Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Nuclear medicine, in a sense, is "radiology done inside out" or "endoradiology" because it records radiation emitting from within the body rather than radiation that is generated by external sources like X-rays. In addition, nuclear medicine scans differ from radiology as the emphasis is not on imaging anatomy but the function and for such reason, it is called a physiological imaging modality. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans are the two most common imaging modalities in nuclear medicine.
A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that allows your doctor to check for diseases in your body.
The scan uses a special dye containing radioactive tracers. These tracers are either swallowed, inhaled, or injected into a vein in your arm depending on what part of the body is being examined. Certain organs and tissues then absorb the tracer.
When detected by a PET scanner, the tracers help your doctor to see how well your organs and tissues are working.
The tracer will collect in areas of higher chemical activity, which is helpful because certain tissues of the body, and certain diseases, have a higher level of chemical activity. These areas of disease will show up as bright spots on the PET scan.
The PET scan can measure blood flow, oxygen use, how your body uses sugar, and much more.
A PET scan is typically an outpatient procedure. This means you can go about your day after the test is finished.
In the United States, around 2 million PET scans are performed each year.
Medical physics (also called biomedical physics, medical biophysics or applied physics in medicine) is, in general, the application of physics concepts, theories, and methods to medicine or healthcare. Medical physics departments may be found in hospitals or universities.
Problems and Issues Facing Pharmacotherapy of Addictionseyed H
Background and Purpose: Drug addiction is a complex disease specified by exacerbation and repetition, uncontrollable penchant, with involuntary seeking for drugs and continuous consumption of that, with its horrible and destructive results. According to the problems which we would be faced with them during drug addiction treatment, this article is going to study on these problems. method: For this study the theoretical foundations and retaining
the existing research literature on the subject was discussed. Results: In this paper, the problems related with addiction treatment, the history of drug addiction treatment, the role of opioid preservative (Methadone and Buprenorphine) and its advantages (such as reducing criminal activities, increasing productivity, improving physical functions, Social and mental health, and limiting the blood-borne pathogens) and the weakness (such as the common side effects of constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, headache, increased transpiration, itching, nausea, sleep problems, and psychiatric disorders) are presented.Conclusion: Although long-term and even short-term addiction prevention and treatment programs will be effective, but the large population of domestic drug users remains a major concern for researchers, their families, therapists, and legal responses. An effective treatment process is one of the major challenges of contemporary research and clinical practice that should help clients to defense with destructive effects of brain addiction and behavior, and regaining control of life and restoring clients to productive functions in the family, workplace and community. addiction treatment using chemical drugs is one of the most difficult, most dangerous, and most responsible drug treatments, and the doctors should also be fully trained in the correct administration of agonist medications, and they must be so patient and educated to their patients.
Key words: Addiction, Pharmacotherapy, Conservative treatment, Treatment problems, The effectiveness of treatment, relapse, prevention
Medical physics (also called biomedical physics, medical biophysics or applied physics in medicine) is, in general, the application of physics concepts, theories, and methods to medicine or healthcare. Medical physics departments may be found in hospitals or universities.
Problems and Issues Facing Pharmacotherapy of Addictionseyed H
Background and Purpose: Drug addiction is a complex disease specified by exacerbation and repetition, uncontrollable penchant, with involuntary seeking for drugs and continuous consumption of that, with its horrible and destructive results. According to the problems which we would be faced with them during drug addiction treatment, this article is going to study on these problems. method: For this study the theoretical foundations and retaining
the existing research literature on the subject was discussed. Results: In this paper, the problems related with addiction treatment, the history of drug addiction treatment, the role of opioid preservative (Methadone and Buprenorphine) and its advantages (such as reducing criminal activities, increasing productivity, improving physical functions, Social and mental health, and limiting the blood-borne pathogens) and the weakness (such as the common side effects of constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, headache, increased transpiration, itching, nausea, sleep problems, and psychiatric disorders) are presented.Conclusion: Although long-term and even short-term addiction prevention and treatment programs will be effective, but the large population of domestic drug users remains a major concern for researchers, their families, therapists, and legal responses. An effective treatment process is one of the major challenges of contemporary research and clinical practice that should help clients to defense with destructive effects of brain addiction and behavior, and regaining control of life and restoring clients to productive functions in the family, workplace and community. addiction treatment using chemical drugs is one of the most difficult, most dangerous, and most responsible drug treatments, and the doctors should also be fully trained in the correct administration of agonist medications, and they must be so patient and educated to their patients.
