The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
On Sunday, the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released the second part in a major scientific assessment of climate change. The Report found that the effects of climate change are already visible from the tops of the highest mountains to the deep sea, and that society needs to prepare for a wide range of climate change-related threats during the next few decades.
Strategies for managing climate risk: a case study of smallholder farmers in ...Premier Publishers
This study analyses the factors affecting Ethiopian farmers’ choice of ex-ante adaptation and ex-post coping strategies for climate risk. We use multivariate probit models to explain the choice of various adaptation and coping strategies. We find that plot characteristics such as slope, depth, soil type and soil fertility, and farm size are important factors affecting the choice of adaptation strategy. These plot characteristics also significantly affect the choice of particular coping strategies such as selling livestock, reducing meals and borrowing. The results also show that plot management practices such as leaving crop residues, intercropping and use of non-recycled hybrid maize are associated with a reduced likelihood of choosing coping measures such as selling livestock. We advocate increased farmer education on improved farm management practices to reduce household vulnerability to climate change and variability.
This Presentation is based on our Research in area of EQ Prediction studies carried out in Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar under Punjab Govt. sponsored Earthquake Research Center and DST Projects of Govt. of India. Our Radon/ Helium Precursory data set up bench marks for future investigations in India. Some of the Pictures at the end represent participation of my friend, Dr Thomas Streil from Germany, in Conferences in India & abroad.
Social Protection and Climate Resilience: A Review Of Sub-Saharan African Cas...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Social protection is mainly used for assisting the most vulnerable in the area of poverty reduction. However, international development scholars are arguing that social protection aside impacting the poor can also help in climate resilience. This study examines selected case studies in the social protection and climate resilient debate in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches in data collection, the study finds that social protection through cash transfers have been able to build climate resilience among participants of the scheme. Though findings from the study were minimal, a wide range of research needs to be carried out to determine the impact of social protection on climate shocks on a broader scale.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
On Sunday, the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released the second part in a major scientific assessment of climate change. The Report found that the effects of climate change are already visible from the tops of the highest mountains to the deep sea, and that society needs to prepare for a wide range of climate change-related threats during the next few decades.
Strategies for managing climate risk: a case study of smallholder farmers in ...Premier Publishers
This study analyses the factors affecting Ethiopian farmers’ choice of ex-ante adaptation and ex-post coping strategies for climate risk. We use multivariate probit models to explain the choice of various adaptation and coping strategies. We find that plot characteristics such as slope, depth, soil type and soil fertility, and farm size are important factors affecting the choice of adaptation strategy. These plot characteristics also significantly affect the choice of particular coping strategies such as selling livestock, reducing meals and borrowing. The results also show that plot management practices such as leaving crop residues, intercropping and use of non-recycled hybrid maize are associated with a reduced likelihood of choosing coping measures such as selling livestock. We advocate increased farmer education on improved farm management practices to reduce household vulnerability to climate change and variability.
This Presentation is based on our Research in area of EQ Prediction studies carried out in Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar under Punjab Govt. sponsored Earthquake Research Center and DST Projects of Govt. of India. Our Radon/ Helium Precursory data set up bench marks for future investigations in India. Some of the Pictures at the end represent participation of my friend, Dr Thomas Streil from Germany, in Conferences in India & abroad.
Social Protection and Climate Resilience: A Review Of Sub-Saharan African Cas...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Social protection is mainly used for assisting the most vulnerable in the area of poverty reduction. However, international development scholars are arguing that social protection aside impacting the poor can also help in climate resilience. This study examines selected case studies in the social protection and climate resilient debate in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches in data collection, the study finds that social protection through cash transfers have been able to build climate resilience among participants of the scheme. Though findings from the study were minimal, a wide range of research needs to be carried out to determine the impact of social protection on climate shocks on a broader scale.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
Disaster management Organizations of India and International peterpdbPeter Prasanta Debbarma
Disaster Management Organization at International world level to Indian level. Tasks , types of various organization In India and International, United nations to NDMA
Disaster
“A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area”.
(W.H.O.)
Disaster management
Disaster management can be defined as the effective organization, direction, and utilization of available counter-disaster resource.
B T Basavanthappa
Aim
• To provide prompt and effective medical care to the maximum possible in order to minimize morbidity and mortality.
Objectives
• To optimally prepare the staff and institutional resources for effective performance in disaster situation
• To make the community aware of the sequential steps that should be taken at individual and organization levels.
This ppt describes in short about fundamental definitions of disasters and the ways of mitigation. It also covers the role of veterinarian in such disasters.
“The only possible benefit of NOT planning is that disasters will come as a complete surprise and will, therefore, not be preceded by long periods of paranoia and depression!”
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED TRACKER FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT...theijes
The study focuses on the enhancement of the energy available in a solar box oven, by designing and testing an automated pendulum system to efficiently track the sun’s position during the course of the day; using locally available material. The pendulum mechanism is made of a support stand of mild steel rods and steel pipes, bearings fixed on the stand as fulcrum, string connecting the pendulum with the reflectors, buckets and water. The pendulum mechanism pulls on strings to move the reflectors on the solar box cooker slowly tracking the sun. A drain device is attached to one of the bucket while the other bucket is filled with water; allowing the water to drip out of the bucket while the other bucket was half filled. The tracker performance was evaluated by comparing the expected theoretical angle of tilt over the operational period with the measured angles of tilt of the reflectors during experimentation. Results obtained revealed that the maximum tilt angle deviation was 2o. No significant difference between the theoretical and experimental results was observed using the Chi-square statistical analysis method. The performance level is a good approximation to the expected results. Based on the simplicity of the developed solar tracker and the construction costs, this type of solar box cooker with tracker will address the issue of energy sustainability in the rural areas as well provide the much needed technology for the less privileged people.
