The document provides an overview of various ecosystem concepts including producers, consumers, decomposers, energy flow, food chains, food webs, ecological pyramids, and different types of ecosystems such as forest, grassland, desert, aquatic, and marine. It discusses abiotic and biotic factors, trophic levels, and key aspects of different ecosystems including climate, plants, animals, and adaptations. Examples are given of different food webs and how ecosystems function in terms of productivity, decomposition, nutrient cycling, and energy flow.
The Ecosystem - Its Structure and function plays a key role in the sustenance of Life on this Earth. Be it land, air, water .... the ecosystem decides the survival ...
TYPES: Forest ecosystem
Desert ecosystem
Grassland ecosystem
Aquatic ecosystem
FOREST ECOSYSTEM
A forest ecosystem is the one in which a tall and trees grow that support many
animals and birds. The forest are found in undisturbed areas receiving
moderate to hi rainfall. The forest occupies nearly 40%
of the world’s land area. In India it occupies only 19% of its total land area.
GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM.
Grassland occupies about 20% of earth’s surface addition to grass
species, some trees and shrubs are/also pre in grasslands. Limited
grazing helps to improve the net primary production of the grasslands.
But, overgrazing leads degradation of these grasslands resulting in desertification
DESERT. ECOSYSTEMS
Desert occupies about 35% of our world’s land area. It is
characterized by less than 25 cm rainfall. The atmosphere is dry and hence it is a poor insulator .
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
The aquatic ecosystem deals with water bodies. The major types
of organism found in aquatic environments are determined by the water’s salinity.
The Ecosystem - Its Structure and function plays a key role in the sustenance of Life on this Earth. Be it land, air, water .... the ecosystem decides the survival ...
TYPES: Forest ecosystem
Desert ecosystem
Grassland ecosystem
Aquatic ecosystem
FOREST ECOSYSTEM
A forest ecosystem is the one in which a tall and trees grow that support many
animals and birds. The forest are found in undisturbed areas receiving
moderate to hi rainfall. The forest occupies nearly 40%
of the world’s land area. In India it occupies only 19% of its total land area.
GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM.
Grassland occupies about 20% of earth’s surface addition to grass
species, some trees and shrubs are/also pre in grasslands. Limited
grazing helps to improve the net primary production of the grasslands.
But, overgrazing leads degradation of these grasslands resulting in desertification
DESERT. ECOSYSTEMS
Desert occupies about 35% of our world’s land area. It is
characterized by less than 25 cm rainfall. The atmosphere is dry and hence it is a poor insulator .
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
The aquatic ecosystem deals with water bodies. The major types
of organism found in aquatic environments are determined by the water’s salinity.
threats to biodiversity, conservation of aquatic biodiversity, conservation of terrestrial biodiversity, what is biodiversity, biodiversity of India, conservation of biodiversity
The presentation is aimed for undergraduate students and covers the details of forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, desert ecosystem as well as aquatic ecosystems. It is suitable for compulsory environmental science course at undergraduate level. The content has been simplified for easy understanding of both science as well as humanities students.
Biodiversity
valves of biodiversity
threats to biodiversity
conservation of biodiversity
Environment
conservation of biodiversity
types of biodiversity
threats to biodiversity
Exists without actions of humankind in the form of matter/energy which is available in the earth and get used by living thing.
Or exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, air and as well as a living organism such as a fish.
Or it may exist in an alternate form that must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, petroleum, and most forms of energy.
threats to biodiversity, conservation of aquatic biodiversity, conservation of terrestrial biodiversity, what is biodiversity, biodiversity of India, conservation of biodiversity
The presentation is aimed for undergraduate students and covers the details of forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, desert ecosystem as well as aquatic ecosystems. It is suitable for compulsory environmental science course at undergraduate level. The content has been simplified for easy understanding of both science as well as humanities students.
Biodiversity
valves of biodiversity
threats to biodiversity
conservation of biodiversity
Environment
conservation of biodiversity
types of biodiversity
threats to biodiversity
Exists without actions of humankind in the form of matter/energy which is available in the earth and get used by living thing.
Or exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, air and as well as a living organism such as a fish.