Key words: Addiction, Pharmacotherapy, Conservative treatment, Treatment problems, The effectiveness of treatment, relapse, prevention
The role of international communication on insurance penetration coefficientMohsen Gharakhani
The role of international communication on insurance penetration coefficient presented by Dr. Gharahkhani in The 26th National Conference on Insurance and Development (NCOID) with the main theme of “Increasing Insurance Penetration Rate: Challenges and Strategies” will be held on December 3 and 4, 2019 in two sets of sessions namely academic sessions and general insurance industry sessions, according to PRIAO, IRC.
معرفي آفت كش هاي غير شيميايي و كشاورزي ارگانيك ، شركت كيمياسبزآور و محصولات Kimiasabzavar Co.
"KimiaSabzavar Co .“Environmentally Friendly Pesticides" : In developihng countries alone , organo-chlorine, and organo – phosphate pesticides , account for nearly 3 million cases of poisoning , about 20000 of which result in death and many other cases lead to diseases , such as cancer , liver , kidney and lung damages and nervous disorders ( WHO ,1992 ) . High levels of toxic residues from synthetic pesticides , on agricultural crops , has become a global concern and is threatening the health of consumers , all over the world . Application of long-lasting and broad-spectrum synthetic pesticides over the years , has led to considerable environmental damages , soil and water pollution , poisoning food resources , eradication of beneficial organisms and growing resistance of target pests . Pesticides derived from nature are the best alternatives to synthetic chemicals , since they are considered practically harmless to people and the environment . Kimia Sabzavar Co. has developed a number of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “ which contain natural ingredients such as plant extracts (garlic , pepper , cinnamon ) , minerals ( inorganic salts of potassium , calcium, iron ,…) , edible oils and soaps of vegetable oils . This group of pesticides , in experiments performed by Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), over the past few years , have proved their efficacy in controlling a wide range of agricultural pests ( aphids , mites, whiteflies, snails ,slugs ,rats ) and some common plant diseases ( powdery mildew , Botrytis , Damping-off , ….) , without any toxic residue . The plant for mass production of these products is located in Firooz Kooh industrial estate , located 120 km north-east of Tehran . Kimia Sabzavar Co. is presently providing farmers , interested in growing pesticide-free and organic crops across the country , with a wide range of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “. For detailed information, you are invited to visit our products in this website : www.kimiasabzavar.com For questions or inquiries , please contact us : info@kimiasabzavar.com
كتيب عن داء كورونا المستجد COVID-19 الوقاية والعلاج - Handbook of COVID-19: P...Marwan Alhalabi
المستشفى الأول التابع لكلية الطب في جامعة Zhejiang
تمَّ تجميعه وفقاً للخبرة السريرية
نقله إلى العربية مجموعة من الأطباء وطلاب كلية الطب البشري بجامعة دمشق
بإشراف الأستاذ الدكتور مروان الحلبي
Diathermy is electrically induced heat or the use of high-frequency electromagnetic currents as a form of physical therapy and in surgical procedures. The field was pioneered in 1907 by German physician Karl Franz Nagelschmidt, who coined the term diathermy from the Greek words dia and therma, literally meaning "heating through.
Diathermy is commonly used for muscle relaxation, and to induce deep heating in tissue for therapeutic purposes in medicine. It is used in physical therapy to deliver moderate heat directly to pathologic lesions in the deeper tissues of the body.
Diathermy is produced by three techniques: ultrasound (ultrasonic diathermy), short-wave radio frequencies in the range 1–100 MHz (shortwave diathermy) or microwaves typically in the 915 MHz or 2.45 GHz bands (microwave diathermy), the methods differing mainly in their penetration capability. It exerts physical effects and elicits a spectrum of physiological responses.
The same techniques are also used to create higher tissue temperatures to destroy neoplasms (cancer and tumors), warts, and infected tissues; this is called hyperthermia treatment. In surgery diathermy is used to cauterize blood vessels to prevent excessive bleeding. The technique is particularly valuable in neurosurgery and surgery of the eye.
X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is referred to with terms meaning Röntgen radiation, after the German scientist Wilhelm Röntgen who discovered these on November 8, 1895, who usually is credited as its discoverer, and who named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation.Spelling of X-ray(s) in the English language includes the variants x-ray(s), xray(s), and X ray(s).
Eyes are organs of the visual system. They provide organisms with vision, the ability to receive and process visual detail, as well as enabling several photo response functions that are independent of vision. Eyes detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. In higher organisms, the eye is a complex optical system which collects light from the surrounding environment, regulates its intensity through a diaphragm, focuses it through an adjustable assembly of lenses to form an image, converts this image into a set of electrical signals, and transmits these signals to the brain through complex neural pathways that connect the eye via the optic nerve to the visual cortex and other areas of the brain. Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system. Image-resolving eyes are present in molluscs, chordates and arthropods.
Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is not different from "normal" (audible) sound in its physical properties, except in that humans cannot hear it. This limit varies from person to person and is approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz) in healthy young adults. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.
Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or sonography is often used in medicine. In the nondestructive testing of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and to accelerate chemical processes. Animals such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for locating prey and obstacles. Scientists are also studying ultrasound using graphene diaphragms as a method of communication.
The electromagnetic spectrum covers electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from below one hertz to above 1025 hertz, corresponding to wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus.
Symbiotic bacteria are bacteria living in symbiosis with another organism or each other. For example, Zoamastogopera, found in the stomach of termites, enable them to digest cellulose.
Environmental microbiology is the study of microbial processes in the environment, microbial communities and microbial interactions. This includes:
Structure and activities of microbial communities
Microbial interactions and interactions with macroorganisms
Population biology of microorganisms
Microbes and surfaces (adhesion and biofilm formation)
Microbial community genetics and evolutionary processes
(Global) element cycles and biogeochemical processes
Microbial life in extreme and unusual little-explored environments
The role of international communication on insurance penetration coefficientMohsen Gharakhani
The role of international communication on insurance penetration coefficient presented by Dr. Gharahkhani in The 26th National Conference on Insurance and Development (NCOID) with the main theme of “Increasing Insurance Penetration Rate: Challenges and Strategies” will be held on December 3 and 4, 2019 in two sets of sessions namely academic sessions and general insurance industry sessions, according to PRIAO, IRC.
معرفي آفت كش هاي غير شيميايي و كشاورزي ارگانيك ، شركت كيمياسبزآور و محصولات Kimiasabzavar Co.
"KimiaSabzavar Co .“Environmentally Friendly Pesticides" : In developihng countries alone , organo-chlorine, and organo – phosphate pesticides , account for nearly 3 million cases of poisoning , about 20000 of which result in death and many other cases lead to diseases , such as cancer , liver , kidney and lung damages and nervous disorders ( WHO ,1992 ) . High levels of toxic residues from synthetic pesticides , on agricultural crops , has become a global concern and is threatening the health of consumers , all over the world . Application of long-lasting and broad-spectrum synthetic pesticides over the years , has led to considerable environmental damages , soil and water pollution , poisoning food resources , eradication of beneficial organisms and growing resistance of target pests . Pesticides derived from nature are the best alternatives to synthetic chemicals , since they are considered practically harmless to people and the environment . Kimia Sabzavar Co. has developed a number of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “ which contain natural ingredients such as plant extracts (garlic , pepper , cinnamon ) , minerals ( inorganic salts of potassium , calcium, iron ,…) , edible oils and soaps of vegetable oils . This group of pesticides , in experiments performed by Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), over the past few years , have proved their efficacy in controlling a wide range of agricultural pests ( aphids , mites, whiteflies, snails ,slugs ,rats ) and some common plant diseases ( powdery mildew , Botrytis , Damping-off , ….) , without any toxic residue . The plant for mass production of these products is located in Firooz Kooh industrial estate , located 120 km north-east of Tehran . Kimia Sabzavar Co. is presently providing farmers , interested in growing pesticide-free and organic crops across the country , with a wide range of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “. For detailed information, you are invited to visit our products in this website : www.kimiasabzavar.com For questions or inquiries , please contact us : info@kimiasabzavar.com
كتيب عن داء كورونا المستجد COVID-19 الوقاية والعلاج - Handbook of COVID-19: P...Marwan Alhalabi
المستشفى الأول التابع لكلية الطب في جامعة Zhejiang
تمَّ تجميعه وفقاً للخبرة السريرية
نقله إلى العربية مجموعة من الأطباء وطلاب كلية الطب البشري بجامعة دمشق
بإشراف الأستاذ الدكتور مروان الحلبي
Diathermy is electrically induced heat or the use of high-frequency electromagnetic currents as a form of physical therapy and in surgical procedures. The field was pioneered in 1907 by German physician Karl Franz Nagelschmidt, who coined the term diathermy from the Greek words dia and therma, literally meaning "heating through.
Diathermy is commonly used for muscle relaxation, and to induce deep heating in tissue for therapeutic purposes in medicine. It is used in physical therapy to deliver moderate heat directly to pathologic lesions in the deeper tissues of the body.
Diathermy is produced by three techniques: ultrasound (ultrasonic diathermy), short-wave radio frequencies in the range 1–100 MHz (shortwave diathermy) or microwaves typically in the 915 MHz or 2.45 GHz bands (microwave diathermy), the methods differing mainly in their penetration capability. It exerts physical effects and elicits a spectrum of physiological responses.
The same techniques are also used to create higher tissue temperatures to destroy neoplasms (cancer and tumors), warts, and infected tissues; this is called hyperthermia treatment. In surgery diathermy is used to cauterize blood vessels to prevent excessive bleeding. The technique is particularly valuable in neurosurgery and surgery of the eye.
