Building Resilience in Rural Development through Sustainable Development Practice

CENTRE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
Building Resilience in
Agriculture and Rural
Development, through
Sustainable Development
Practice: Field Trip
Report
Saki East LGA, Oyo State, Nigeria
Abiodun Adesokan, Adeola Adelabu, Adetokunbo D. Lawrence, Chinyere Gift
Onuoha, Ikulajolu Raymond Olu and Odetayo Afeez Kolade
December, 2014

Page | 1
Table of Contents
List of Tables ...........................................................................................................................................2
BACKGROUND.........................................................................................................................................3
OBJECTIVES .........................................................................................................................................3
PROBLEM STATEMENT........................................................................................................................4
PROBLEM TREE ANALYSIS...................................................................................................................4
BRIEF LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK.............................................................................5
GROWTH ENHANCEMENT SUPPORT SCHEME....................................................................................6
Local Government Intervention..............................................................................................................7
METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................7
Study Area...........................................................................................................................................7
Data Collection....................................................................................................................................8
FINDINGS...............................................................................................................................................10
Land Ownership................................................................................................................................10
Farm Inputs.......................................................................................................................................10
Product Marketing............................................................................................................................11
Relationship with Nomads/Herds’ men In The Region.....................................................................11
Conflict Resolution............................................................................................................................12
Marginalization .................................................................................................................................14
Capacity Building...............................................................................................................................14
FINANCING........................................................................................................................................14
POLICY SYNERGY ...............................................................................................................................15
LOCAL GOVERNMENT RESPONSE .........................................................................................................15
Establishment of Pilot farms.............................................................................................................15
Establishment of a Poultry Farm on the Local Council Secretariat Premises ...................................16
Establishment of a Feed Mill.............................................................................................................16
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION.............................................................................................17
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................19
APPENDIX I............................................................................................................................................20
Focus Group Discussion Questions (Farmers and other Community (non- Government)
Stakeholders .....................................................................................................................................20
In-depth interview Questions ...........................................................................................................21

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List of Tables
Figure 1 Problem Tree 5
Figure 2 A picture of one of the rocks in Saki-East LGA 8
Figure 3 The Director of Agriculture and Natural Resources in Saki-East LGA Making a Presentation 9
Figure 4 Some of the farmers during the FGD 9
Figure 5 Symbiotic Relationship between farmers and Herds’ men 11
Figure 6 A Cattle Rearer Gathering Cassava Peels for his Herd 12
Figure 7 Some Cattle Grazing 13
Figure 8 The Chairman of Saki East LGA Traditional Council and Onisanbo of Ogbooro (play vital role
in conflict resolution) 13
Figure 9 The Pivot Irrigation Project 15
Figure 10 The Crop Farm at the Local Council Secretariat 16
Figure 11 The Poultry Farm at the Local Council Secretariat 16
Figure 12 The Feed Mill at the Local Council Secretariat 17
Figure 13 Farmers Accessing Support at the Local Council 17

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BACKGROUND
At the heart of sustainable development is a strong demand for preserving the Earth’s
resources- the ecosystem (everything that supports life within the biosphere- the
sphere of air, water and land), for future generations, even as communities and nations
around the world strive to meet their immediate growth and development
requirements in the present time. It has brought with it a forceful mandate for all
humans and Governments everywhere to give earnest to natural resources. There is an
urgency attached to this paradigm, because it inevitably has strong implications for
the ever increasing human population – which is predicted to reach exponential
explosions (9 billion by mid- century) in the future.
The import of this challenge was brought to the fore by Thomas Robert Malthus in
1798 when he propounded his Theory of Population In the theory he outlined the
discovery that population was growing at geometric rate while food production was
growing at an arithmetic rate and thus foresaw emerging food insecurity except
something drastic is done. The implications are clear- there will be a greater demand
on the Earth’s resources. However, the Earth’s resources may not be able to match
these demands if something is not done to replenish it, and to continue to do so on
an increasing and continuous basis. Important earth resources are those that play a
role in the production of food
OBJECTIVES
1. To do an overview of the effectiveness of the Growth Enhancement Support
(GES) Scheme
2. To ascertain how much information the farmers have about GES.
3. To evaluate the effectiveness of input supply in the GES.
4. To evaluate how the GES has helped farmers to build resilience, based on
resilience principles 5, 6 and 7, (as outlined later in this report) by encouraging
learning; broadening participation; and promoting polycentric governance
systems
5. To inquire if there are other policies related to Agricultural development
operative in Saki East LGA