Computer based Wireless Automobile Wheel Alignment system using Accelerometertheijes
A computer based wireless automobile wheel alignment measurement system using accelerometer is presented in this paper, which has the advantages of simple circuit, low cost , high resolution with high working reliability. The causes and effects of improper wheel alignment by traditional methods are analyzed in the model. In this system wireless transmission techniques are adopted to transmit data between measuring unit and computer. This makes the measurement operation much easier. This paper presents unique and innovative use of accelerometer for the measurement of automobile wheel parameters, such as camber and toe. The hardware and software realizations are also explored in this paper. The system practical applications shows that its performance meets the design requirements.
Disaster management Organizations of India and International peterpdbPeter Prasanta Debbarma
Disaster Management Organization at International world level to Indian level. Tasks , types of various organization In India and International, United nations to NDMA
Disaster
“A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area”.
(W.H.O.)
Disaster management
Disaster management can be defined as the effective organization, direction, and utilization of available counter-disaster resource.
B T Basavanthappa
Aim
• To provide prompt and effective medical care to the maximum possible in order to minimize morbidity and mortality.
Objectives
• To optimally prepare the staff and institutional resources for effective performance in disaster situation
• To make the community aware of the sequential steps that should be taken at individual and organization levels.
This ppt describes in short about fundamental definitions of disasters and the ways of mitigation. It also covers the role of veterinarian in such disasters.
“The only possible benefit of NOT planning is that disasters will come as a complete surprise and will, therefore, not be preceded by long periods of paranoia and depression!”
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED TRACKER FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT...theijes
The study focuses on the enhancement of the energy available in a solar box oven, by designing and testing an automated pendulum system to efficiently track the sun’s position during the course of the day; using locally available material. The pendulum mechanism is made of a support stand of mild steel rods and steel pipes, bearings fixed on the stand as fulcrum, string connecting the pendulum with the reflectors, buckets and water. The pendulum mechanism pulls on strings to move the reflectors on the solar box cooker slowly tracking the sun. A drain device is attached to one of the bucket while the other bucket is filled with water; allowing the water to drip out of the bucket while the other bucket was half filled. The tracker performance was evaluated by comparing the expected theoretical angle of tilt over the operational period with the measured angles of tilt of the reflectors during experimentation. Results obtained revealed that the maximum tilt angle deviation was 2o. No significant difference between the theoretical and experimental results was observed using the Chi-square statistical analysis method. The performance level is a good approximation to the expected results. Based on the simplicity of the developed solar tracker and the construction costs, this type of solar box cooker with tracker will address the issue of energy sustainability in the rural areas as well provide the much needed technology for the less privileged people.
Computer based Wireless Automobile Wheel Alignment system using Accelerometertheijes
A computer based wireless automobile wheel alignment measurement system using accelerometer is presented in this paper, which has the advantages of simple circuit, low cost , high resolution with high working reliability. The causes and effects of improper wheel alignment by traditional methods are analyzed in the model. In this system wireless transmission techniques are adopted to transmit data between measuring unit and computer. This makes the measurement operation much easier. This paper presents unique and innovative use of accelerometer for the measurement of automobile wheel parameters, such as camber and toe. The hardware and software realizations are also explored in this paper. The system practical applications shows that its performance meets the design requirements.
Detection of Glaucoma using Optic Disk and Incremental Cup Segmentation from ...theijes
Medical researchers, detection of eye disease is very important because it may causes blindness. Glaucoma is one of the diseases that cause blindness. Standard procedure for detection glaucoma is to analysis of optic disk (OD) and cup region in retinal image. In this paper, introduce an automatic OD parameterized technique which is based on segmentation and Incremental Cup segmentation. The incremental cup segmentation method is based on anatomical evidence such as vessel bends at the cup boundary, considered relevant by glaucoma experts. Bends in a vessel are robustly detected using a region of support concept, which automatically selects the right scale for analysis. A multi-stage strategy is applied to derive a reliable subset of vessel bends called r-bends followed by a local 2-D spline fitting to derive the desired cup boundary. The results are compared with existing methods using different retinal images.
Effect of Sand invasion on Oil Well Production: A Case study of Garon Field i...theijes
The effect of sand and other BS&W invading the wellbore of an oil well has been studied using Garon field in the Niger Delta region. Garon field has unconsolidated formation and it has been producing for more than 10 years. This study is carried out to quantify the safety and economic effect of sand invasion on well productivity and not on the techniques in numerical models for the prediction of sand production. It tries to look out the sand evolution, analysis of previous well test done and a survey of sand identification, results of some wells production data and evaluation of the effect of sand invasion on subsurface and surface production facilities. In this study, Well X17 was routed into a test separator for 3days and immediately tested for 72hours. The test separator man way opened in other to ascertain the quantity of sand produced from the well for 72Hrs to validate the result obtained with Clampon DSC. Also presented are the effects of sand invasion on surface facility, choke, screen and tubing.
