The school children would be involved as Earth Leaders for Environmental Monitoring.. such as the ambient air pollution (CO2, PM2.5, PM10,.....), Temperature, Relative Humidity, etc.
Flood Vulnerable Area Assessment of Abakaliki Metropolis South-eastern Nigeria.IJERA Editor
As a result of global warming, the climate change in Africa and Asia is predictably becoming more variable, and weather events expected to go more frequently extreme and severe. This includes increasing risk of drought and flooding in new areas. Inundation by extreme floods events is recorded every year worldwide. The potential consequences are profound increasing risk, particularly on environment and people in the less developed countries. Flooding cannot be totally avoided and maybe their occurrence will increase due to climate change. Absolute protection is both unachievable and unsustainable because of high costs and inherent uncertainties. Abilities to mitigate and or prevent flood disasters, cope with and recuperate from the effects have not been sufficiently taken into account nor developed. Communities within watershed or along the River system such as Abakaliki metropolis are mostly under threat of constant flooding menace. When flooding strike, the poor and socio-economically disadvantaged suffer the most and are least equipped to cope with impacts. Vulnerability assessment which many regions of the world recently commenced becomes the way forward. Assessing vulnerability and impacts requires and analysis of information on climate elements, such as temperature, rainfall and non-climatic data, such as situation on the soil, altitude and other characteristics of elements-at-risks indicators. This informs for a well thought-out monitoring (risk assessment), mitigation, coping strategies and adaptation measures which can be adopted by all the vulnerable stakeholders including Governments at all tiers.
The school children would be involved as Earth Leaders for Environmental Monitoring.. such as the ambient air pollution (CO2, PM2.5, PM10,.....), Temperature, Relative Humidity, etc.
Flood Vulnerable Area Assessment of Abakaliki Metropolis South-eastern Nigeria.IJERA Editor
As a result of global warming, the climate change in Africa and Asia is predictably becoming more variable, and weather events expected to go more frequently extreme and severe. This includes increasing risk of drought and flooding in new areas. Inundation by extreme floods events is recorded every year worldwide. The potential consequences are profound increasing risk, particularly on environment and people in the less developed countries. Flooding cannot be totally avoided and maybe their occurrence will increase due to climate change. Absolute protection is both unachievable and unsustainable because of high costs and inherent uncertainties. Abilities to mitigate and or prevent flood disasters, cope with and recuperate from the effects have not been sufficiently taken into account nor developed. Communities within watershed or along the River system such as Abakaliki metropolis are mostly under threat of constant flooding menace. When flooding strike, the poor and socio-economically disadvantaged suffer the most and are least equipped to cope with impacts. Vulnerability assessment which many regions of the world recently commenced becomes the way forward. Assessing vulnerability and impacts requires and analysis of information on climate elements, such as temperature, rainfall and non-climatic data, such as situation on the soil, altitude and other characteristics of elements-at-risks indicators. This informs for a well thought-out monitoring (risk assessment), mitigation, coping strategies and adaptation measures which can be adopted by all the vulnerable stakeholders including Governments at all tiers.
The damaging effect of most common natural disaster flood can be minimized through the area risk assessment with the help of GIS technology and Remote Sensing techniques. With the help of Prayagraj district map and corresponding satellite images, some flood causing criteria raster layer, flood risk map can be obtained by multi-criteria evaluation approach AHP.
This presentations explains the main definitions related to flood risk management. and how to assess the Vulnerability of the society towards flood dangers. and flood risk analysis process. and gives some examples of flood risk assessment applications.
The fragility of health systems has never been of greater interest—or importance—than at this moment, in the aftermath of the worst Ebola virus disease epidemic to date. The loss of life, massive social disruption, and collapse of even the most basic health-care services shows what happens when a crisis hits and health systems are not prepared. This did not happen only in west Africa—we saw it in Texas too: the struggle to provide a coherent response and manage public sentiment (which often manifests as fear) in a way that ensures that disease does not spread while also allowing day-to-day life to continue.
In other words, we saw an absence of resilience.
This Viewpoint puts forth a proposed framework for resilient health systems and the characteristics that define them, informed by insights from other fields that have embraced resilience as a practice.
APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNOLOGIES IN FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENTrsmahabir
Flooding is the most common of all major disasters that regularly affect populations and results in extensive damage to property, infrastructure, natural resources, and even to loss of life. To ensure better outcomes, planning and execution of flood management projects must utilize knowledge on a wide range of factors, most of which are of a spatial nature. Advances in geospatial technologies, specifically remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), have enabled the acquisition and analysis of data about the Earth's surface for flood mitigation projects in a faster, more efficient and more accurate manner.
Remote sensing and GIS have emerged as powerful tools to deal with various aspects of flood management in prevention, preparedness and relief management of flood disaster. GIS facilitates integration of spatial and non-spatial data such as rainfall and stream flows, river cross sections and profiles, and river basin characteristics, as well as other information such as historical flood maps, infrastructures, land use, and social and economic data. Such data sets are critical for the in-depth analysis and management of floods.
Remote sensing technologies have great potential in overcoming the information void in the Caribbean region. The observation, mapping, and representation of Earth’s surface have provided effective and timely information for monitoring floods and their effect. The potential of new air- and space-borne imaging technologies for improving hazard evaluation and risk reduction is continually being explored. They are relatively inexpensive and have the ability to provide information on several parameters that are crucial to flood mapping and monitoring.
Explanatory material of NIED Disaster Information Sharing SystemTadashi Ise
Explanatory material of NIED Disaster Information Sharing System which is developed by National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), Japan
Needs for Disaster Risks Reduction Education in Nigeriaiosrjce
This paper reviews disaster risk reduction and the need to involve disaster education in educational institutions
curriculum for sustainable quality education. Disaster encompass serious disruption of the functioning of society causing
wide spread human, material, economic, or environmental losses which exceeds the ability of the affected community to
cope, using its own resources. Rising concern on disaster risks in all countries is evidenced in the number of major disasters
and the amount of losses sustained there-from have been on the increase. Framework of Action (HFA) stresses the “use of
knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience.” This paper advocates turning human
knowledge into local action to reduce disaster risks. The basic principles should outline the general objectives and scope of
disaster risks reduction at schools and educational materials to teach all stages of disaster risks reduction through quality
education.
The damaging effect of most common natural disaster flood can be minimized through the area risk assessment with the help of GIS technology and Remote Sensing techniques. With the help of Prayagraj district map and corresponding satellite images, some flood causing criteria raster layer, flood risk map can be obtained by multi-criteria evaluation approach AHP.
This presentations explains the main definitions related to flood risk management. and how to assess the Vulnerability of the society towards flood dangers. and flood risk analysis process. and gives some examples of flood risk assessment applications.
The fragility of health systems has never been of greater interest—or importance—than at this moment, in the aftermath of the worst Ebola virus disease epidemic to date. The loss of life, massive social disruption, and collapse of even the most basic health-care services shows what happens when a crisis hits and health systems are not prepared. This did not happen only in west Africa—we saw it in Texas too: the struggle to provide a coherent response and manage public sentiment (which often manifests as fear) in a way that ensures that disease does not spread while also allowing day-to-day life to continue.
In other words, we saw an absence of resilience.
This Viewpoint puts forth a proposed framework for resilient health systems and the characteristics that define them, informed by insights from other fields that have embraced resilience as a practice.
APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNOLOGIES IN FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENTrsmahabir
Flooding is the most common of all major disasters that regularly affect populations and results in extensive damage to property, infrastructure, natural resources, and even to loss of life. To ensure better outcomes, planning and execution of flood management projects must utilize knowledge on a wide range of factors, most of which are of a spatial nature. Advances in geospatial technologies, specifically remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), have enabled the acquisition and analysis of data about the Earth's surface for flood mitigation projects in a faster, more efficient and more accurate manner.
Remote sensing and GIS have emerged as powerful tools to deal with various aspects of flood management in prevention, preparedness and relief management of flood disaster. GIS facilitates integration of spatial and non-spatial data such as rainfall and stream flows, river cross sections and profiles, and river basin characteristics, as well as other information such as historical flood maps, infrastructures, land use, and social and economic data. Such data sets are critical for the in-depth analysis and management of floods.
Remote sensing technologies have great potential in overcoming the information void in the Caribbean region. The observation, mapping, and representation of Earth’s surface have provided effective and timely information for monitoring floods and their effect. The potential of new air- and space-borne imaging technologies for improving hazard evaluation and risk reduction is continually being explored. They are relatively inexpensive and have the ability to provide information on several parameters that are crucial to flood mapping and monitoring.
