RUNNING Head IMPACTS ON FOOD SYSTEMS. .docx

RUNNING Head: IMPACTS ON FOOD SYSTEMS.
1
IMPACTS ON FOOD SYSTEMS
8
Impacts of Food Systems.
Students Name.
Institutional Affiliation.

Impacts on food systems.
Introduction
Sustainability in food systems entails the provision of the food
security and nutrition which are essential to maintain and
promote the living condition of the people under the earth
(Ericksen, Ingram, & Liverman, 2009). The food system is
according to the four pillar that defines its implication in any
society. These four pillars are stability, availability, utilization
and access. According to Food and Agriculture Organization,
food security refers to “all people, at all times, have physical,
social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious
food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for
an active and healthy life”(Source, FAO SOFI 2011).
When four pillars are conjoined together with the sustainability
and nutrition, a desirable food system foundation is therefore
achieved. With such food programs, they will mainly lead in
making a multiple SDS (Sustainable Development Goals).
Because of these to monitor and provide a desirable food system
in any country, a Global Food System Index is crucial in
tracking and monitoring progress. In the ultimate of the global
food system, we address the six important dimensions by the
GFSI which traces their progression. These critical dimensions
are social sustainability, health and nutrition consumptions,
environmental productivity, climate and ecological
sustainability and market dynamics (Shown in Figure 1).
Therefore the ideal goal of a food system tries to effectively
dialogue challenges to ecological and human welfare
transversely in all of its phases. The dimension arrives from the
theories and concepts involving food systems which will inform
and guide the relevant managerial personnel in their decisions
after the consideration of the report on the available data’s
provided in concern of the behaviors portrayed by the target
group like tourists in any environment when food is involved
for life sustenance.

Global economic growth in investments, trade, food and Market
Dynamic
Food system synthesis propels the global financial increase in
investment, trade and food prices — they makeup all that
happens and is the boundaries of the market dynamic as stated
to be one of the critical dimensions guiding the food systems
and its synthesis. To have a desirable food system, we require to
have: an interaction in food supply chains which functions with
all fundamental priors in the whole food system and also a well-
operating trade and market dynamics (McCarthy, Lipper, &
Branca, 2011). Using good trade and market strategies we can
regulate and reduce the adverse effects caused by the market
astonishment and hence drastically improve the flexibility
within the value chain by restricting the negative arising
externalities factors from the foreign agent and countries.
Example between the 1990 and 2014 the world economy has
grown by 2.6% a year which is almost double that within the
range given. However, facilitating to the growth of the gross
domestic product GDP by about 5.1% annually in the low and
middle-income countries, China being among those that have
significantly improved according to (Monteiro, Cannon,
Moubarac, Levy, Louzada, & Jaime, 2018). Advancement of the
GDP of the low-middle, developing and developed countries are
shown in (Figure 2 below). The economic development depends
on the variety of aspects such as technological advancements,
population dynamics, resources productivity and availability
and the behaviors of the customers and the producers. Hence the
institutional and political policy responses towards the
developments become uncertain if not well set according to the
exceptions available; thus it complicates the long-term project
of economic projections by making it hard. The reason is that of
the assumptions made on the bases of the factors which might
evolve in the future.
Resource and production efficiency.
Resource and production efficiency is also the key in the food

system synthesis due to the limitation of the available resources
and the increased population. Productivity is all about
producing new products by using the fewest supply if possible.
Among the products in the food system entail production of
fisheries, livestock’s and crops for it to be adequate fewer
resources have to be well managed and utilized without any
wastage. For example, shortly the current global population is
expected to rise to more than 9 billion when we are hitting
2050. Therefore the land per capita income will reduce by half
in percentage. It will require the food production to rise by 60%
to sustain the existing population at the time (McCarthy, Lipper,
& Branca, 2011).
Furthermore, an excellent global food system has the purpose of
predominantly enhancing food productivity and production by
disposing of the traditional approaches, which have a lot of
loopholes and ineffective to meet the food requirements in a
population. Therefore meeting current and emerging high
demand on food a desirable food system must be resource
efficient and without endangering the availability of rare
possessions nature offers. Meeting future and current needs and
wants sustainably relies on efficiently using the available
resources. Which can be achieved by involvement in researches
leading to innovation, creativity and invention of new ways of
farming, distributing, branding, processing, manufacturing and
preservation of the food produced.
Climate resilience and environmental sustainability
Another dimension of the food system and its synthesis is
climate resilience, and ecological sustainability and its effects
are felt globally. The best global food system program must be
both sustaining and resilient to the environment and the climate
of the underlying area. A good example is the greenhouse effect
which entails gas emissions and the experienced continuing
climate change where the main contributor of these is the global
agriculture sector. At times these changes happen due to the

effects of agriculture on water sources, soil and weather
conditions. Integrations in climate responsiveness, aiming to
reduce and remove greenhouse gases and agricultural
advancements and building of reliance gives a climate-smart
food system (Bohle, Downing, & Watts, 1994). Natural
calamities like floods, desert extensions, storm and extreme
temperature are also effects of the climatic changes and need to
be handled with a lot of care (Figure 3 show the increase of
each outcome in the earth.) A climate-smart approach is vital
since crop yield influences are quite felt at the continuing
intensities of warming (McCarthy, Lipper, & Branca, 2011). For
example, as the temperature rises, climate tend to increase extra
pressure on agricultural schemes across the areas. Scientist and
the environmentalist predict that come 2050, the climate
warming of 2% projected will decrease the wheat yields by 50%
in the Caribbean, Tunisia, Central America and Brazil. Thus a
sustainable environment food system can reduce the negative
impacts that are posed to the environment and hence cultivating
agro-ecological resilience by promoting biodiversity.
Social sustainability aspect
Social sustainability is another vital factor which affects the
population, for the desired food system it should be socially
sustainable in all ways revolving in the value chain. Safe,
nutritious, adequate food are the main issues that require to be
assured to the each of the household in the population by any
producing food system sector as it tries to meet the underlying
emerging demands on the food for sustainability. Thus different
categories of individual should be considered for example
producers is required to take suggestions from the women, men,
youths, children, aged and even the aliens of the area (Davoudi,
Shaw, Haider, Quinlan, Peterson, Wilkinson, & Davoudi, 2012).
Allows the producer to be in a position to produces varieties of
products in his/her yield package them in accordance. It will
enable different taste as required by every group. Hence
meeting the demand and satisfying all the categories.