Geophysical Evaluation of Lateral Continuity of some part of Ikere Kaolin Dep...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Estimation of Spatial Variability of Land Surface Temperature using Landsat 8...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Bacteriology of otitis media among patients attending generaltheijes
Otitis media is the inflammation of the middle ear and has a worldwide distribution, particularly among children. A total of 68 patients between the ages 0-42 years who presented with sign and symptoms of otitis media at Bichi general hospital were enrolled for this study. Middle ear discharge were collected, processed and bacterial isolates identified using standard microbiological techniques. Disc susceptibility tests were performed on bacterial isolates. Results indicated that there was a high frequency of occurrence of bacteria incriminated in otitis media in the 0-5 and 6-11 year age groups in the two sexes. Male patients in the two age groups were more infected than the female counterparts. The sensitivity pattern obtained in this study show a progressive increase in the emergence of strains that are resistant to many chemotherapeutic agents. Drug resistance among bacterial isolates is a common phenomenon placing challenge to both medical practitioners and genetic scientists. A routine check on sensitivity patterns among these pathogens is vital so as to regulate the prescription measure to be employed.
Structural and Dielectric Studies of Cerium Substituted Nickel Ferrite Nano P...theijes
Cerium substituted Nickel ferrite nanoparticles with general formula NiCeXFe2-XO4 (x=0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) have been synthesized by using sol-gel method. The crystalline structure and grain size of these particles were analyzed by using XRD; the particle size ranged from 12.22nm to 17.60nm.The decrease in value of the lattice parameter with doping suggests that there is shrinkage in unit cell. The single-phase cubic spinal structure was clearly indicated by the XRD patterns of pure NiFe2O4.The XRD pattern also show that all the samples had formed the cubic single phase spinal structure. Dielectric properties have been studied in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 5 MHz. Permittivity and tangent loss (tanδ) decreases with the substitution of Ce3+ in parent crystal structure.
Design and control of renewable power system through wsn in mirogridtheijes
Recently the control of microgrid has been the focus of extensive research due to its flexibility to effectively utilize the micro-sources while ensuring reliability. The microgrid technology is one of the recent developments in the area of electric power systems that aid the use of non-conventional energy sources in parallel with the conventional energy sources. Monitoring and control of microgrid is essential for its efficient and effective functioning. The work presented in this paper is focused on the design, control and development of synchronization between non-conventional energy sources (photovoltaic panel) and conventional energy sources (battery) to satisfy the power demand of the grid by using WSN ( wireless sensor networks) technology. The objective of this paper is to propose a prototype to study the performance analysis of power monitoring between photovoltaic panel and battery by sensing parameters like generated power, availability of power reserve etc through WSN (ZigBee). The key simulation and experimental results are included to verify the proper operation and control of microgrid.
A Model of Local Area Network Based Application for Inter-office Communicationtheijes
In most organizations, information circulation within offices poses a problem because clerical officers and office messengers usually dispatch letters and memos from one office to another manually. Sequel to this circulation procedure, implementation of decisions is always difficult and slow. On one hand, clerical officers sometimes divulge confidential information during the process of receiving and sending of mails and other documents. On the other hand, money is wasted on the purchase of paper for printing. However, it is cheerful to learn that technology has made it possible for staff, structures and infrastructures to control and share organization resources; hardware; software and knowledge by means of modern electronic communication. One cannot deny the fact that the flow of information is very imperative in every organization as it determines the effectiveness of decision-making and implementation. This feat can be achieved using Object-Oriented System Analysis and Design Methodology (OSADM). This is structurally analyzed with Use Case Diagram (UCD), Class Diagram, Sequence Diagram, State Transition Diagram, and Activity Diagram. Moreover, the system is coded with Java 1.6 version, in a client-server network running on star topology in LAN environment. This is the concept of this paper. The system is designed to work in two parts – the control part that is installed on the server; and the messenger part that is installed in the clients. This research work integrates the utility and organization resources into a shared center for all users to have access to; and for free communication during office hours.
A computer network plays a major part in the development of any industry. Nowadays, in this fast paced
networking world each and every industry depends on internet for their progress. As said above this is the fast
paced world, the attack to disable the progress are also fast paced. DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) is one
among them. Though it is one of the many attacks, they temporarily disable a service provided by the company.
This paper proposes a series of steps which not only checks the possible attack but also tries its best to thwart
them. Instead of going for conventional approach of blocking the excess traffic, the proposed approach will
prolong the access to the service. In the mean time checking for the possible attack is done. Thus, not only it
thwarts the attacks but also gives them reliable user their access with a little bit of delay, resulting in high
reliability.
An alteration to rapid transit: futristics approachtheijes
With the increase in population and less power to provide; it has become an utmost priority to provide solution
to these problems without hindering the environment .this research paper concentrates on altering the existing
rapid transit system also known as metro. The results of this transportation system will produce electricity and
clean water without changing the existing system of rapid transit system
Analysis of Economic Market and Energy Potential Indicators for Biomass in Si...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Trust Providence in Delay Tolerant Networkstheijes
The network consists of several nodes, some nodes represents malicious and selfish behavior. This gives the heavy threat for the routing in Delay Tolerant networks(DTNs). The DTNs have unique characteristic so designing a misbehavior detection scheme is very difficult. The probabilistic misbehavior detection scheme that is iTrust, is established for secure routing in DTN. The iTrust introduces a Trusted Authority (TA) for detecting the node’s behavior. By collecting the routing evidences from the nodes the TA checks the node about its behavior then performs the appropriate actions for the behavior of nodes. TA gives the security of DTN routing at lower cost. The detection probability is correlated with a node’s reputation, this gives the dynamic detection probability based on the trust of users. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is efficient for establishing trust with the DTNs.