Or it may exist in an alternate form that must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, petroleum, and most forms of energy.
ecosystem topic will help you in understanding the basic means and other components like structure, functions, types, ecological pyramid, energy flow in ecosystem and many more environment related studies.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
10. Steps in decomposition
Fragmentation
Leaching
Catabolism
Humification
Mineralization
NUTRIENT CYCLE
• A nutrient cycle (or ecological
recycling) is the movement and
exchange
of organic and inorganic matter back
into the production of living matter.
• The process is regulated by food
web pathways
that decompose matter into mineral
nutrients. Nutrient cycles occur
within ecosystems.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. Food chains were first introduced by the african-arab scientist and
philosopher al-jahiz in the 9th century and later in a book published in 1927
by Charles Elton, who also introduced the food web concept.
Flow of energy in an ecosystem is one way process.The sequence of
organism through which the energy flows, is known as food chain. A food
chain also shows how the organisms are related with each other by the food
they eat. Each level of a food chain represents a different trophic level.
A common metric used to quantify food web trophic structure is food chain
length
21. (I)GRAZING FOOD CHAIN
• This type of food chain starts from the living green plants
goes to grazing herbivores, and on to carnivores. Ecosystems
with such type of food chain are directly dependent on entry
of solar energy.
• This type of chain thus depends on autotrophic energy(Energy
from photosynthesis & chemosynthesis) capture and the
movement of this captured energy to herbivores.
• The phytoplankton's →zooplanktons →Fish sequence or the
grasses →rabbit →Fox sequences are the examples, of
grazing food chain.
22. (II)DETRITUS FOOD CHAIN
• This type of food chain goes from dead organic matter into
microorganisms and then to organisms feeding on detritus
(detrivores) and their predators. Such ecosystems are thus less
dependent on direct solar energy.
• These depend chiefly on the entry of organic matter produced in
another system. For example, such type of food chain operates in the
decomposing accumulated litter in a temperate forest.
25. Autotroph Heterotroph
Produce own food Yes No
Food chain level Primary Secondary and tertiary
Types Photoautotroph, Chemoautotroph Photoheterotroph,
Chemoheterotroph
Examples Plants, algae, and some bacteria Herbivores, omnivores, and
carnivores
Definition Plants are the prime example
of autotrophs, using
photosynthesis
All other organisms must make use
of food that comes from other
organisms in the form of fats,
carbohydrates and proteins.These
organisms which feed on others
are called heterotrophs.
What or How they eat ? Produce their own food for energy. They eat other organisms to get
proteins and energy.
26. TYPES OF FOOD WEB
• These food webs simply indicate a
feeding relationship.
TOPOLOGICAL
WEBS
• Flow webs, include information on
the strength of the feeding
interaction.
FLOWWEBS
• In interaction the arrows show how
one group influences another.
INTERACTION
WEB
27. • Soil food web
• Aquatic food web
• Food web in forest
• Food web of grassland
• Food web in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem
DIFFERENT FOOD WEBS
34. Pyramid of Biomass
• The biomass of the members of the food chain
present at any one time forms the pyramid of the
biomass. Pyramid of biomass indicates
decrease of biomass in each tropical level from
base to apex.
36. ABIOTIC FACTORS BIOTIC FACTORS
Sun: Provides light for photosynthesis Producers: Plants that are a source of food
and/or O2
Soil: Provides minerals and nutrients for
plants(producers) to grow.
Primary Consumers: Herbivores that feed on
producers
Water: Helps in Photosynthesis, hydration of
flora and fauna, maintains optimum climate
Secondary Consumers: Carnivores that feed on
primary consumers and/ or other secondary
consumers
Air: Provides CO2 for photosynthesis and O2
for respiration
Decomposers: Organisms that decompose
dead matter and supply minerals and other
substances for the improvement to the soil
39. DECIDUOUS FORESTS TROPICAL
RAINFOREST
Trees here have large,
flat leaves that drop off
in the fall and new
leaves grow in spring
These trees grow in
places that are hot and
wet all year.
Leaves change colour
with the seasons
The forest has three
layers: canopy,
understory, forest floor.
These grow in places
with hot, wet summers
and cool, dry winters.
Trees are very tall and
leaves are always green
40. COASTAL FORESTS CONIFEROUS FOREST
Grows in places where
there is lots of rain.
Grows in places with
very cold winters and
cool summers.
Temperature is not too
hot or too cold, just
cool.