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PROBLEM STATEMENT
“If Agriculture remains stagnant, Industry cannot grow”- Arthur Lewis
Majority of the Nigerian population live below the poverty line (below $2 per day).
Over 60% of the citizenry are involved in primary production (includes farmers,
fishermen, blacksmiths etc.). A larger part of these are into crop farming.
Agriculture has its own peculiar problems which are well documented. However, its
importance to the economy cannot be over-emphasized. Asides its key role of
providing food security to the Nation, Nigerian Agriculture serves as the largest direct
employer of labour and the major source of non-oil exports. In times past, Agriculture
was the mainstay of Nigeria’s economy before the oil boom. Recently, there have been
efforts to return Nigerian Agriculture to its pride of place. Several policies are being
put in place to ensure this.
Poor implementation of policies has been a limiting factor to achieving sustainable
development in Nigeria and most other developing economies. This problem hampers
the development of many sectors in the economy from Education to Healthcare to
Agriculture among others. However, due to the crucial role Agriculture plays in the
Nigerian Economy, we studied how policies and practice have helped to ensure
sustainable development. We also identified the policy-practice gaps
PROBLEM TREE ANALYSIS
The Problem Tree is a diagrammatic representation of the situation. It is represented
in form of a Tree with the Trunk of the Tree (represented by the blue box) showing the
Research Problem. The roots of the tree (represented by the green boxes) show the
underlying causes of the problem. The Branches of the tree (represented by the pink
boxes) show the effects of the problem.

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Figure 1 Problem Tree
BRIEF LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
BUILDING RESILIENCE
According to the Millennium Ecosystems Assessment Report (Moberg et al., 2014),
Resilience is the capacity of a system, be it an individual, a forest, a city or an economy,
to deal with change and continue to develop. It is about the capacity to use shocks
and disturbances like a financial crisis or climate change to spur renewal and innovative
thinking. Resilience thinking embraces learning, diversity and above all the belief that
humans and nature are strongly coupled to the point that they should be conceived
as one social ecological system
Policy-
Practice
GAP
Food
Insecuri
ty
Vulnerabi
lity of
farmers
to
vagaries
of climatic
resources
Effect:
Low
Produc
tivity
Effect:
poverty
Effect:
Poor
welfare
Rural-
Urban
migrati
on
Corruption
Cause:
Conflict
with
Nomads
Policy
Inconsistenc
y/Lack of
Policy
Understandi
ngDisparities in
funding and
resources between
Urban/Rural and
North/South
Low level of
literacy

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The Millennium Ecosystems Assessment report propounds 7 seven principles which
are critical to building resilience in social-ecological systems. They are as follows:
• Principle 1: Maintain diversity and redundancy
• Principle 2: Manage connectivity
• Principle 3: Manage slow variables and feedbacks
• Principle 4: Foster complex adaptive systems thinking
• Principle 5: Encourage learning
• Principle 6: Broaden participation
• Principle 7: Promote polycentric governance systems
For the purpose of this study in looking at how much the community has taken
ownership of the GES programme principles 5, 6 and 7 will be appraised.
GROWTH ENHANCEMENT SUPPORT SCHEME
The Growth Enhancement Support (GES) Scheme is a component of the Agricultural
Transformation Agenda (ATA) aimed at subsidizing the costs of major agricultural
inputs such as fertilizers and Inputs for farmers (Adedapo, 2013). The Scheme which
kicked off in May 2012 currently has over 20 million farmers registered.
The Growth Enhancement Scheme represents a policy and pragmatic shift within the
existing Fertilizer Market Stabilization Programme and it put the resource-constrained
farmer at its centre through the provision of series of incentives to encourage the
critical actors in the Fertilizer Value Chain to work together to improve productivity,
household food security and income of the farmer
Goals of GESS:-
Target 5 million farmers in each year for 4 years that will receive GESS in their mobile
phone directly totalling 20 million at the end of 4 years.
• To provide support directly to farmers to enable them procure agricultural
inputs at affordable prices, at the right time and place.
• To increase productivity of farmers across the length and breadth of the country
through increased use of fertilizer i.e. 50kg/ha from 13kg/ha.
• Change the role of Government from direct procurement and distribution of
fertilizer to a facilitator of procurement, regulator of fertilizer quality and
catalyst of active private sector participation in the fertilizer value chain.