Explanatory material of NIED Disaster Information Sharing SystemTadashi Ise
Explanatory material of NIED Disaster Information Sharing System which is developed by National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), Japan
Needs for Disaster Risks Reduction Education in Nigeriaiosrjce
This paper reviews disaster risk reduction and the need to involve disaster education in educational institutions
curriculum for sustainable quality education. Disaster encompass serious disruption of the functioning of society causing
wide spread human, material, economic, or environmental losses which exceeds the ability of the affected community to
cope, using its own resources. Rising concern on disaster risks in all countries is evidenced in the number of major disasters
and the amount of losses sustained there-from have been on the increase. Framework of Action (HFA) stresses the “use of
knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience.” This paper advocates turning human
knowledge into local action to reduce disaster risks. The basic principles should outline the general objectives and scope of
disaster risks reduction at schools and educational materials to teach all stages of disaster risks reduction through quality
education.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
detection and ranking of vulnerable areas to urban flooding using gis and asm...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Dakar region is confronted in recent years with episodes of repetitive and devastating floods. The structures in charge of the matter, yet does not have enough knowledge of space and tools to preciselylocate vulnerable areas. It is in this particular context that we have through this study process by coupling GIS and ASMC techniques. We aim in this coupling, to develop an efficient tool for support decision making in terms of identification strategies, intervention or adaptation. The defined criteria for this are: the rainfall, the groundwater level, geology, topography, wetlands, population density, living standards and the type of habitat. We have used an analytical hierarchical process (AHP) by foursteps: a) the breakdown of problematic vulnerabilities; b) scanning and harmonization of layers factors (criteria); c) the weight assignment of different layers criteria according to the comparison procedure in pairs; d) and aggregation criteria layers, through the weighted superposition of the SOC software tool. This has helped us to hierarchically locate the vulnerable are as to flooding. The results have showed a very low vulnerability (1.67%), low vulnerability (50.53%), high vulnerability (43.66%) and a very high vulnerability (4.14%). Approximately, 50% of the Dakar region are vulnerable to flooding and particularly the suburban area concerning the departments of Pikine and Guediawaye. These informations are very useful for governments in the effective and sustainable flood management and identification of priority intervention areas.
Strategies for natural disastger management and mitigation paper - copyJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Destruction is integral part of construction. It is the law of the nature to keep the world going on, both positively and negatively. Accordingly, disasters are integral part of the creation of this planet, which also came into existence as a product of disaster itself. However, nature and context of disasters have changed over the years. Most of the disasters are now the outcome of the way human beings are treating this planet earth, environment and ecology. Ruthless exploitation of resources and destruction of nature, led by rapidly increasing human numbers and attitude of greed and consumerism have led to large number of disasters hitting the planet earth. Looking at the entire context with Disasters, becoming the cause of large scale destruction and damage, they have emerged as an area of major concern and focus of local, natural and international communities. India with more than two third of its area prone to one or other kind of natural disasters, has so far focused largely on post-disaster relief. This approach has not yielded much dividends. Adoption of pre-disaster preparedness to mitigate the losses and sufferings, appears to be a better option to mitigate /dilute the impact of disasters. Vulnerability Altas, depicting the nature and extent of area prone to disasters, should be made available to all user agencies including various professional institutions imparting education in architecture, engineering, planning etc. for managing the disasters at local/regional levels.
Considering the enormity of losses caused by natural disasters it will be appropriate to introduce disaster mitigation and management as one of subject of study in technical institution. Preparation of Regional Plans and Master Plans should clearly identify the disaster prone areas at local level and specify strategies for their safer development. In addition, Preparation of local vulnerability plans, increased role of technical institutions. making suitable amendments in local building bye-laws for making built environment disaster resistant, evolving simple and cost effective techniques of building construction and retrofitting. improving and upgrading locally available building materials and construction techniques, preparing model earthquake and cyclone resistant houses in disaster prone areas, including town planning and development norms as part of technical guidelines published by BIS could be used as options for managing effectively disasters. Global co-operation between nations would be needed for compiling large number of studies undertaken and success stories of disaster prevention, mitigation and management to help and support vulnerable states and nations . Adopting Holistic approach towards disaster mitigation and management and working with nature, restoring the damage caused to environment, ecology and bio-diversity will remain critical, crucial and valuable to minimize disasters
Community Adaptation to Flooding in a Changing Climate:
Municipal Officials’ Actions, Decision-Making, and Barriers. By Gretchen Gary and Shorna Allred, Cornell University, and Elizabeth LoGiudice, Allison Chatrchyan, Rosemarie Baglia, Theresa Mayhew,
Dianne Olsen, and Marilyn Wyman, Cornell Cooperative Extension.