The potential indicators for inclusive food system and socially
sustainable will include the women’s consent in their relevant
intra-households and domain gender parity. To measure each
contribution of the different categories existing in the
environment among the group the access to financial services
and land tenure security are the indicator used. It will show
both economic and physical access living within the groups, and
the population at large, where a number of the poor can be
estimated and a measure of social consumer’s sustainability
becomes possible.
Conclusion
Generally, to advance the approximation leading towards global
food system, resources and the efforts must be directed and
focused and be in line to support the index that assimilates
timely and the new data evolving from the six dimensions
relating on the food systems as discussed in these research
paper. Due to the current labors to generate new data and
develop statistical capacity in the low-middle and developing
and developed nations must be leveraged.
Figure 1 Food Systems
Figure 2. B) Effects of climate change
Figure 2. A) Change in GDP
References.
Balzer, C. (2011).
Solution
s for a cultivated planet. Nature, 478(7369), 337.
Bohle, H. G., Downing, T. E., & Watts, M. J. (1994). Climate

change and social vulnerability: toward a sociology and
geography of food insecurity. Global environmental
change, 4(1), 37-48.
Davoudi, S., Shaw, K., Haider, L. J., Quinlan, A. E., Peterson,
G. D., Wilkinson, C., ... & Davoudi, S. (2012). Resilience: a
bridging concept or a dead end?“Reframing” resilience:
challenges for planning theory and practice interacting traps:
resilience assessment of a pasture management system in
Northern Afghanistan urban resilience: what does it mean in
planning practice? Resilience as a useful concept for climate
change adaptation? The politics of resilience for planning: a
cautionary note: edited by Simin Davoudi and Libby
Porter. Planning theory & practice, 13(2), 299-333.
Ericksen, P. J., Ingram, J. S., & Liverman, D. M. (2009). Food
security and global environmental change: emerging challenges.
Monteiro, C. A., Cannon, G., Moubarac, J. C., Levy, R. B.,
Louzada, M. L. C., & Jaime, P. C. (2018). The UN Decade of
Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with
ultra-processing. Public Health Nutrition, 21(1), 5-17.
McCarthy, N., Lipper, L., & Branca, G. (2011). Climate-smart
agriculture: smallholder adoption and implications for climate
change adaptation and mitigation. Mitigation of Climate Change
in Agriculture Working Paper, 3, 1-37.

Running Head: CAPSTONE PROJECT
CAPSTONE PROJECT
3
Table of Contents
41.Analysis of the Global Destination Site
41.1 Introduction
61.2 The Economy of Thailand
6Main Industries of Thailand
6Primary Exports and Export Partners of Thailand
71.3 Demographic Profile
71.4 Social
10Historical Background & Type of Dishes
11Thai Cutlery & Eating Style
111.6 Sustainability Efforts
131.7 Potential political and legislative intervention
16Recent agricultural policies
16Agricultural credit policy
17Agricultural input policy

181.8 Labour markets
191.9 Market trends
201.10 International agribusiness
211.11 Food biotechnology
22Plant breeding development
22Genetic engineering policy: Transgenic plants
231.12 Food production, marketing and product development
231.12.1 Food Production
23Mixed cropping system
24Restoration of soil fertility
24Reduced Tillage or No-Tillage
24Integrated and biological pest control
25Biodiversity, Genetic Resources and Plant Improvement
25Adoption of technology by farmers
261.12.2Marketing
261.12.3Product development
271.13 Relationships between food and gender, socio-
economics, race, ethnicity
1. Analysis of the Global Destination Site
1.1 Introduction (sandeep)
Thailand is one of the most famous countries in the entire world
for its cuisine. Spanning from the southern peninsula to the
Northern provinces, the country offers a diverse blend of
insanely delicious food. From flash cooked stir fries to hand

pounded salads, there are variety and quantity of food in
Thailand. The south of Thailand is well known for its spicy
curries, heavy use of coconut milk, and fresh seafood. The north
and northeastern part is famous for its veggie filled salads and
herbs, grilled meat, sausages, and sticky rice. Bangkok, the
largest city, attracts Thais from around the country to create a
never ending melting pot of tempting things to taste.
Geographical background of Thailand
Area
Total: 513,120 square kilometers
Land: 510,890 square kilometers
Later: 2,230 square kilometers
Climate
Tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to
September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-
March); southern isthmus always hot and humid.
Natural resources
Tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish,
gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land.
Population distribution
Highest population density is found in and around Bangkok;
significant population clusters found throughout large parts of
the country, particularly north and northeast of Bangkok and in
the extreme southern region of the country.

In Thai eating culture, rice is the main component to be
consumed with other supplement. Its menu is composed of
diverse methods on cooking like boiling, soup, frying, spicy
salad and the chili paste with the combination of tastes like
sour, salty, sweet and spicy that is rarely found in other national
cousins.
People are more attracted towards Thailand because of the
temples and beautiful beaches and special attraction is their rich
culture and way of life. Mainly people live in Thailand are
Buddhists so they have different beliefs and culture, their
culture teaches them to be very friendly with everyone which
tourists like the most. It also has a cons for example, because of
huge amount of people visited Thailand, local people start
supplying drugs to them so that they can earn more income
illegally. But it leads to increase in crime rate. Because of high
demand of tourists, foreign companies run the local companies
places which results in less earnings of local people.
There is no doubt that the culture of the country promotes the
destination. Like in Thailand as well, their culture promote it to
tourists. It helps to make distinctive from other country. It helps
to adapt the changes of each other’s country like, language, way
of dressing, eating habits.
The culture in Thailand is way different from western culture. It

is hard for everyone to adopt theirs and more hard for the
people of Thailand to adopt ours. They don’t say good
afternoon, good morning and good evening, they say WAI that
is the way they used to greet people.
https://www.streetdirectory.com/food_editorials/cuisines/asian_
food/introduction_to_thai_food.html
http://davidsbeenhere.com/2012/11/23/an-introduction-to-thai-
food/
https://www.indexmundi.com/thailand/geography_profile.html1.
2 The Economy of Thailand
Thailand has a profoundly export dependent economy and the
industrial and service sectors are the biggest contributors to its
economy. It ranks 22nd largest export economy in the world. It
has been ranked as an upper-middle income economy since 2011
and has exhibited sustained economic and social progress over
the years. Its economy particularly experienced enormous
growth between 1986 and 2005 when effective policies were
adopted such as diversification and industrialization coupled
with contribution from a strong private sector. During this
period, poverty levels substantially declined in the country. The
Thai baht is Thailand’s currency, used by some of its neighbors
including Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia.