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These goals can be summarised as achieving:
• Timely delivery of yield-increasing farm inputs;
• Efficient delivery of yield-increasing farm inputs;
• Effective delivery of yield-increasing farm inputs
This reports takes a cursory look at the Agricultural Transformation Agenda. It tries to
find out the extent at which the Growth Enhancement Scheme (designed to enhance
agricultural productivity through timely, efficient and effective delivery of yield-
increasing farm inputs) has improved the productivity of the farmers in Saki East LGA.
Local Government Intervention
The authorities in Saki East Local Government support agriculture development
through the following activities
• Enforcement of agricultural policies at the grassroots.
• Extension services to farmers.
• Training- farmers and youth- in collaboration with Nìgerian Directorate of
Employment, Oodua Farmers Academy.
• Input support programme to farmers-last planting season the following were
distributed to farmers-60 tonnes of fertilizer, 1100 knapsac sprayers, 1000 litres
of force up and vinash, 1100units of cutlasses.
METHODOLOGY
Study Area
Saki East LGA has its headquarters situated at Ago- Amodu. Saki East is situated in the
Zone II of the Oke- Ogun areas of Oyo State, in the south western geo-political zone
of Nigeria. Oyo state is a tropical region which favours the cultivation of food and cash
crops. Food crops found there include: Yam, maize, cassava, cowpea, sorghum,
soybeans, okro, pepper, groundnut, guinea corn melon, whereas cocoa and oil-palm
are among the cash crops cultivated in the region. Saki East has a landmass of 2000
KM2 and 11 wards, and going by the 2006 population census, Saki has an area
population of 125,026. It is regarded as the “Food basket” of Oyo State. The area enjoys
the services of the Oyo State Agricultural Development Project (OYSADEP). Though a
predominantly agrarian community, the people of Saki are also traders and crafts-
people.

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It is also important to note that Saki-East LGA (like most of the Oke-Ogun Area) has a
lot of hills and rocks. These rocks and hills have existed for several years and have very
rich histories. They occupy a crucial place in the beliefs and tradition of the people.
Figure 2 A picture of one of the rocks in Saki-East LGA
Data Collection
Some quantitative data was gotten from secondary sources (eg Data about estimated
Number of Farmers registered under the GES was obtained from the Chairman of the
All Farmers Association of Nigeria)
Data was gotten through qualitative techniques in order to determine the extent to
which the stakeholders were carried along before the outset of the GES programme,
and to assess their perception of how the programme has impacted on their access to
farm inputs: fertilisers, seeds, seedlings etc and how it has affected overall productivity.
We also sought to know how the scheme has impacted on the Socio-cultural practices
of the people of Saki East.
In-depth Interviews (IDIs) were conducted with the Director of Agriculture Saki East
LGA (Mr Femi Atunbi), Chairman of the All Farmers Association of Nigeria (AFAN) and
the Baale Agbe (the Head Farmers) of the Area. In addition, Focus Group Discussion
(FGD) was conducted with beneficiary farmers. The crux of data sought can be seen
in the Research questions outlined in the In-depth Interviews and Focus Group
discussion Guide (can be found in the Appendix)
The questions stated in the IDIs and FGD were quite flexible but not leading. This gives
room for probing to get further information and fill gaps in the answers previously

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provided. The proceedings of the In-depth Interview and Focus Group Discussions
were captured using a voice recorder and manual note taking
Figure 3 The Director of Agriculture and Natural Resources in Saki-East LGA Making a Presentation
Figure 4 Some of the farmers during the FGD
Information gotten from the In-depth Interviews (IDIs) and Focus Group Discussions
(FGD) was retrieved by transcribing the recordings of the proceedings.

