Environmental microbiology
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Environmental microbiology is the study of microbial processes in the environment, microbial communities and microbial interactions. This includes: Structure and activities of microbial communities Microbial interactions and interactions with macroorganisms Population biology of microorganisms Microbes and surfaces (adhesion and biofilm formation) Microbial community genetics and evolutionary processes (Global) element cycles and biogeochemical processes Microbial life in extreme and unusual little-explored environments
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X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is referred to with terms meaning Röntgen radiation, after the German scientist Wilhelm Röntgen who discovered these on November 8, 1895, who usually is credited as its discoverer, and who named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation.Spelling of X-ray(s) in the English language includes the variants x-ray(s), xray(s), and X ray(s).
Fizik5
Eyes are organs of the visual system. They provide organisms with vision, the ability to receive and process visual detail, as well as enabling several photo response functions that are independent of vision. Eyes detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. In higher organisms, the eye is a complex optical system which collects light from the surrounding environment, regulates its intensity through a diaphragm, focuses it through an adjustable assembly of lenses to form an image, converts this image into a set of electrical signals, and transmits these signals to the brain through complex neural pathways that connect the eye via the optic nerve to the visual cortex and other areas of the brain. Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system. Image-resolving eyes are present in molluscs, chordates and arthropods.
Fizik4
Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is not different from "normal" (audible) sound in its physical properties, except in that humans cannot hear it. This limit varies from person to person and is approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz) in healthy young adults. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.
Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or sonography is often used in medicine. In the nondestructive testing of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and to accelerate chemical processes. Animals such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for locating prey and obstacles. Scientists are also studying ultrasound using graphene diaphragms as a method of communication.
Fizik3
Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Nuclear medicine, in a sense, is "radiology done inside out" or "endoradiology" because it records radiation emitting from within the body rather than radiation that is generated by external sources like X-rays. In addition, nuclear medicine scans differ from radiology as the emphasis is not on imaging anatomy but the function and for such reason, it is called a physiological imaging modality. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans are the two most common imaging modalities in nuclear medicine.
A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that allows your doctor to check for diseases in your body.
The scan uses a special dye containing radioactive tracers. These tracers are either swallowed, inhaled, or injected into a vein in your arm depending on what part of the body is being examined. Certain organs and tissues then absorb the tracer.
When detected by a PET scanner, the tracers help your doctor to see how well your organs and tissues are working.
The tracer will collect in areas of higher chemical activity, which is helpful because certain tissues of the body, and certain diseases, have a higher level of chemical activity. These areas of disease will show up as bright spots on the PET scan.
The PET scan can measure blood flow, oxygen use, how your body uses sugar, and much more.
A PET scan is typically an outpatient procedure. This means you can go about your day after the test is finished.
In the United States, around 2 million PET scans are performed each year.
electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum covers electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from below one hertz to above 1025 hertz, corresponding to wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus.
medical physics
Medical physics (also called biomedical physics, medical biophysics or applied physics in medicine) is, in general, the application of physics concepts, theories, and methods to medicine or healthcare. Medical physics departments may be found in hospitals or universities.
environmental microbiology
Symbiotic bacteria are bacteria living in symbiosis with another organism or each other. For example, Zoamastogopera, found in the stomach of termites, enable them to digest cellulose.
Virus2
Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system. Similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms, virus classification is the subject of ongoing debate and proposals. This is mainly due to the pseudo-living nature of viruses, which is to say they are non-living particles with some chemical characteristics similar to those of life. As such, they do not fit neatly into the established biological classification system in place for cellular organisms.
Viruses are mainly classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause. Currently, two main schemes are used for the classification of viruses: the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system and Baltimore classification system, which places viruses into one of seven groups. Accompanying this broad method of classification are specific naming conventions and further classification guidelines set out by the ICTV.