Main Industries of Thailand
The Automobiles and automotive parts industry are the
dominated industrial sector here. The rest of the industries
include financial services, garments and textiles, electronics,
tourism, plastics, computers and accessories, cement, plastics,
and furniture. The agricultural sector is dominated by produce
such as rice, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, and rubber. Beverages
and tobacco also contribute immensely to the economy.
Primary Exports and Export Partners of Thailand
Thailand’s exports were valued at $236.69 billion in 2017.
These exports included rice, garments and textiles, computers,
integrated circuits, footwear, automobiles, refined petroleum,
rubber, and fishery products. The United States imports 11.2%
of Thailand’s exports followed by China, Hong Kong, Japan,
Malaysia, Vietnam, and Australia.1.3 Demographic Profile
Demographic background of Thailand
Total Population
6.88 millions
Male population
49.1%
Female population

50.9%
Birth rate
11 births/1,000 population
Languages
Thai (official) 90.7%, Burmese 1.3%, other 8%
Religions
Buddhist 94.6%, Muslim 4.3%, Christian 1%, other less than 1%
There is a diverse range of ethnic groups within the country but
for the purposes of the overall Thailand population, only really
been separated into three main groups: 75% are Ethnic Thai,
14% are Thai Chinese, and 3% are ethnically Malay. The
remainder of the population falls into small minority groups
including hill tribes, Khmers and Mons. The official language
of Thailand is Thai. The country is the 51st largest country on
earth in terms of total area, 21st in terms of population, and
88th in terms of population density.
1.4 Social
Different people from different countries are found here.
Afterall, Thailand is known as a tourist hub. Hence, different
culture get together to make this place happening. Along with
the people from different culture gathering here has formed a
lot of changes in social environment of Thailand. For example,
many locals sell drugs to tourists as a way of earning money.
The World Bank Office of Thailand recognises that, drug

pushing creates problems such as anti-social behaviour,
increased crime and reduced safety. This has an effect on tourist
numbers as many will not travel to countries which are deemed
unsafe. Further, as tourism grows in Thailand many businesses
have moved from being run locally to being owned by national
or international companies which creates leakages in the Thai
government with less spending money going back into the Thai
economy. Moreover, Thailand has seen an increase in dramatic
faithfulness for the tourists. The local traditions have become a
product for the tourist, which is slowly destroying the original
culture in Thailand. On the other hand, negative impact has
created a long term effect on the local community by being
exposed to different cultures and wealth. This changes locals’
behaviour and needs like encourage the Thai people to dress
differently or abandon their religion.
1.5Ethical and cultural trends relating to food
In Thailand, food forms a central part of any social occasions,
which means food often becomes the reason to celebrate. This is
partly due to the friendly, social nature of Thai people, and the
way in which food is ordered and eaten in Thailand.
Presenting and serving the Thai meal is different from that of
other normal restaurant. Generally, the food in the restaurant
starts with starter followed by the main course and lastly served
with the dessert. In Thailand, there is no such thing as starter.

Moreover, the dish does not belong to single person. A general
rule is followed of ordering the same number of dishes as
people present. All the dishes are shared and enjoyed together.
Peoples in Thai believe that eating alone is bad luck. There is
also a belief that throwing food away enrages the Thai “god of
rice”, a female deity who watches over the people, ensuring
everyone has enough to eat. Bad luck or even widespread
famine may then develop.
Most of the Thai dishes are considered unsatisfying till they
combine all the four main seasonings: salty, sweet, sour, and
spicy. A group of Thai diners, while eating out, would generally
order a variety of meat and/or fish dishes, plus vegetables, a
noodle dish, and possibly soup. Dessert may consist simply of
fresh fruit, such as pineapple, or something more exotic, such as
colorful rice cakes, depending on the region.
Thais are also very renowned for the snacks. It is easy to pick
up a quick but delicious snack for mere pennies along the
roadside or at marketplaces in Thailand. Popular snacks consist
of spring rolls, chicken or beef, raw vegetables with a spicy dip,
soups, salads, and sweets.
The formal presentation of food is another important aspect of
Thai culture. This trend of presentation was earlier developed in
the palace to please the King of Siam, and it is among the most
exquisite in the world. Serving platters are decorated with all

variety of carved vegetables and fruits into flowers and other
pieces of beauty. This includes elegantly carved vegetables
within the dish itself. For such artwork, Thai chefs use a simple
paring knife and ice water (the ice water prevents discoloration
of the vegetables as they cut them).
Historical Background & Type of Dishes
Just as all the other countries, Thailand too has a history of its
taste that has made Thai food popular today. In early thirteenth
century, the Thai people developed a cuisine that is known as
Siamese cuisine today. In this, various types of meat and
seafood combined with local vegetables, herbs, and spices such
as garlic and pepper, and served with rice. Later, the Chinese
culture brought noodles to Thailand.
Indian spices and flavors have also influenced the Thai cuisine,
which can be seen in its famous green, red, and yellow curries.
It would be nearly impossible to confuse an Indian curry with
one from Thailand. Although Thai curry incorporates many
Indian spices in its pastes, it still manages to maintain its own
unique flavor with the addition of local spices and ingredients,
such as Thai holy basil, lemongrass, and Thai ginger which is
called galangal.

Thai cooking has also influenced other countries like Vietnam,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Burma, and Malaysia. Such
plentiful and vast influences combine to create the complex
taste of present-day. Hence, Thai cooking is considered as one
of the fastest growing and most popular of world cuisines
today.Thai Cutlery & Eating Style
Although the Chinese brought chopsticks to Thailand long ago,
most Thais prefer to use Western cutlery, though in their own
special way. Thai cutlery generally consists of a fork and large
spoon. The spoon is held in the right hand and used in place of a
knife.
When eating, Thais do not combine various foods on their
plates, but rather, they sample one dish at a time, always eaten
with a mound of Thai fragrant rice on the side. Bowls are used
mainly for soup, not in place of a plate.
https://www.thespruceeats.com/thai-food-and-culture-3217393
1.6 Sustainability Efforts
Thailand has its own development framework that is being used
to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. It relies on
wisdom and integrity, as well as the principles of moderation,
fairness and carefulness. The focus of the is to achieve
sustainability and it has been adopted as the core principle of

Thailand’s National Economic and Social Development Plan
since 2002.
No poverty: End poverty in all its form from everywhere.
No hunger: End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
Good wealth and well being: Ensure healthy lives and promote
well-being for all at all ages.
Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality
education and promote life long learning opportunities for all.
Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and empower all
women and girls.
Clean water and sanitation: Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all.
Affordable and clean energy: Ensure access to affordable,
reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
Good jobs and economic growth: Promote sustained, inclusive
and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all.
Industry, innovation and infrastructure: Build resilient
infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation.
Sustainable cities and communities: Make cities and human
settlements, inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