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FINDINGS
Land Ownership
Communal land ownership is practiced in Saki East LGA. Lands are owned by respective
families and farmers have access to the land belonging to his family. In the case of an
outsider in need of land, purchase (or lease) can only be done through the family and
the Oba. No single person can independently buy or sell land. Private investors or
Government in need of land for agricultural or developmental purpose usually
approach the Oba who in turn contacts the family in charge of such land. An
agreement is fashioned to the satisfaction of all parties.
Farm Inputs
The Growth Enhancement Scheme (GES) of the Agriculture Transformation Agenda
(ATA) plays a major role in the provision of farm inputs. About 3,000 farmers are
registered under the scheme (GES) in Saki East LGA. In the Focus Group Discussion
conducted with some of the farmers, they opined that the Growth Enhancement
Scheme has been beneficial to them and have brought about changes to farming.
Farmers have easier access to the inputs. Inputs provided on the scheme fertilisers:
Urea and NPK (a combination of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium), which are
provided at a 50% subsidy; and seeds (corn, cassava cuttings) which are given to
farmers free of charge.
The GES scheme aims to reach out to farmers directly via their phones by text
messages. Farmers are required to give feedback to the service provided and to
request for a local arrangement to cater for any gaps in the scheme. The frequency
and timing of alerts depends on the type and number of crops registered for by each
farmer and the availability of the seedlings, seed and inputs registered for. However, it
is usually received on an annual basis and the time of the year depends on the season
of such crops. However, a number of farmers failed to receive the phone alerts and
farmers have had to devise other means of reaching out to the beneficiary farmers.
This is usually done through the All Farmers Association of Nigeria (AFAN) or the
association formed by farmers of the particular crop(s).
To complement the efforts of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, The LG purchases
inputs to distribute to farmers for free. In addition, the Local Government provides
tractors for land preparation at a subsidized rate of N3,000 per acre.
The Local Government has created farm centres (hubs) in some major towns to help
farmers save time and money in transporting themselves to the LG secretariat. These

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hubs provide access to some major inputs e.g. sprayers, pumps and hose for farmers
to borrow, use and return. The hubs provide these services free of charge or for a little
fee (as low as 50 naira).
Product Marketing
Marketing is a huge problem for farmers over there. There are truckloads of produce
going bad on the farm because there are no buyers. Many farmers are currently
indebted for this reason. Government assistance and is required in the area of
marketing in the same manner government have intervened in input supply.
Farmers need marketing control and price control. They requested restoration of the
defunct marketing boards or any other structure that can provide such services,
whether by government or private-sector driven.
Relationship with Nomads/Herds’ men In The Region
In one of the sites visited, we observed a mutualistic symbiosis between the farming
community and the herds’ men. The herds’ men help the farmers in peeling their
cassava. In exchange, they are obliged the cassava peels which they use to feed their
cattle.
Figure 5 Symbiotic Relationship between farmers and Herds’ men

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Figure 6 A Cattle Rearer Gathering Cassava Peels for his Herd
However, there are frequent cases of friction between farmers and nomads due to the
invasion of crop farms by nomads and their flock. The herds’ men have been very
inconsiderate troublesome. They encroach on crop farms and use them as grazing
fields. In the process, crops are destroyed and the soil structure in also destroyed. They
go further to attack farmers who challenge them and, in some cases, rape their wives
and daughters. When such cases are reported to constituted authorities, the farmers
sometimes feel that the measures taken are stringent enough to forestall future
occurrence. Some of the nomads (or the owners of their flocks are reputed to have
strong political connections.) Hence, famers cannot take desired actions. The situation
is making farming efforts become a waste at the end of the day. This remains a major
limiting factor to the growth of agriculture in the region. The farmers expressed fear
over the likelihood of famine in the future due to the impact of overgrazing on soil
structure and fertility. They called on government to seriously intervene with the
situation with the herds’ men (the Fulanis).
Conflict Resolution
Conflicts among crop farmers are rare in the LGA. Such internal conflicts are resolved
through our eldership mechanism. The older farmers’ cooperate a great deal. The
farmers hope and pray that this peaceful coexistence would continue.

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Figure 7 Some Cattle Grazing
However, there are common cases of conflicts between crop farmers and nomads due
to uncontrolled grazing and its attendant destruction of crops and farmlands. Such
conflicts are resolved by Traditional leaders at the community level. Complaints are
taken to the rulers who then do an independent assessment of the situation and
ensure adequate restitution is made to the crop farmers
Figure 8 The Chairman of Saki East LGA Traditional Council and Onisanbo of Ogbooro (play vital role in conflict resolution)