Improvisation: an alternative approach to solving the problem of ill-equipped...theijes
Effective teaching for quality science education can only be achieved through “learning by doing” (practical) in well-equipped laboratory. However, ill-equipped science laboratories have reached an alarming level thereby making learning by doing impossible. This paper takes a look at the concept and skills or techniques of improvising biology teaching equipment (instructional materials) in Agricultural science as a viable alternative and a panacea to ill-equipped laboratories in post-basic education in Nigeria. The paper concludes that ill-equipped laboratories is one of the myriad of problems currently facing the teaching and learning of Biology and Agricultural science in Nigerian Senior Secondary Schools that needs urgent attention from all stakeholders in science education as government alone cannot solve the problem.
An Automatic Attendance System Using Image processingtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) based Sewage Treatment Plants (STP)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Compressive strength evaluation of Human hair and Polypropylene fabricated re...theijes
With the rise of population the uses of conventional and non-conventional resources are highly increased. As we know the resources available are limited to their origin but the uses also may not be affected as well according to their importance. There are some resources like natural fibres have not come under proper attention in passing years, even some of which like human hair are destroyed as a waste material. But after knowing better sides of these fibres, they are getting a proper attention over the years. With the aim of utilizing abundant waste material, a human hair composite has been developed using human hair as reinforcing constituent and polypropylene as matrix constituents. This paper presents fabrication and properties evaluation of human hair reinforced polypropylene composite. Composites with various compositions of human hair and polypropylene were fabricated. The composite with human hair came out to be better for reinforcement among various composites. The fabricated specimen composed of various % of human hair in polypropylene is tested for properties improvement and came out as an eye opener. The mechanical properties are highly improved and results are properly evaluated and analysed.
Ontology-Based Routing for Large-Scale Unstructured P2P Publish/Subscribe Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Fact sheet of the project Perception of risks on farmer’s livelihoods and barriers for adaptation to climate change: Context, objectives, location, partners, methodology, initial results and next steps. The Cauca climate-smart village (CSV) is led by Fundación Ecohabitats, with support from the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)
Adverse Environment and Pest Management for Sustainable Plant ProductionRahulGupta2015
In the era of rapid industrialization, there is increasing global concerns pertaining to anthropogenic activities mediated massive enhancement in atmospheric greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, etc., thereby triggering global warming phenomenon. The global warming mediated climate change has been found to impose long-lasting detrimental impact on the environment. In contrast, adverse environment poses new unsightly challenges to agriculture sector like changes in precipitation pattern, temperature variations, pest infestation patterns and so on. Plant health management essentially contributes to socio-cultural sustainability, economic and environment sustainability as well as food security. The development of next-generation Integrated Pest Management programmes equipped with Artificial Intelligence, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology based tools would be a milestone for the protection of water, soil/land, wild species, environmental safety, improved plant productivity and profitability. This chapter provides an overview on the scientific approaches/strategies towards the prevention of climate change mediated impacts on agricultural plant/crop health and productivity with some notable eco-friendly pest management solutions. Overall, the better global treaties of coordination, cooperation and collaboration would lead to improved management of adverse environment and pests and plant/crop production can sustain the life on earth.
Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Source...ijtsrd
Three major problems associated with our management of the world's ecosystems are already causing significant harm to some people, particularly the poor, and unless addressed will substantially diminish the long term benefits we obtain from ecosystems First, approximately 60 15 out of 24 of the ecosystem services examined during the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment are being degraded or used unsustainably, including fresh water, capture fisheries, air and water purification, and the regulation of regional and local climate, natural hazards, and pests. The full costs of the loss and degradation of these ecosystem services are difficult to measure, but the available evidence demonstrates that they are substantial and growing. Many ecosystem services have been degraded as a consequence of actions taken to increase the supply of other services, such as food. These trade offs often shift the costs of degradation from one group of people to another or defer costs to future generations. Second, there is established but incomplete evidence that changes being made in ecosystems are increasing the likelihood of nonlinear changes in ecosystems including accelerating, abrupt, and potentially irreversible changes that have important consequences for human well being. Dr. Anshumala Chandangar "Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Sources and Sink Functions of the Ecosystem" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47663.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/47663/biophysical-foundations-of-production-and-consumption-of-human-economy-sources-and-sink-functions-of-the-ecosystem/dr-anshumala-chandangar
RUNNING Head: IMPACTS ON FOOD SYSTEMS. 1
IMPACTS ON FOOD SYSTEMS 8
Impacts of Food Systems.
Students Name.
Institutional Affiliation.
Impacts on food systems.
Introduction
Sustainability in food systems entails the provision of the food security and nutrition which are essential to maintain and promote the living condition of the people under the earth (Ericksen, Ingram, & Liverman, 2009). The food system is according to the four pillar that defines its implication in any society. These four pillars are stability, availability, utilization and access. According to Food and Agriculture Organization, food security refers to “all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”(Source, FAO SOFI 2011).