Responsible consumption and production: Ensure sustainable
consumption and production patterns.
Reduce inequalities: Reduce inequality within and among
countries.
Climate action: Take urgent action to combat climate change
and its impact.
Life below water: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas
and marine resources for sustainable development.
Life on land: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forest, combat
desertification, and halt and reserve land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss.
Peace, justice, and strong institution: promote peaceful and
inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access
to justices for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels.
Partnership for the goals: strengthen the means of
implementation and revitalize the global partnership for

sustainable development.
https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/sustainable-
development-goals/why-do-sustainable-development-goals-
matter/goal-1-no
1.7 Potential political and legislative intervention
The Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives is executing
economic policies adopted by the Thai Cabinet to reduce
poverty through agriculture and food security. Key policies
include the following:
· Campaign to promote rural savings through agricultural
cooperatives, with the objective of increasing the potential for
farmer groups to help themselves, such as simple processing and
alternative occupations at the household level. Community
banks will be supported and farmers will participate in
administering funds deposited, by formulating policies for
utilization and recovery.
· Use chemical fertilizers and agricultural chemicals more
efficiently through application with organic and biological
fertilizers, in order to improve soils and to increase yields.
Natural methods of controlling crop pests will be employed in
an effort to reduce imports of fertilizers and agricultural
chemicals. Efforts will be made to improve soils and community

environment over the long-term.
· Utilize refuse and wastes from agriculture, by encouraging
private sector production of organic fertilizer and bio-
fertilizers, and other products used in the agriculture sector.
This approach will reduce farmers’ expenditures on imported
fertilizers.
· Identify land and extend land tenure rights, to solve the
problem of availability of land for subsistence.
· Provide assistance to farmers who are impacted by natural
disasters in the form of food, inputs important to their
occupations, and consumer goods.
· Ensure food security for the country to prevent impacts from
natural disasters, by accelerating production of agricultural
products in areas with production potential as well as in areas
that are adequately served with water resources; particularly in
areas that have sources of natural surface water, irrigation
system infrastructure, underground water supplies, and irrigated
areas serviced by electric pumps.
· Undertake occupational and livelihood rehabilitation
following natural disasters, by providing assistance in the form

of production inputs, including plant material and breeding
animals, to support agricultural production activities.
A national policy review of food security issues was undertaken
as part of the agriculture sector policy. The Thai Government
adopted a policy for preparing for global climate change. An
important element of this policy is that the Government
committed itself to ensuring food security for the country to
prevent impacts from natural disaster, by accelerating
production of agricultural products in areas with high
production potential as well as in areas that are adequately
served with water resources; particularly in area that have
sources of natural surface water, irrigation system
infrastructure, underground water supplies, and irrigated areas
serviced by pumps.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives is implementing
an agriculture sector reform policy that requires a paradigm
shift that will result in the implementation of measures that will
lead to increases in equitable access to production-support
services by the rural poor including:
· Improved access to information, through the strengthening of
the Agriculture and Resource System Information Network and
the mass communications abilities of the Ministry, to ensure
that agricultural development plans are adequately articulated at

the sub-district level.
· Opportunities for farmer education in awareness and
confidence building, resource management, and enterprise
development.
· Specialized training in problem solving.
· Innovative types of community mobilization and institution
building at the grassroots level that would release the spirit and
creative potential of people.
· Improved access to institutional credit.
· Improved access to technology through creation of an Institute
for Adaptive Research and Pilot Trials and an Institute for the
Advancement of Traditional Knowledge.
· Organization of production, transport, and marketing groups at
the community level.
Recent agricultural policies
The major change in government agricultural policy occurred in
1986 when the pro-consumer policy was replaced by the pro-
producer policy. The export taxes and export restriction which
penalized the farmers were eliminated, resulting in a more or
less neutral nominal rate of protection for most exportable
crops, except a few import competing crops such as oil palm
and soybean (Poapongsakorn, 2009; Warr and Archanun, 2007).
Since then the succeeding administrations have increased the

agricultural subsidy through the agricultural price support
program with the aim to improve farmers’ income.
Agricultural credit policy
The agricultural credit market in Thailand had been previously
dominated by informal lenders, particularly land owners,
middlemen, and millers. A drastic change in the agricultural
credit market occurred in 1975 when the Bank of Thailand
instructed all commercial banks to allocate 5% of all
commercial loans for agriculture at an interest rate lower than
the market. As a result, the supply of agricultural credit
expanded in huge. The BAAC’s loans to individual farmers
increased more than 17 times from 0.43 billion US$ to 7.48
billion US$.
The credit policy has significantly impacted on the farmers
‘adoption of modern technologies as well as crop
diversification, particularly in irrigated areas of Central Plain.
Because farmers in irrigated areas have a better cash flow and
less production risk, a large proportion of credit goes to
commercial farmers. Even though, group liability guarantee
could help small-farmers to access formal credit, the amount of
loan they could obtain is very small; the loan program is also
limited to certain locations and does not cover the whole

country. Thus, small-farmers continue to find it more difficult
to improve their household food supply, particularly when food
prices increase.
Agricultural input policy
In Thailand, the agricultural input markets are mostly free from
government intervention. Public policies on chemical fertilizer
mainly involved the distribution of fertilizer to the farmers at
the market price or at reduced costs. The loan was financed by
the Farmers’ Aid Fund. The government had previously used the
Market Organization for Farmers and agricultural cooperatives
as a network to distribute the fertilizer at a subsidized
transportation costs. Due to the limited capitalization of the
Fund, only a small number of farmers could access this program
and most of them were in irrigated environment. The scheme
has been abolished for a decade. It was criticized that the
program had no impacted on the small-farmers in remote areas
since they were not eligible for the assistance. As a
consequence of rising fertilizer price and production cost, it was
inevitable that the food production of small farmers were
affected most.
http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/thai/natur.htm

ftp://ftp.repec.org/opt/ReDIF/RePEc/kau/wpaper/are200901.pdf
1.8 Labour markets
Female employment in Thailand is 46% with women holding
39% of senior positions. Unemployment in Thailand remains
consistently low dropping as far as 1.1%. As a result of this,
Thailand has a high rate of informal employment in the labor-
intensive industry, but this number is expected to decrease as
the quality of education improves leading to an increase in
average wages and less employment in the labor-intensive
sectors.
In the last few years, the average income has increased by 11%
with the highest average incomes being centered in Bangkok.
Since the nationwide minimum has increased, Thailand has
shifted towards becoming an upper middle income country.
Nonetheless, the Kingdom’s relatively low wages still attracts
foreign investors.
With growing wages and low unemployment, Thailand is
focusing on improving its educational system to encourage a
base of skilled workers. The Ministry of Education has provided
funding to increase the number of teachers and has made many
changes to the curriculum. Free education is provided for up to
twelve years with nine years of mandatory basic education.
Many students continue on to higher education due to higher