Viral replication
Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. From the perspective of the virus, the purpose of viral replication is to allow production and survival of its kind. By generating abundant copies of its genome and packaging these copies into viruses, the virus is able to continue infecting new hosts. Replication between viruses is greatly varied and depends on the type of genes involved in them. Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm
Virus culture and cytopathic effect
This document discusses protoplast isolation and cell culture. It begins by defining a protoplast as a plant cell without a cell wall that contains normal cell organelles. Protoplasts can be isolated from actively growing tissues using mechanical and enzymatic methods. The mechanical method involves plasmolysis and cutting of tissues, while the enzymatic method uses lytic enzymes to remove the cell wall. Cell culture methods are also discussed, including primary cell cultures derived directly from tissues that have a finite lifespan, and continuous cell lines derived from tumors that can divide indefinitely. Different cell types, culture media, and tissue culture techniques are described.
Virus
Virology is the study of viruses – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat and virus-like agents. It focuses on the following aspects of viruses: their structure, classification and evolution, their ways to infect and exploit host cells for reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy. Virology is considered to be a subfield of microbiology or of medicine.
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dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
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Editor's Notes
- John Tyndalقرن19 قرن کشت خالص قرن 20 اکولوژی میکروبی قرن21 قرن میکروبیولوژی میکروبی
- دوساسور توان خاک در اکسیده کردن گاز هیدروژن اضافه کردن کلرید سدیم 25%ویا اسید سولفوریک 1% وحرارت
- امونیاک به نیترات و عمل نیتریفیکاسیون
- باکتریها از لحاظ اکولوژیکی به دو دسته تقسیم میشوند: باکتریهای بومی (اتوکتونوس) که به عنوان ساکنین واقعی و دائمی شناخته شدهاند و باکتریهای غیر ساکن یا خارجی زیموجنوس (آلوکتونوس) که به عنوان مهاجم یا عابر در نظر گرفته میشوند
- بررسی اکولوژی میکروبی .در1888 عامل تثبیت هوازی همزیست و غیر همزیست ازت را جدا و باکتریهای احیا کننده سولفات را در 1901 در کشت خالص
- Albert Kluyver . VAN NİEL PHOTOTROPHİC کلویور میکروارگانیسمهای اکسید کننده تخمیرکننده شیمیوتروف را مطالعه و ون نیل نقش اب و هیدروژن سولفید را در فرایند فتوسنتز باکتریهای گوگردی و گیاهان سبز نشان داد روبرت هونگیت با ابداع کشت باکتریهای بی هوازی و بررسی متابولیسم انها اکولوژی شکمبه گاو را و حشرات را بررسی کرد volatile fatty acids (VFA)
- در سال 1934 نشان داده شد پارامسیوم بورساریا از مخمرها تغذیه میکند اما ارتباطی میان اکولوژی کلاسیک و میکروبی ایجاد نشده بود سپس روش تماس لام 1960 میکروسک. وپ الکترونی سپس مارتین الکساندر نشان داد بعضی مواد ساخته بشر قابل تجزیه نیستند
- ریچارد بارتا و رونالد اطلس در زمینه تجزیه بیولوژیکی الوده کننده های نفتی و نقش ددت جیوه ترکیبات فنلی و توجه به کمبود کودهای ازته در 1970 توماس بروک در 1978 باکتریهای ترموفیل چشمههای ابگرم میکروارگانیسمها بدلیل سلیز کوچک و سطح تماس بزرگ حساسو بدلیل ساختار وراثتی سادهتر قدرت انطباق بالا
- روش کشت
- روش کشت در حضور انتی بیوتیک
- شمارش بررسی باکتریها
- سنجش فعالیت متابولیسمی ویا میزان تنفس خاک که با کلرفرم میکشند و خاک اضافه
- سنجش ای تی پی موجود در محیط و یا میزان کلروفیل
- تغییر در محیطهای طبیعی _محیطهای طبیعی غیر زنده
- CELLULOMONASE-CELLVIBRIO-CONIOPHORA PUTEANA-FIBROPORIA
- CELLULOMONASE-CELLVIBRIO-CONIOPHORA PUTEANA-FIBROPORIA
- cladosporium resinae
- aspergillus fumigatus
- محیط طبیعی زنده –اثر بر میکروارگانیسمها و تداخل ها
- باکتریها در فیلوسفر که نوع سن و تغذیه ان در تعیین میکروارگانیسمها موثر است اناباینا ونیلوفر ابی
- aspergillus AFLATOXİN
- شکمبه