When four pillars are conjoined together with the sustainability and nutrition, a desirable food system foundation is therefore achieved. With such food programs, they will mainly lead in making a multiple SDS (Sustainable Development Goals). Because of these to monitor and provide a desirable food system in any country, a Global Food System Index is crucial in tracking and monitoring progress. In the ultimate of the global food system, we address the six important dimensions by the GFSI which traces their progression. These critical dimensions are social sustainability, health and nutrition consumptions, environmental productivity, climate and ecological sustainability and market dynamics (Shown in Figure 1).
Therefore the ideal goal of a food system tries to effectively dialogue challenges to ecological and human welfare transversely in all of its phases. The dimension arrives from the theories and concepts involving food systems which will inform and guide the relevant managerial personnel in their decisions after the consideration of the report on the available data’s provided in concern of the behaviors portrayed by the target group like tourists in any environment when food is involved for life sustenance.
Global economic growth in investments, trade, food and Market Dynamic
Food system synthesis propels the global financial increase in investment, trade and food prices — they makeup all that happens and is the boundaries of the market dynamic as stated to be one of the critical dimensions guiding the food systems and its synthesis. To have a desirable food system, we require to have: an interaction in food supply chains which functions with all fundamental priors in the whole food system and also a well-operating trade and market dynamics (McCarthy, Lipper, & Branca, 2011). Using good trade and market strategies we can regulate and reduce the adverse effects caused by the market astonishment and hence drastically.
Leadership and Urban Sustainability, Irina Safitri Zen, UTMESD UNU-IAS
The 2016 ProSPER.Net Leadership Programme was held in Labuan Island and Beaufort, Sabah, Malaysia. The Programme included workshops, plenary sessions, and fieldwork around the topics of local sustainable development challenges in the region. The main goals of the Programme were to identify local leadership opportunities for sustainable development and to link local and national sustainable development projects to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Paris Climate Treaty, and the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction.
Climate Change and Its Impact on Agricultural Production: An Empirical Review...Premier Publishers
Agriculture, which is the mainstay of the economies of many developing countries, is highly depends on climatic conditions. This paper aimed at reviewing the climate change and its impacts on agricultural production with the specific objectives of reviewing the farmer’s adaptation strategies and barriers to the climate change and the impacts of climate change on agricultural production and food security in sub Saharan Africa countries. Empirical evidence shows that most of the smallholder famers in Sub-Saharan Africa have experienced the adaptation strategy of switching from planting high water-requirement to low water-requirement crops, planting diversified crops, changed planting dates to correspond to the change in the precipitation pattern and mixed cropping. The farmers’ ability to adapt to climate change has faced by access to information, extension services and access to credit. The effect of long-term mean climate change has significance impacts on global food production and affects all dimensions of food security in several ways ranging from direct effects on crop production to changes in markets, food prices and supply chain infrastructure which may require ongoing adaptation. Finally, effective institutions on climate change at the global level help to facilitate the policy implementations and to combat the impact of climate change.
"Climate Crunch" : Scenarios for the global economic environmentFERMA
"Climate Crunch" : Scenarios for the global economic environment.
The recently published Global Risks 2014 report of the World Economic Forum identifies environmental risks as highest in terms of impact and likelihood. Those risks include both natural disasters, such as earthquakes and geomagnetic storms, and man-made risks such as
collapsing ecosystems, freshwater shortages, nuclear accidents and failure to mitigate or adapt to climate change. Failure of climate change mitigation and
adaptation is the fifth top risk concern according to
multi-stakeholders communities (see figure beside).
Climate change is evidence proven and this paper doesn’t intend to explore the causes. However, one can state that climate change is a systemic problem – it is one that touches all the others. As such by its systemic nature, it can cause breakdowns of entire systems and not only a component part. (
An efficient allocation of resources that adequately accounts for natural capital. Traditional economics (including environmental economics - defined as the application of traditional economics to environmental problems) has focused on a third of these problems (efficient allocation) and therefore has not fully addressed the issue of sustainable development.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Environmental Hazard Effects: Critical Issue relating to Agricultural Production of Rural Households in Imo State, Nigeria
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 11 || Pages || PP -40-45|| 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 40
Environmental Hazard Effects: Critical Issue relating to
Agricultural Production of Rural Households in Imo State,
Nigeria
Izuogu C.U*, Ekweanya N. M* and Ifenkwe G.E*
*
Department of Rural Sociology and Extension, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia
State.
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------------
This study evaluated environmental hazard effects as a critical issue relating to agricultural production of rural
households in Imo State, Nigeria. Multi- staged purposive and random sampling techniques were used to choose
the samples. The study determined the farming activities of the respondents, ascertained the respondents
knowledge of the effects of environmental hazard on agricultural production among respondents and analysed
the relationship between environmental hazard and agricultural production of respondents. Primary data
collected from 116 respondents were used for the study. Data analysis was carried out with the use of
descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. Results from the study show that majority (76.54%) of the
respondents were engaged in cassava production as their major cash crop. A mean score of 2.18 on a three
point likert-liked scale showed that majority of the respondents were aware of the effects of environmental
hazard on their agricultural production. Flood, oil pollution, erosion and wind storm were significant and
negatively related to the agricultural production. Oil explorations that go on in the rural areas should be
adequately monitored to reduce its negative effect on the rural environment. It was therefore recommended that
more efforts should be made to mitigate the effects of environmental hazard on agricultural production of rural
dwellers. This could be achieved by providing agricultural insurance schemes for farmers, paying compensation
to farmers over losses arising from environmental hazards.