economic rewards. All of this moves towards the establishment
of a knowledge-based society.
The current government has put efforts into the promotion of
vocational training. Many private companies have also
established their own educational institutions to provide for the
vocational education of later employees. The Office of
Vocational Education Commission intends Thailand to be the
vocational education hub of the region.
http://www.thailandtoday.in.th/node/7691.9 Market trends
After Indonesia, Thailand is the second largest economy in
Association of Southeast Asian Nations and is an upper middle
income country with an open economy, a gross domestic
product of $479 billion, and 3.9% growth in 2017. It stands 26th
largest export destination for the United States.
Considering the frozen food market, Increasing number of
trading partners supported with strong export demand for
processed seafood and meat dishes from major countries such as
Japan, Australia, China, Korea, US, EU, Middle East and other
Southeast Asian countries are further anticipated to drive the
demand for frozen seafood and meat products. Various brands in
Thailand have started using natural and alternative sweetener

blends for instance, thick organic stevia and cane sugar in order
to lighten the sugar content in sweet dessert treats. Frozen
vegetarian ready meal options are likely to boost the demand for
Thailand frozen foods market over long term. Rising demand for
diverse fruits with distinct flavor especially Mangosteen,
durians and longans are also expected to boost the market
revenues for processed fruits and vegetables in Thailand in near
future.
Thailand frozen foods market is poised to grow on account of
growing end-users demand including hotels, restaurants,
commercial offices, hospitals, quick service joints and others.
Leading frozen food manufacturers in Thailand have started to
invest towards expanding their production capacity in order to
meet the ever-growing demand for frozen foods in the country.
https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/thailand-frozen-
foods-market-is-expected-to-reach-over-thb-147-billion-by-
2022-ken-research-869777308.html1.10 International
agribusiness
Agribusiness is the business of agricultural production. It
includes breeding, agrichemicals, crop production, processing,
farm machinery, seed supply, marketing and retail sales. In
recent years, Thailand has slowly shifted away from an

agriculture driven economy due to a decreasing number of
workers. Nonetheless, production continues to grow through the
use of better farming techniques and new technology. The top
agricultural products are rice, rubber, and sugar-cane, and
production in all exports will continue to grow as the
government has been promoting Thailand as “The Kitchen of the
World.” To ensure a high quality of food and reduce risks, there
are many food control agencies charged with regular
inspections. Several Thai products require quality assurance
standards from these organizations.
Thailand has gained a good reputation for producing good food
ingredient products like sauces and seasonings. Its resources
and favorable wages make the Kingdom an appealing hub for
investment. A growing trend among Thai people is healthcare
products and organic foods. Many companies are now investing
in innovations and research for healthier food products. At the
same time, snacks have been growing in popularity with fish
snacks being most well received.
Agribusiness interest in reforestation with fast growing tree
species began in the late 1970s as government aimed to reduce
the costs of importing of pulp and paper. The Royal Forestry
Department determined Eucalyptus camandulensis to be the
most suitable species and granted 30 year land concessions to
agribusiness firms for rents of one baht per rai per year, later
raised to 10 baht. Plans for reforestation showed a 40 percent

total national forest cover with 25 percent being commercial
plantations, a policy supported through tax privileges for
investment in paper mills, pulp companies, and plantation
development. Global rises in pulp prices attracted many big
companies
http://www.thailandtoday.in.th/node/7731.11 Food
biotechnology
Food biotechnology is the use of technology to modify the
genes of our food sources. Our food sources are animals, plants,
and microorganisms. With food biotechnology, the world uses
what it knows about science and genetics to improve the food
we eat.
Thailand boasts one of the most advanced food processing
industries in Southeast Asia. Comprised of over 10,000 food-
processing companies, the export-oriented food industry the
most of it. The industry is expected to surpass US$33 billion
within the next two years. Leveraging its rich agricultural roots
and abundant natural resources, Thailand has attained reputable
status not only regionally but also worldwide, being the sole net
food exporter in Asia and ranking as one of the top five world
net food exporters.
Advancements in biotechnology further cemented its regional
leadership as a major agricultural exporter through the creation

of new products, improvement of existing products and
increased food safety. Additionally, biotechnology also
enhances crop yields and reduces the costs of agricultural
products, boosting the overall commercial value of the food
sector. At the same time, strict adherence to top-notch quality
and hygiene standards is crucial to the success in the global
food processing industry. Investments in biotechnology research
and development facilities enable product development and
improvements in product quality, allowing strong and persistent
growth of the industry.
The current food biotechnology projects in Thailand include
field testing DNA techniques in transgenic plants to yield
resistance to diseases, pests and biotic stress. It also process
germ plasma collection in plants such as cucumber, chili, sweet
corn, rice, cassava and sugarcane. Further, it looks into the
plants and food for the development that is used in the
pharmaceutical and food industries. Till date, more than 80
agro-businesses have invested in the country. Biotechnology
assists these companies to upgrade their products and strengthen
their research and development capabilities, increasing their
overall competitiveness.
Plant breeding development
In Thailand, technologies, such as Marker Assisted Selection,
gene discovery and transformation systems, are adopted for
plant breeding with desired traits, including markers for

fragrance, cooking quality and disease resistance in rice, and
sweetness in sugarcane. For example, MAS is used with
conventional breeding to breed fragrant rice varieties resistant
to flooding, bacterial leaf blight and brown leafhopper.
Genetic engineering policy: Transgenic plants
The National Biotechnology and Bio-safety Policy framework
focused on utilizing biotechnology for the prosperity of the
business, the self-sufficient economy, and the wellness of
society. The National Biotechnology Policy Committee issued a
genetically modified organism’s roadmap for building R&D
capabilities from research and development to
commercialization. Thailand has adopted the Bio-safety
guidelines for laboratory work and field work and planned
release and now Thailand is preparing to develop a Bio-safety
law.
http://www.thinkasiainvestthailand.com/download/biotechnolog
y.pdf
1.12 Food production, marketing and product
development1.12.1 Food Production
Thailand has increased the efficiency of its agriculture, using