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At the Local Government level, there is a standing Committee on Peaceful Coexistence
of Bororos, Fulanis and Farmers (2003 Oyo state Constitution) headed by the Chair of
the LG, the SSS, the Civil defence, the DPO, Myetti Alla Cattle, AFAN executive or the
traditional leaders on rare occasions. Grievances are reported to the Baale Agbe or
AFAN executives who invite disputing parties before the traditional leaders, before the
LG committee or the police (depending on the severity of the matter).
Marginalization
There is marginalisation of fish farmers in the Oke-Ogun area. The government hardly
delivers on its promises to fish farmers. Recently, in one of the intervention programme
of the state government, there was a case where some fish farmers (2) paid for
pumping machines and only one had been delivered, months after the payment was
made and acknowledged. It is not certain whether or not the other would be delivered,
or when it would. Dates slated to Fish farmers for the pickup of supplies usually fail.
There are times when the dates mentioned in the alert notification are late. Farmers
reach the offices only to be told that the goods have been disbursed at an earlier time.
Up till recent times, there was no irrigation project in the entire Oke-Ogun region
despite the level of agricultural activities going on there. It is paradoxical that the food
basket of Oyo State has not been captured by the FADAMA programme of the World
Bank.
Capacity Building
This is usually done through the All Farmers Association of Nigeria (AFAN). Farmers
meet regularly under this platform; usually once a month to discuss issues and share
challenges. The farmers are highly cooperative. They do many things together. The
Government (Federal, State and Local) supports the association by organizing
sensitisation programmes from time to time. Development agencies such as IITA,
OYSADEP etc. also work together with the Government reach out to farmers on
different platforms.
FINANCING
Farmers expressed reservations as to whether government (at all levels) really seek the
growth of Agriculture. This is because of the low level of investment in agriculture.
Many farmers are indebted to banks and cooperatives and many become fugitives to
avoid embarrassment from their creditors. The situation is frustrating and they called

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on government to seriously invest in Agriculture. The farmers however commend the
current Minister of agriculture, Dr Akinwumi Adesina for his efforts in this regard. The
farmers particularly called on Government to come to their aid in the area of product
marketing and provision of processing facilities
POLICY SYNERGY
A damning discovery from the field trip is the insufficiency in synergy between the
three tiers of government in formulating and implementing policies. The Growth
Enhancement Scheme of the Federal Government (which is a very good initiative) does
not have sufficient input from the local governments which are the closest to the
grassroots and hence have a more direct contact with the farmers.
Also, the Pivot Irrigation Scheme of the Ogun-Osun River Basin Development Authority
does not carry the LGA along.
Figure 9 The Pivot Irrigation Project
LOCAL GOVERNMENT RESPONSE
The Authorities of Saki East Local Government led by the Chairman, Hon Niyi Olabiyi
has invested in a variety of programmes and activities touching agriculture. These
include:
Establishment of Pilot farms
Pilot farms have been established across the LGA for research and extension purposes.
These farms are set up to test crop varieties and pick the best suitable for the local
communities.

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Figure 10 The Crop Farm at the Local Council Secretariat
Establishment of a Poultry Farm on the Local Council Secretariat Premises
The farm serves as a source of Internally Generated Revenue, serves as training outfit
for intending farmers and students of agriculture, as well as address Protein deficiency
in the community
Figure 11 The Poultry Farm at the Local Council Secretariat
Establishment of a Feed Mill
The feed mill currently serves the LG farm but will offer milling services to the public
in the near future

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Figure 12 The Feed Mill at the Local Council Secretariat
Figure 13 Farmers Accessing Support at the Local Council
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
• Harmonization of Policies by various tiers of Government: The level of
synergy between different tiers of Government is appalling. Government at all
levels should strive to work together in policy formulation, implementation and
evaluation.
• Need for massive government investment in Agriculture: As the nation
hopes to diversify its income source, it is important to invest massively in
agriculture to ensure it fulfils its potential as a veritable source of National
Income. Such investment will address infrastructure deficit, fund research and
extension as well as empower farmers. Government should consider setting up
an Agricultural Support Scheme Similar to YouWIN, but will focus only on

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agriculture. There is also a need for urgent investment in Infrastructure to link
up rural areas where most of the agricultural activities take place.
• Institution of price control and market support mechanisms (e.g buffet
stock system). The importance of pricing and availability of market to
agriculture cannot be over-emphasized. Mechanism should be put in place to
protect farmers from the vagaries of fluctuations in prices and demand. They
may operate like the Marketing Boards of old.
• Set up grazing reserves- Government should establish properly demarcated
grazing reserves to put an end to the recurrent conflicts between farmers and
nomads.
• Set up an efficient and effective irrigation system. This will ensure that the
farmers are able to cultivate the land all year round instead of depending solely
on rainfall.
• Need for a more holistic coverage of all categories of farmers: The current
input policy focuses mainly on crop farmers. Other categories of farmers
involved in fish farming, poultry production, animal husbandry etc. need to be
carried along in the programme or have efficient support programes designed
to take care of their own needs.
• Modernization of local production processes (eg Shea butter production)
in line with Global best practices. This will improve efficiency, shorten work
time and on the long run provide employment for locals. In addition, the
products will be more palatable and marketable which will ultimately increase
income of the producers and by extension, Shea butter farmers.