Key Words: Environmental Hazard. Rural Households, Agricultural Production
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 14 October 2015 Date of Accepted: 30 November 2015
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Human beings began to alter the earth’s environment thousands of years ago. First, it was through the use of
simple tools for hunting and gathering, and then later with more complex tools as land was cultivated for
planting purposes and animals were reared. All over the world, evidence exists of human intervention in
environmental issues. Although environmental variability is a natural phenomenon, the increasing frequency
and severity of extreme climatic events can in part be attributed to human activities such as deforestation and
inappropriate management of land and water resources (Edwin and Tuga, 2010).
Human-caused hazards may be intentional, such as the illegal discharge of oil, or accidental such as toxic spills
or nuclear meltdown (Kirkhorn, 2010). The distinction between natural and human-made hazards is becoming
blurred. Human-made hazards, such as technological and chemical accidents, air and water pollution and
desertification, degrade the environment and can lead to disaster (Morton, 2007). Hazards once considered
natural and unavoidable are now thought to be partly due to human-induced environmental change. For
example, research shows that in many parts of the world, an increase in flooding is linked to the escalating rate
of deforestation in those areas.
Climate models predict that climate change will lead to, among other things, an increase in unpredictability of
rainfall, warmer temperatures, and an increase in the severity and frequency of extreme weather events. These
changes are expected to decrease agricultural productivity in the developing world by 10% to 20% over the next
40 years. Subsistence farmers in the developing world find it particularly difficult to cope with such climate-
related hazards, as they do not have the capital to invest in new adaptive practices with which to protect their
homes and families. Especially sensitive to climatic changes are those households that rely almost entirely on
rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods. There has been a recent focus in the international development
community and literature on strategies to help subsistence farmers reduce their vulnerability to climate change
(Thorlackson and Neufelt, 2012).
2. Environmental Hazard Effects: Critical Issue relating...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 41
Environmental education increases public awareness and knowledge about environmental issues or problems. In
doing so, it provides the public with the necessary skills to make informed decisions and take responsible action.
Studying the environment involves two basic approaches. The first approach, based on the fact that humans
share this planet with other living creatures, focuses on the interactions among living systems. The second
broader approach looks at the total environment, and emphasizes that all the planet’s resources, both living and
non-living, are ultimately limited. With both approaches, however, the human species is the central player,
because human welfare and activities are foremost in our attention (UNDP, 1995).
It will be difficult to leave a liveable world to future generations if governmental organizations; non-
governmental organizations established at local, regional, national and the international levels; the private
sector, and people do not pay enough attention to environmental issues (Ifenkwe and Izuogu, 2015)
II. Prospect theory
A theory is set of assumptions, propositions, or accepted facts that attempts to provide a plausible or rational
explanation of cause-and-effect (causal) relationships among a group of observed phenomenon. The word's
origin (from the Greek thorós, a spectator), stresses the fact that all theories are mental models of the perceived
reality.
Donohue and Pamgreen summarized the roles of theory in designing research in agricultural extension by their
definition (Izuogu and Atasie, 2015). They defined a theory as a set of interrelated constructs (concepts),
definitions and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among
variables with the purpose of explaining and predicting the phenomena. This definition clearly highlights the
two major purposes of any theory i.e. explanation and prediction.
As a descriptive technique, prospect theory explains how individuals choose among alternatives when outcomes
associated with those alternatives are probabilistic or uncertain in nature. By investigating anomalies and
contradictions in human behaviour, Kahneman and Tverskey (1992) concluded that psychological factors
influence choices under uncertainty and were often able to capture departures from rational model. They
challenged the explicit rules of rational decision making theory by noting that choices that individuals make
under situations of risk and uncertainty exhibit several characteristics that are inconsistent with the fundamental.
They argued that, for example, individuals underweight probable outcomes in comparison with outcomes that
are certain (Ifenkwe and Izuogu, 2015). They called this phenomenon the certainty effect. They also pointed out
that the certainty effect brings about risk-aversion in choices involving certain gains and risk-seeking in choices
involving certain losses (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979). This means that people weigh losses heavier than gains
and because of that they prefer status quo. They also found that individuals facing a choice among different
prospects disregard components that are common to all prospects under consideration. They termed this
commonality the framing effect. The framing effect, they argued, will cause the framing of a prospect to change
the choice that the individual decision-maker makes. A third element of the decision-making process that they
discovered was the reference point effect, which is whether decision outcomes are viewed as gains or losses
relative to a psychologically neutral reference point. Decision outcomes that are perceived to fall below the
reference point are viewed as potential losses and conversely, outcomes that are perceived to exceed the
reference point are seemed as gains. Accordingly, it is argued that choice depends on the reference point and
changes in the reference point may cause preference reversals.
This theory is of essential effect in understudying the relationship between environmental hazards and
agricultural production. Farming communities make different choices under uncertainty caused by
environmental hazards. These choices may include seeking for alternative farm land, change in farm practice
and system of production, reclaiming lost cultivable areas. Decisions are made after under weighing probable
outcomes in comparison with outcomes that are certain. After passing through these psychological influences,
decisions made usually affects agricultural production.