economic concepts such as investment benefits and opportunity
costs as the basis for production increases. Imported
agricultural inputs such as chemical fertilizer, and other
chemicals such as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides, plus
fuel, farm machinery and hybrid seeds, have been introduced to
increase production. These have replaced locally produced farm
inputs such as compost, manure, herbs and power from draft
animals. Higher yields have resulted from this increase in
agricultural inputs. From this point of view, the increase in farm
inputs has given Thailand a considerable profit in food
production.
Thailand also believes that to achieve sustainable food
production at a national level requires hard and cooperative
work by various institutions working in cooperation. It involves
the recognition of problems in agriculture, analysis of which
can lead to appropriate technologies, and implementation which
fits in with physical and socio-economic determinants, while
aiming at environmental conservation at all times. There are a
number of ways in which sustainable crop production can be
achieved.
Mixed cropping system
Any type of cropping system which has a higher degree of
biodiversity is considered important. There are vast areas of
Thailand where sufficient rainfall is available and soil structure
is adequate to allow for a multiple cropping system. A grain-

legume-grain crop rotation, particularly rice-legume double
cropping, can be readily established. Subsistence agriculture is
still practiced over large areas of Thailand, and is dependent
upon the slash-and-burn method for food production.
Restoration of soil fertility
Thailand has begun a strong program to restore and replenish
soil fertility. The use of cash crops in a rice-based cropping
system is emphasized, providing nitrogen for the subsequent
crop. Green manure crops such as sesbania are being grown
before rice in areas such as the Northeast where soil organic
matter is particularly low. Other approaches include the use of
farm by-products such as rice straw and livestock manure to
increase soil organic matter.
Reduced Tillage or No-Tillage
Crop production based on reduced tillage is becoming
increasingly popular in Thailand as a means of controlling soil
erosion. No- tillage techniques can significantly reduce soil loss
and improve soil structure by maintaining a higher level of
organic matter. However, there are some drawbacks. Weed

control at planting is done by chemicals rather than mechanical
tillage, involving as great an environmental risk as normal
tillage and high costs. Since fertilizers must be applied on the
surface, there are higher losses from leaching and volatilization.
Integrated and biological pest control
In Thailand, integrated pest management is being developed
based on a combination of cultural practices, host plant
resistance, and natural enemies. There is also an emphasis on
the need for safe pesticides and better pesticide management.
Development of novel products such as growth regulators seem
to be easily integrated with non-chemical control methods.
Implementation of integrated pest management in Thailand has
been particularly successful for rice and soybean. However,
many crops still need urgent attention, especially those for
which misuse and overuse of pesticides are common, including
vegetables, fruit crops, and cash crops such as cotton.
Biodiversity, Genetic Resources and Plant Improvement
Biodiversity is a fundamental element in sustainable
development. The conservation of a wide base of plant genetic
resources has direct implications for the future development and

enhancement of crops. Plant breeding in Thailand aims at
selecting crops and genotypes adapted to environmental
constraints. Crops should be adapted to local conditions,
including climatic factors, mineral stress and soil toxicity, and
should have durable resistance to most important pests. The
other objective is efficiency of nutrient use, and where
appropriate, of nitrogen fixation. Furthermore, breeding
programs emphasize the adaptation of crops to the entire
production system. Biotechnology is a tool which may bring
advances that were considered difficult or impossible through
conventional plant breeding, as individual characteristics can
now be transferred from one variety or species to another.
Biotechnology is also important in the production of disease-
free germ plasma and for disease diagnosis.
Adoption of technology by farmers
A huge amount of technology generated by research has not
been accepted by farmers, simply because farmers feel that it is
impractical. Recently, farming systems research has been
introduced, so that researchers have an understanding of the
farmer's situation before technology is developed. It is
important that technology should be tested under farm
conditions, and recommendations should be made only in
consultation with farmers. There is an urgent need to develop

and promote technology that increases or sustains productivity
at a lower cost and does not harm the environment. There is also
a need for technology which is less labor intensive.
Soil and water conservation measures to achieve sustainable
development have been designed to benefit farmers in their
application. Simple water harvesting methods can match this
requirement, as well as certain forms of minimum tillage.
Emphasis is placed on low external input farming system, to
reduce residue problems from fertilizers and pesticides, and the
cost of production inputs.1.12.2Marketing
Thailand’s food marketing sector continues to grow in 2017,
driven by strong economic growth, increasing numbers of
tourists, and government investment. Thailand is one of the
world’s leading agricultural suppliers, primarily due to its well-
developed food processing sector. The food industry is the
country’s third largest industry, contributing 23 percent to the
country’s Gross Domestic Product. As a result, Thailand is
competitive market for food and beverage products. However,
there is good sales potential for a number of products including
food preparation ingredients, whey, frozen potatoes, apples,
milk and cream, pet food, almond nuts, and raisins.
1.12.3Product development

A dominant strategy has been simply to buy products which are
already established in the market, rather than to develop them.
Mergers and acquisitions have contributed to decreasing R&D
investment worldwide, and they help companies acquire new
products and develop a strong market presence rapidly. In
Thailand, multinational acquire Thai food companies to gain
production facilities, distribution channel access and to
eliminate competitors. Well established Thai companies pursue
similar strategies to expand into international markets. In R&D,
this practice breeds conservatism. Local companies usually
upgrade existing products rather than attempt to introduce new
products. In Thailand, economic liberalization and relaxation in
foreign investment have attracted multinational companies,
which often gain strong positions in Asian markets through
mergers and acquisitions.
http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110727
103450
1.13 Relationships between food and gender, socio-economics,
race, ethnicity
Food is central to Thai culture and plays an integral part in Thai
social relations. Sharing a meal precedes business dealings and
treating friends to a meal is an indication of social achievement,
especially if it takes place in a fancy Western restaurant. Thai
notions of identity, hierarchy and status are expressed and

negotiated through food. Central Thai food, epitomized by the
foods of the grand palace, is at the top of the status hierarchy in
relation to the foods and food styles of the North, Northeast and
South. Central Thailand, and especially Bangkok as the only
major urban centre, has dominated Thailand politically,
economically, socially and culturally. Central Thai cuisine is
found all over Thailand, as the Survey illustrates.
In defining Thai cuisine, however, Bangkokians have
appropriated regional foods like somtam (papaya salad). This is
a Northeastern (Isan) dish that is becoming increasingly popular
all over Thailand but especially in Bangkok and is being
redefined as a "Thai" dish. Isan food is "low status" but it is
very popular as is indicated by survey results of 91%.
Isan food is at the opposite end of the spectrum to Central Thai
food. The Northeast is the region most unlike Bangkok in every
way as the poorest and least developed region in Thailand with
the lowest standard of living but with the most distinctive
cuisine. Its cuisine relies heavily on wild greens and forest
foods.
Country foods such as wild honey, insects, frogs and snake are
difficult to get in Bangkok. They are becoming expensive and
part of a status inversion that is occurring with some Isan foods.

