIDES
PESTS:- Insects, bacteria, weeds and birds
+ve EFFECTS:-
Maximises the crops
Reduce post harvest losses
Control the diseases and weeds
Improve the appearance of crops
-ve EFFECTS:-
On Non target species
Over usage
Tendency to get concentrated on food web
Misuse and unsafe method of application
Creation of new pests
63. FOOD RESOURCES
• EFFECT OF MODERN AGRICULTURE
Effect of PESTICIDES on human health
Short term :- acute poisoning and illness
Long term:- cancer, birth defects, immunological diseases
WATER LOGGING
Reason:- surface flooding, high water table
SALINITY
Increased concentration of soluble salt in soil
Reason :- intensive agricultural practice
poor drainage