Evaluating this in line with agricultural production and environmental hazard, it is possible to evaluate the effect
of hazards on productivity, farm labour supply and overall farmers’ income (Izuogu and Ekumankama, 2015).
This would involve incorporating the hazard variables into the utility function and then introducing an explicit
production technology for hazards. Hazard can either improve or reduce a rural community productive ability
(Asgary and Levy, 2009) Increased environmental hazards will result in a loss of days worked, cultivable farm
area, increased cost of production and reduced worker capacity. For example, prolonged exposure to pesticides
could cause cardiovascular problems, neurological and haematological symptoms, and adverse dermal effects
which could significantly hamper farmers’ work capacity in the field and reduce their management and
supervision abilities (Spear, 1991).
3. Environmental Hazard Effects: Critical Issue relating...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 42
III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The broad objective of the study was to evaluate environmental hazard effects as a critical issue relating to
agricultural production of rural households in Imo State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study
1. Determined the farming activities of the respondents
2. Ascertained the respondents knowledge of the effects of environmental hazard on agricultural
production among respondents
3. Analysed the relationship between environmental hazard and agricultural production of respondents.
IV. METHODOLOGY
This study was carried out in Imo State. Imo state has a population of 3,934,899. With a total area of 5,530km2
,
the State has a population density of 710 persons per square kilometre (National Population Commission (NPC),
2007) and the population is predominantly rural.
The population for this study comprised of all rural households in Imo State. The sampling frame comprised of
rural households in some selected rural communities within the three agricultural zones of the state. A
multistage sampling procedure involving purposive and random sampling techniques were used for the study. A
sample size of 116 respondents selected from across the three (3) geo-political zones of the state was used for
the study.
V. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Data were generated from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected with
questionnaire, and interview schedule administered on the 116 respondents. Field observation was also
employed. Secondary data were obtained from literature in form of textbooks, journal, annual reviews, internet,
and electronic libraries.
Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency distribution, percentage, mean,
analysis of variance and regression.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Farming activities involved in by respondents
Table 1 shows that of the respondents, 76.54% were engaged in cassava production as their major food and cash
crop. Above 63 per cent of the respondents were engaged in maize production while forty three per cent were
engaged in yam production. The Table reveals that 35.8% and 29% of respondents cultivated melon and
cocoyam respectively The increase in cassava production could be attributed to the effort of the Nigerian
government in facilitating the development of new disease-resistant cassava varieties by the joint efforts of
IITA, National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Root and Tuber Expansion Program (RTEP) which has
brought about an increase in farmer’s income thereby making it more attractive. (Sanni et al, 2009). Also,
Echebiri and Edaba (2008) opined that the production of cassava is concentrated in the hands of numerous
smallholder farmers located primarily in the south and central regions of Nigeria.
Table 1 Major crops grown by respondents (N=116)
Crop
Cassava
Cocoyam
Maize
Melon
Yam
Frequency
124*
47*
103*
58*
69*
Percentage
76.54
29.01
63.58
35.80
29.01
Animal
Sheep/Goat
Fishery
Poultry
Rabbitry
34*
12*
87*
4*
20.98
7.40
53.70
2.46
Source: Field Survey, 2013
*Multiple Responses
4. Environmental Hazard Effects: Critical Issue relating...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 43
From Table 1, it is seen that some of the respondents were engaged in different forms of animal production.53%
of the respondents were engaged in poultry production, 20.98% were engaged in sheep and goat production,
while 7.40% engaged in fishery production. Mixed farming offers highest return on farm business, as the by-
products of farm are properly utilized. It provides for efficient utilization of land, labour, equipment and other
resources.
2. Effect of environmental hazards agricultural production
Table 2 shows the respondent’s responses on the perceived effect of environmental hazard on their agricultural
production. The grand mean score of 2.18 shows that respondents were aware of the perceived effects of
environmental hazard on their crop and livestock production
This entails that majority of the respondents are aware of the effects of environmental hazard on their farm
activities. This is in agreement with a priori expectation as some of the victims were still having fresh memories
of the losses they encountered from the devastating flood that affected many parts of the state in 2012.
Table 2 Respondent’s knowledge of the perceived effect of environmental hazard on their
agricultural resources (N=116)
Item Agreed Undecided Disagreed X
1. Loss in weight of livestock 123* (76.88) 1* (0.62) 36* (22.50) 2.54
2. It reduces your farm output
Leads to washing away of soil
nutrient
122* (77.22) 8* (5.06) 28* (17.72) 2.59
3. 104* (71.72) 1* (0.70) 40* (27.58) 2.44
4 Decreases farm income 21* (14.79) 28* (19.66) 93* (65.55) 1.49
5. Increases cost of production 2* (1.40) 51* (35.93) 89* (62.67) 1.38
6. Reduction in crop growth 117* (78) 30* (20) 3* (2) 2.76
7. Hazards lead to death of
livestock
60* (46.87) 26* (20.32) 42* (32.81) 2.14
8. Reduction in value of farm
output
107* (75.35) 28* (19.72) 7* (4.93) 2.70
9 Increases pest infestation 9* (5.56) 66* (40.74) 87* (53.70) 1.59
Total Mean 19.63
Grand Mean 2.18
Source: Field Survey, 2013
* Multiple responses
Figures in parenthesis are percentages
3. Analysis on the perceived effect of environmental hazard on agricultural output
Linear log functional form was chosen as the lead equations for effects of environmental hazard on agricultural
production among respondents in the study area. This was based on the number of significant variables,
magnitude of the coefficient of multiple determinants (R2
) and the signs of the significant variables conforming
to aprior theoretical expectations. The linear log function had five significant variables with R2
value of 0.715
which shows that 71.5% of the total variation observed in the dependent variable (agricultural production) for
respondents in the study area is accounted for by the independent variables included in the model. The F- value
of 17.209 indicated that the model is significant for respondents in the study area.