Thai values such as the public display of status, making merit,
fun, entertainment, and Seniority are all expressed and
negotiated through food. Thai also value both the modern and
the traditional, saying this is about "going with the times
without forgetting who you are". Thai notions of a meal are
based on a persistent structure that can accommodate
considerable flexibility and innovation in content.
https://www.uvic.ca/research/centres/capi/assets/docs/Walker_F
ood_Consumption.pdf
Thailand is very famous for tourism. One of the reasons behind
this is that it is the only country in southeast Asia to never been
not colonized by Europeans. Because of this, everyone thinks
that it has unique culture which is not anywhere else in the
world. Thailand has become a huge destination because of this
culture.
There is a both positive and negative impact of economic, social
and cultural factors on tourism. The most obvious impact is that
tourism is the source of income for every country. According to
research done by researchers, tourists and travels contributed
20.6% of the total in the GDP of Thailand. If the country’s
tourist market is wide then it will create a great employment
opportunities for the local people. It offered 14.6 million jobs in
Thailand which is 55% of the total jobs. In addition to this,

Tourism doesn’t mean that people just came to see the beauty of
that place, they also need necessary things with it like hotels to
stay-in, delicious food to eat and awesome places to do
shopping. These things contributed a lot in the Thailand’s
economy. Beside these positive aspects, it also has a negative
impact. Firstly, lack of education, there is no need of any
special knowledge to do jobs in it. Most workers do like selling
goods to consumers, floor cleaning and dish washing in
restaurants which do not require any degree. Secondly, they
increase the prices of everything in tourism season, which is not
fair for local people and lastly 70% of money spent by tourists
come to restaurants, hotels, airlines and foreign owned tourist
operators.
People are more attracted towards Thailand because of the
temples and beautiful beaches and special attraction is their rich
culture and way of life. Mainly people live in Thailand are
Buddhists so they have different beliefs and culture, their
culture teaches them to be very friendly with everyone which
tourists like the most. It also has a cons for example, because of
huge amount of people visited Thailand, local people start
supplying drugs to them so that they can earn more income
illegally. But it leads to increase in crime rate. Because of high
demand of tourists, foreign companies run the local companies
places which results in less earnings of local people.
There is no doubt that the culture of the country promotes the

destination. Like in Thailand as well, their culture promote it to
tourists. It helps to make distinctive from other country. It helps
to adapt the changes of each other’s country like, language, way
of dressing, eating habbits .
All the tourism factors contributing to the positive and negative
aspects of tourism.
The culture in Thailand is way different from western culture. It
is hard for everyone to adopt theirs and more hard for the
people of Thailand to adopt ours. They don’t say good
afternoon, good morning and good evening, they say WAI that
is the way they used to greet people.
Specialities of thailand:
· Destination weddings
· Exotic honeymoons
· Off-the-beaten-path tailor-made trips
· Israel and Jordan
· Maldives & Seychelles
Eating customs:
In Thailand, it can be seen that or its their culture that only
senior ladies order the food and bill goes to the richest person.
They usually eat with chopsticks but now they are changing
some traditions and trying to adopt western culture like they
start eating with a knife and fork. But still they believe in old

thai traditions and superstitions for example they think that if
you leave your chopsticks in a bowl then it is considered as a
bad luck. If you leave your food a bit on your plate then they
consider it a good that means you are full, but if you leave rice
then it is considered wasteful.
Food is the main thing that comes in the mind of people when
they think about Thailand. Aromatic spices, and
a distinctive blend of sweet, sour, salty, and savory
flavors characterize Thai cuisine.
The typical Thai meal consists of rice served alongside various
curries, sauces, and vegetable dishes. Soups are an important
part of the meal, and often include a unique blend of spices and
flavors. Noodles are also popular. Thailand’s markets and street
food are a huge part of Thai food culture.
Food is served in two ways :
“raad khao” (individual dish)
“gap khao” (seperate dish)
· Individual Dish
In the past, Thai people had large families. Due to the difficulty
of eating together at the same time, placing the rice side dish
and the rice on the same dish and serving individually is to
some extent supplanting the traditional Thai dining style.
· Separated Dish
The rice side dishes are separately served with the rice (not

same dish). Normally, this style is suitable for eating with
others. The shared rice side dishes are in the center of the
circle. Each has their own rice while the side dishes are shared
by transferring them with the shared spoons to the individual
rice dishes.
Their food is also different from others, but people like to
trying different dishes. But their customs and beliefs are not
right like to leave chopsticks in a bowl is not good. Tourists
doesn’t know these things when they visit the country and if
they come to know about this later then they will not feel good.
References

(2018, November 22). The Economic, Social and Environmental
Impacts of Tourism in Thailand. Retrieved November 24, 2018,
from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/tourism/tourism-in-
thailand.php
(2017, May 13). Tourism in Thailand. Retrieved November 24,
2018, from https://maytermthailand.org/2017/05/13/tourism-in-
thailand/
(2017, May 20). Thailand food security and nutrition. Retrieved
November 24, 2018, from
http://www.compact2025.org/files/2017/06/06.2017_Thailand-
south-south-learning-draft-case-study.pdf
Fahaduddin. Mohammed
Food system alternatives:
Same as every country’s government even Thai government is
focused on high production of agricultural products and more
exports to boost country’s economy. Use of different
agricultural strategies and poor farming methods and
inappropriate use of agro-chemicals resulted in soil erosion in
Thailand.

Alternate farming:
Alternate farming has started in Thailand and in Japan long ago.
There were common practices by these two countries and that
has categorized below.
Fukoaka Nature farming:
It was started in the year 1938 by Mr. Masanobu Fukoaka a
Microbiologist and soil scientist. Fukoaka explains the
importance of natural products than man-made products.
Concept:
In Fukoaka farming method there is least involvement of nature
by evaluating ploughing, chemical pesticides and fertilizers,
weeding etc., he even insisted the use of “seed balls” it’s a
mixture of different species of seeds with the mixture of clay
and made into small balls.
The concept is not just for cultivation but also for perfect
farming. This concept was not widely used but still used in
spiritual farming.
Positive implication:
This concept was used by many farmers in Thailand for the
second term of food production. This is the quickest way, less
hard work and less time consuming process.
Negative implications: grown rice with this process has limited
the rice straw and without weeding plants are not growing
properly.so later on many framers stopped using this method but
this method is used in spiritual farming.