The leaves look like
needles so they don’t
need much water
Has three layers:
canopy, understory,
forest floor
Seeds grow in cones.
Get less rain than all the
other forests
41. FEATURES - FOREST CANOPY/ FOREST FLOOR / FOREST SOIL
Forest Canopy FOREST FLOOR FOREST SOIL
• Since trees reach different heights
in different forests and there can
be many layers of trees, defining
the canopy is a difficult task.
• However, the canopy is
considered the uppermost layer of
plants, including all of the
additional plant and animals living
in that layer.
• The maximum height of the
canopy can vary dramatically.
• The forest floor is where
decomposition takes place.
Decomposition is the process by
which fungi and microorganisms
break down dead plants and
animals and recycle essential
materials and nutrients.
• Also, many of the largest
rainforest animals are found on
the forest floor.
The most common soil definition is
"Soils as a media for plant growth“
• Recycling system for nutrients
and organic waste
• Modifier of the atmosphere
• Habitat for soil organisms
• Engineering medium
• System for water supply and
purification
44. CLIMATE & FAUNA
• The desert is the hottest biome on Earth. It
also has its extremes. It can be over 50
degrees during the day and below 32
degrees at night.
• Less than 25 cm or rainfall every year. The
amount of rainfall varies, but when it rain
• After a storm, the desert may not see any
rain for weeks or months.
• The animals include snakes, owls, mice,
armadillo lizards, fennec foxes, gila
monsters, bats, and vultures.
45. FLORA LIFE OF DESERTS
• There are several plants that are able to survive
in the desert.
• Most plants survive by their long roots to reach
underground water sources.
• A Variety of cactuses - Prickly Pear, Dragon
Tree,Octillo Plant, Desert Spoon,Boojum etc.
• Some desert flora include shrubs eg. Prickly
Pearls, Desert Holly and the Brittlebush.
• Most desert plants are drought- or salt-tolerant
eg. Xerophytes
• Other desert plants have long Taproots eg.
Turnip
48. • The temperate grasslands (also called prairies,
steppes, pampas and veld) are found in all four
corners of the world
• The largest expanse is the Great Plains of North
America
• Grasslands are defined by their semiarid climates,
with 10-30 inches of precipitation annually (mostly
in snow form depending on latitude)
• Temperatures range from -40 to over 70 F
Butterfly weed
Prairie dog
49. • Also known as tropical grasslands. They are
found in a wide band on either side of the
equator on the edges of tropical rainforests.
• The savanna is characterized by very hot
temperatures and distinctive wet and dry
periods
• During the winter less than 4 inches of rain
can fall but they can receive over 25 inches
during the summer months
Gum-Arabic tree
Emu
50. • Savanna gets more rainfall(20-50inches)
than a temperate grassland(20-35inches)
annually
• The grass grows better on Savanna
Grassland than in the Temperate Grassland
• The soils in Temperate Grassland is rich in
Nutrient and is suitable for cultivation
where as in Savanna, Soils are frequently
nutrient poor and dry but contain many
valuable minerals
Savanna Grassland
Temperate Grassland
51.
52.
53.
54.
55. 1-Ponds Ecosystem 2-Fresh water Ecosystem 3-Marine ecosystem
These are a specific type of
freshwater ecosystems that are
largely based on
the autotroph algae which provide
the base trophic level for all life in
the area.
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset
of Earth's aquatic ecosystems.
Seawater has an average salinity of
35 parts per thousand of water.
Actual salinity varies among
different marine ecosystems.
The largest predator in a pond
ecosystem will normally be a fish and
in-between range smaller insects
and microorganisms.
They
include lakes and ponds, rivers, strea
ms and springs, and wetlands.
Marine ecosystems cover
approximately 71% of the Earth's
surface and contain approximately
97% of the planet's water.They
generate 32% of the world's
net primary production.
It may have a scale of organisms
from small bacteria to big creatures
like water snakes, beetles, water
bugs, frogs, tadpoles, and turtles.
This is important for the
environment.
They can be contrasted with marine
ecosystems, which have a
larger salt content.
They are distinguished from
freshwater ecosystems by the
presence of dissolved compounds,
especially salts, in the water.
Approximately 85% of the dissolved
materials
in seawater are sodium and chlorine