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REFERENCES
Adebiyi Adedapo (2013): An Assessment of the Growth Enhancement Support
Scheme, published in This Day Newspaper of 16th July 2013
Atunbi Femi (2014) Agriculture in Saki East LGA, a presentation to visiting
University of Ibadan students by the Director of Agriculture and Natural
Resources
Island Press (2014): Millennium Ecosystems Assessment Report; A Toolkit for
Understanding and Action
Moberg et al.(2014): Millennium Ecosystems Assessment Report
Stockholm Resilience Centre : What is Resilience, an introduction to Socio-
economic Research
www.fmard.gov.ng/Growth-Enhancement-Support-Scheme
www.grin.com/en/e-book/197775/evaluation-of-poverty-alleviation-
programs-in-saki-east-local-governments
www.oyostate.gov.ng/ministries-departments-and-agencies/local-
government-and-chieftaincy-matters/detailed-information-of-the-33-local-
governments-in-brief/

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APPENDICES
Focus Group Discussion Questions (Farmers and other Community (non-
Government) Stakeholders
Research Question One:
Probe for information about the kinds of products available, the total costs involved in
procuring them and the subventions available?
I. How willing are (the farmers in Saki East LGA) to adopt yield-enhancing inputs
(e.g fertilizers, improved seeds etc.)
II. How many farmers are registered with the available GES service provider in Saki
East ?(from outset in 2011)
III. How many farmers have received phone alerts for input subsidy since the outset
of the programme in 2011? How frequently do you receive GES alerts?
IV. How many of the farmers who received phone alerts actually received inputs
since 2011
Research Question Two:
a. Encouraging learning:
I. What opportunities for interaction that enable extended engagement
between participants exist between/ among the farmers and GES service
providers and the Government.
II. To know what platforms exist that enable the farmers in Saki to network
and create communities of practice (with respect to effective utilisation
of inputs).
III. To know the ways and degree to which the platforms (in objective 4
above) impact on the productivity of farmers.
b. Broadening Participation:
I. What capacity building opportunities are available within the GES
programme?
II. What mechanisms are available on the platform of GES to deal with
power issues and potential conflicts?
c. Promoting Polycentric Governance:

Page | 21
I. What governing bodies interact to make and enforce rules within the
GES programme on any other related agricultural policy within Saki?
II. How do these governing bodies enable broader levels of participation of
the farmers with other farmers within the state and at the Federal level?
What opportunities exist?
Research Question Three:
3. How long does it take on the average (7 days - 15 days) for the yield-increasing
farm inputs to reach the farmers? Are there any delays? What are the causes of delays
in receiving delivery of farm inputs?
4. To what extent does the GES programme ensure efficient delivery of yield-increasing
farm inputs to the farmers of Saki East LGA.
What transport mechanisms are available for the delivery of yield-increasing farm
inputs to the farmers? How are they organised? And who is responsible for them? Are
there any direct costs to the farmers? On the average, how much?
5. How far have the GES-provided farm inputs (especially fertilizers) been able to
impact on farmers productivity?
6. Is there any form of government interference militating against the efficiency of the
GES? Also probe for grievance procedures.
7. What system of land ownership is practised in Saki East LGA? What is involved?
8. What system of farming/ cropping is practised in Saki East LGA?
In-depth interview Questions
1. What level of information do the farmers in Saki East LGA have about the GES
programme?
2. To what extent has GES has helped farmers to build resilience by:
a. Encouraging learning:
I. What opportunities for interaction that enable extended engagement
between participants exist between/ among the farmers and GES service
providers and the Government?

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II. What platforms exist that enable the farmers in Saki to network and
create communities of practice (with respect to effective utilisation of
inputs)?
III. In which ways and to what degree do the impact on the productivity of
farmers?
b. Broadening Participation:
I. What capacity building opportunities are available within the GES
programme?
II. What mechanisms are available on the platform of GES to deal with
power issues and potential conflicts?
c. Promoting Polycentric Governance:
I. What governing bodies interact to make and enforce rules within the
GES programme on any other related agricultural policy within Saki?
II. How do these governing bodies enable broader levels of participation of
the farmers with other farmers within the state and at the Federal level?
What opportunities exist?
3. To what extent does the GES programme ensure timely delivery of yield-
increasing farm inputs to the farmers in Saki East LGA?.
4. To what extent does the GES programme ensure efficient delivery of yield-
increasing farm inputs to the farmers of Saki East LGA.

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