Mokichi farming:
Mokichi okada started this concept of farming called “no-
fertilizer farming” which means no use of chemicals and to get
rid of poison in soil as resulted in natural production. This
method of farming called Kyusei and the main concept of this
farming is saving the world through natural farming.
Concept:
Kyusei farming has 5 objectives
1. To produce high quality of food
2. To be economically and spiritually benefitted to both farmers
and customers
3. To be sustainable
4. To be environmentally sound
5. To be able to produce enough food for an expanding world
population
The main concept of this method to produce food spiritually and
naturally and to benefit the use of microorganisms (EM). In
1993 farmers in Thailand used this concept as there were facing
many problems associating with pests and weeds etc.,
Positive aspects:
EM solutions are widely made available for better quality and it
is sold for only 40 baths. Even government bodies and NGOs.
The fact is that EM is giving best results for natural farming
and this kyusei system is backed with well established
infrastructure and research labs.

Negative aspects:
As EM the resulted to be effective in short term but there is no
such information that EM will have no soil erosions and quality
problem in long term. There are researchers who are still
working on it. As a result many farmers have limited the use of
EM.
Santi Asoke nature farming:
Santi Asoke is a Buddhist sect they have used the concept of
Fukoaka and they have limited the use of Santi Asoke to the
members of their sect and they have raised funds from their sect
to expand this concepts. They use the same natural farming as
Fukoaka and they forbid the killing of living creatures.
Concept:
Santi Asoke farming has developed from organic and Fukoaka
farming but its different from organic farming as they forbid
they killing of pests and they do not use EM. The produced
agriculture from this method is used only by Santi Asoke
members like in their restaurants and as they believe no
chemicals and no killing of animals in order to protect their
agriculture they send funds to the charity of Santi Asoke in
order to sustain their agriculture.
Positive impacts:
Santi Asoke can produce enough agricultural products for all
their community members and extra agricultural products they
send it across Thailand so that Santi Asoke in other part of the

country can enjoy products of their choice. These members will
never have shortage of agricultural products as they are not
selling it to the rest of Thailand.
Negative impacts:
They may not make enough money to develop this concept as
they may receive small amount of charity from their members.
Santi Asoke doesn’t share their concept to other so it will be
difficult to trace problems if any. They have their own farming
philosophy and they practice only that. They may not know any
diseases associated with this method.
Integrated agricultural and aquacultural:
This method of farming places focused of symbiosis of
livestock, crops and fishes and limits the use of agrochemicals.
It is considered as alternative agriculture because of its
symbiosis.
Concept:
This method is introduced so that it can help small farms and
can take mutual advantage between fish, livestock and crops and
can increase the productivity and profitability of the small
farms in an organic way and off-farm. They wanted to create an
on-farm and maintain ecological balance between them. Many
studies suggested that it is highly possible to generate more
profits and make good productivity out of it.
Positive impacts:
This concept has replaced conventional agriculture in Thailand

and resulted in generating more profits and more productivity in
almost all parts of Thailand. And they have made it possible to
maintain ecological balance across the country.
Negative impacts:
There are more possibilities getting tasteless agricultural
products like fruits and vegetables. Marine life remains healthy
and strong only in natural water and they may use GMOs.
Permaculture:
This concept was started by an Australian ecologist Bill
Mollison in 1978. “Permaculture’s concept is to integrate
human dwelling, micro-climate, plants, animals and water
management into stable communities”. Its can organic farming
method that is helpful for small farms, household farms etc.,
and this method was introduced in response to the “failure of
world food system”.
Concept:
Permaculture is a philosophy of farming but not any chemicals.
The activities considered under this philosophy are Organic
farming, agro-frosty, tree-crops, and the use of appropriate
techniques that are suitable for environment. The main concept
of this method is to produce enough food for all small farms,
households and surplus food to the world.
Positive impact:
This concept is favorable to the small farms and households.
Protect food from political bargain chip. They are aiming is to

maintain environmentally sustainable and the fruit of their hard
work should reach to the desired people.
Negative impact:
This method has very small market and it has very little impact
in Thailand. Farmers have noticed that trees are occupying more
space and that can reduce sun light results in limiting crop
growth. Most of the farmers ignored the used of this method in
Thailand. This philosophy is not applicable to all type of lands.
Organic farming:
Modern Organic farming was started in Britain in 1943. Organic
farming has introduced in order to produce healthy food, avoid
chemicals and pests in agricultural crops etc,. For better human
health.
Concept:
To produce food in accordance with ecosystem management.
Things that are taken into consideration for organic farming.
Marinating soil fertility, recycling farm products, maintaining
nitrogen self-sufficiency, controlling weeds, pests and diseases
and careful attention to the impact of farm etc.,
Positive implications:
There were only 10% farmers using this concept in Thailand
before but, later on numbers began to grow. It produces healthy
food, more earth friendly and more sustainable farming method,

almost very less use of weed etc.,
Negative impacts:
Its time consuming process and requires more attention where
crops are grown. Can’t produce more quantity from same crops,
costly process and it is more expensive food to buy than non-
organic food.
HORIZON INTERNATIONAL SOLUTIONS SITE. (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://www.solutions-site.org/node/47.
Assessing the food system for global context:
Assessing the food system for the global context has
characterized into 6 steps there are as follows:
Recognize the problem:
It is important to recognize the problem associated with food
system in Thailand from sowing seed to the food on the table
every process to be carefully examined and it should be
communicated with the government health officials and to be
able to obtain necessary safety requirements for food.
Scope:
By considering appropriate boundaries, components and
assumptions in the supply of food chain in the country and
around the world. Then there should be “appropriate methods of
analysis and synthesis”. How it will be affecting health,
environment, social and economic factors in the supply of food

chain. What are the steps to be taken for appropriate output.
Scenario:
There should be a baseline for the food system. We have to take
alternatives to compare best suitable for food system. We
should even recognize how it is affecting social, economical,
health and environmental factors and if any inappropriateness is
recognized that alternative should be terminated for use in the
food system.
Analysis:
After selecting best alternative out of it. We should interpret the
data and should make sure if it is safe to use and is it matching
all the factors. Then we should send it for the “public and
private decision making”.
Synthesis:
Outcome of the alternatives are important and enough judgment
should be made. Both benefits and harm of the scientific results
to be enclosed. The best of the scenario should be displayed
and it replay on decision makers and stakeholders to select best
scenario out of it.
Report to the stakeholders:
Clearly written report of scope, interpretation, implementation,
analysis, assumptions, and outcome to be discussed with the
stakeholders, government officials and civilians. Information
should be written clearly, understandable, transparency, detailed

to make good decision. Based on the national academic of
science report decision making of risk management
communicating and involvement of stakeholder are considered
as very important role. Because information from stakeholder
helps to figure out important issues, problems of the
assessment, errors of alternatives etc.
7

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