Flood, oil pollution, erosion and wind storm were significant and negatively related to the agricultural
production of respondents in the study area.
5. Environmental Hazard Effects: Critical Issue relating...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 44
Table 3: Regression analysis on the perceived effect of environmental hazard on agricultural output
Source: Field survey, 2013
Note: *** Significant at 1%. ** Significant at 5%.* Significant at 10%
Flood was negatively significant at 5%. This indicated that as flooding increased in the study area, the quantity
of agricultural production reduced. In crop production, this could be as a result of the loss of soil nutrients due to
leaching. Extreme weather conditions such as prolonged drought and excessive amount of rainfall that leads into
flood may be detrimental to crop production outputs. Also, Etuonovbe (2011) opines that livestock production is
negatively affected by flood due to increase in pests and diseases leading to high mortality. This effect is
definitely not wholesome for agriculture because it will be a loss not only to the farmlands and livestock but also
to human life and other property, and knowing the nature of the rural farmers (impoverished nature) the effect
will not only drive them out of business, they will also lose almost all they have that will help them survive.
Adeleye and Rustum (2011) reported torrential rains pushing rivers over their banks and washing away livestock
in Lagos state.
Oil pollution was negatively significant at 5%. This entails that as incidences of oil pollution increased in the
study area, agricultural production reduced. In the process of oil exploration, lands are acquired where pipeline
terminals and platforms are sited. When land is cleared for the laying of pipes, for example, agricultural lands
and ponds are usually destroyed. In a study of the socio-economic impact of oil pollution, Omofonmwan and
Odia (2009) stated that crude oil exploitation has had adverse environmental effects on soils, forests and water
bodies in host communities in the Niger Delta.
Erosion was negatively significant at 1%. This indicated that as the washing away of the soil surface increased
in the study area, there was reduction in agricultural output. Abegunde et al (2011) in a previous research
finding reported that soil erosion in the South-eastern part of Nigeria has been identified as the most threatening
environmental hazards in the country Windstorm was negatively significant at 5%. Increase in windstorm in the
study area led to decrease in agricultural output. This could be attributed to the damages done to pollen grains
and fruits during storms. This leads to decrease in harvest of fruits and crops with appreciable market values.
Also, windstorm can lead to loss in livestock and other farm damages.
Variable Double log Semi-Log Exponential Linear
Constant 4.074
(11.945)***
88.826
(7.036)***
4.873
(21.784)***
132.634
(13.246)***
Flood .111
(.355)
-1.037
(-.089)
-.159
(-1.638)
-9.498
(-2.194)**
Oil Pollution -.512
(-1.612)
-18.467
(-1.569)
-.184
(-1.933)
-8.708
(-2.049)**
Erosion -.852
(-3.544)***
.37.944
(-4.265)***
-2.45
(-3.555)***
-11.584
(-3.775)***
Wind storm -.437
(-1.550)
-5.613
(-.537)
-.303
(-3.971)***
-8.077
(-2.371)**
R2
0.615 .745 .695 .715
R-2
0.611 .712 .625 .711
F-RATIO 7.490*** 8.272*** 20.620*** 17.209***
6. Environmental Hazard Effects: Critical Issue relating...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 45
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper has evaluated environmental hazard effects as a critical issue relating to agricultural production of
rural households in Imo State, Nigeria. The study has brought to limelight the fact that environmental hazard
affects agricultural production and that respondents were relatively aware of these effects. Flood, oil exploration
activities, erosion and wind storm were significant and negatively related to the agricultural production of
respondents in the study area.
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made to mitigate the effects of
environmental hazards on agricultural production of rural dwellers:
Effort should be made to diversify agricultural production activities in the rural areas. This is because the rural
households depend mainly on agricultural production and diversification will aid in cautioning the effects of risk
arising from environmental hazards. Insurance schemes should be provided for farmers and compensations paid
to them over losses arising from environmental hazards.
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Planning (ICE), 164(3): 175-187. ISSN: 1755-0793, E- ISSN: 1755-0807.
[3] Echebiri, R. N and Edaba M.E. I (2008): Production and Utilization of Cassava in Nigeria: Prospects for Food Security and
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[11] Kirkhorn, S. (2010). Partners in Agricultural health: Agricultural respiratory Hazards and diseases: A primer for Wisconsin
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[12] Omofonmwan and Odia (2009): Oil Exploitation and Conflict in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria. Kamla-Raj. J Hum Ecol,
26(1): 25-30 (2009)
[13] Sanni, O.O, Onadipe, P., Mussagy M.D, Abass A (2009): Successes and challenges of cassava enterprises in West Africa: a
case study of Nigeria, Bénin, and Sierra Leone. International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA)
[14] Thorlackson, T. and Neufelt, H. (2012). Reducing Subsistence Farmers’ Vulnerability to Climate Change:Evaluating the
Potential Contributions of Agro Forestry in Western Kenya: Journal of agriculture and food security.
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