X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is referred to with terms meaning Röntgen radiation, after the German scientist Wilhelm Röntgen who discovered these on November 8, 1895, who usually is credited as its discoverer, and who named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation.Spelling of X-ray(s) in the English language includes the variants x-ray(s), xray(s), and X ray(s).
Eyes are organs of the visual system. They provide organisms with vision, the ability to receive and process visual detail, as well as enabling several photo response functions that are independent of vision. Eyes detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. In higher organisms, the eye is a complex optical system which collects light from the surrounding environment, regulates its intensity through a diaphragm, focuses it through an adjustable assembly of lenses to form an image, converts this image into a set of electrical signals, and transmits these signals to the brain through complex neural pathways that connect the eye via the optic nerve to the visual cortex and other areas of the brain. Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system. Image-resolving eyes are present in molluscs, chordates and arthropods.
Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is not different from "normal" (audible) sound in its physical properties, except in that humans cannot hear it. This limit varies from person to person and is approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz) in healthy young adults. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.
Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or sonography is often used in medicine. In the nondestructive testing of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and to accelerate chemical processes. Animals such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for locating prey and obstacles. Scientists are also studying ultrasound using graphene diaphragms as a method of communication.
The electromagnetic spectrum covers electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from below one hertz to above 1025 hertz, corresponding to wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus.
Symbiotic bacteria are bacteria living in symbiosis with another organism or each other. For example, Zoamastogopera, found in the stomach of termites, enable them to digest cellulose.
Environmental microbiology is the study of microbial processes in the environment, microbial communities and microbial interactions. This includes:
Structure and activities of microbial communities
Microbial interactions and interactions with macroorganisms
Population biology of microorganisms
Microbes and surfaces (adhesion and biofilm formation)
Microbial community genetics and evolutionary processes
(Global) element cycles and biogeochemical processes
Microbial life in extreme and unusual little-explored environments
Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system. Similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms, virus classification is the subject of ongoing debate and proposals. This is mainly due to the pseudo-living nature of viruses, which is to say they are non-living particles with some chemical characteristics similar to those of life. As such, they do not fit neatly into the established biological classification system in place for cellular organisms.
Viruses are mainly classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause. Currently, two main schemes are used for the classification of viruses: the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system and Baltimore classification system, which places viruses into one of seven groups. Accompanying this broad method of classification are specific naming conventions and further classification guidelines set out by the ICTV.
Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. From the perspective of the virus, the purpose of viral replication is to allow production and survival of its kind. By generating abundant copies of its genome and packaging these copies into viruses, the virus is able to continue infecting new hosts. Replication between viruses is greatly varied and depends on the type of genes involved in them. Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm
This document discusses protoplast isolation and cell culture. It begins by defining a protoplast as a plant cell without a cell wall that contains normal cell organelles. Protoplasts can be isolated from actively growing tissues using mechanical and enzymatic methods. The mechanical method involves plasmolysis and cutting of tissues, while the enzymatic method uses lytic enzymes to remove the cell wall. Cell culture methods are also discussed, including primary cell cultures derived directly from tissues that have a finite lifespan, and continuous cell lines derived from tumors that can divide indefinitely. Different cell types, culture media, and tissue culture techniques are described.
Virology is the study of viruses – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat and virus-like agents. It focuses on the following aspects of viruses: their structure, classification and evolution, their ways to infect and exploit host cells for reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy. Virology is considered to be a subfield of microbiology or of medicine.
20. Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) :
،ضبطانتقالوذخيرهسازيديجيتاليتصاويرتشخيصي.
سيستمPACSمتشكلازايستگاههايكاريدرراستايتفسير،مدلسازيدادههامي،باشد
عملكردتوزيع،چاپوضبطپروندههاازطريقيكوبسرورصورتميپذيرد،سرور
برايانتقالوآرشيواطالعاتبصورتآفالينعملميكند.درراستايعملكرداينسيستم
يككامپيوترمتصلبهشبكهبرايهريكازايندستگاههاموردنيازاست.
ارامغناطیس شکلی از خاصیت مغناطیسی مواد است که به واسطه آن برخی از مواد به وسیلهٔ میدان خارجی اعمال شده جذب میشوند. مواد پارامغناطیس شامل بیشتر عناصر شیمیایی و برخی از ترکیبات میشوند
حفاظت مغناطیسی اندازه گیری میدانهای بسیار ضعیف در بسیاری از صنایع مانند تجهیزات تشخیص پزشکی اهمیت بسیار زیادی دارد. در این راستا استفاده از محفظه حفاظت میدان مغناطیسی ایستا روشی معمول در جهت کاستن از میدان مغناطیسی ناخواسته در این تجهیزات است.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a non-invasive method for imaging human biochemical and physiological processes in vivo