Disaster Risk Management Strategies of Small Administrative Divisions in Catu...ijtsrd
This descriptive study investigated the disaster risk management DRM strategies of the elected officials in the 12 disaster prone small administrative divisions along the riverbanks of Catubig Valley in Northern Samar, Philippines. Survey questionnaire and personal interviews were employed for data retrieval. The study revealed that the DRM was “moderately managed” . It further highlighted eight 8 DRM related problems which ranged from low awareness of accountability and poor know how on DRM to insufficient time preparation and lack of equipment machinery, among others. These were the raw bases in framing the intervention design. Leah A. de Asis | Brenfred N. Romero | Karene Maneka A. de Asis-Estigoy | Amador A. Estigoy, Jr. "Disaster Risk Management Strategies of Small Administrative Divisions in Catubig Valley, Philippines: Basis for Intervention Design" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38024.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38024/disaster-risk-management-strategies-of-small-administrative-divisions-in-catubig-valley-philippines-basis-for-intervention-design/leah-a-de-asis
Indigenous Knowledge, Disaster Risk Reduction Policy NoteNoralene Uy
This Policy Note aims to provide a directional path in mainstreaming Indigenous Knowledge in Disaster Risk Reduction for national authorities and ministries of disaster management, ministries of education, institutions of higher education in disaster management, and international and national NGOs in Asian countries.
Flood Monitoring and Flood Risk Assessment in Agenebode, Edo State, NigeriaIJERA Editor
Flooding is a serious natural disaster that has become a recurrent event in many parts of the world causing huge loss of lives and properties. This study analyses flood risk potential in Agenebode, Edo state, Nigeria. Flood frequency analysis was carried out on discharge data from the River Niger at Onitsha from 1960-2006 as the discharge from this river is the primary cause of flooding of the study area. Log-Normal, Log-Pearson Type III and Gumbel probability distribution models were used to test for the most appropriate projection for discharge for different return periods.From the analysis, Log-normal distribution was selected as the most appropriate probability distribution for the series in order to determine projected flows for the river for different return periods. The rainfall pattern for the study area was analysed using gauge values for the period 1983-2010. Flood hazard assessment was carried out with the aid of ArcMap using the topographical feature data of the area, Digital Elevation Model obtained from Shuttle Radar Topographical Mission (SRTM) hole-filled seamless data and historical records of the previous flood occurrence. A flood hazard map produced indicated that about 1.8 km2 (72% of the total built-up area) of the area is at risk of flooding putting approximately 481 people at direct risk of flooding. This information is useful for providing ameliorative resources for the inhabitants in the event of a flood occurrence.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Community Awareness on Typhoon and Assessment on Hazard Mitigation Practices ...journal ijrtem
The undertaking determined the community awareness on typhoon and assesses the hazard
mitigation practices with an end view of drawing the suggested activities to the office of the disaster information
and risk reduction programs of the Local Government Unit of Malvar. This descriptive study covered the
household heads in the municipality. They gathered data through a researcher-made questionnaire. The results
revealed that majority of the respondents were aware on typhoon and assessed the hazard mitigation practices of
the municipality as good. Considering the result, it was recommended that the locality may conduct seminars,
workshops and orientation programs on terminologies regarding typhoon and other environmental issues. Drills
and simulations in the school and community may be exercised. In addition, they may also raise funds to provide
the needed supplies of the community. The aforementioned activities may be given emphasis by the concerned
authorities or agencies for maximum implementation
Community Awareness on Typhoon and Assessment on Hazard Mitigation Practices ...IJRTEMJOURNAL
The undertaking determined the community awareness on typhoon and assesses the hazard
mitigation practices with an end view of drawing the suggested activities to the office of the disaster information
and risk reduction programs of the Local Government Unit of Malvar. This descriptive study covered the
household heads in the municipality. They gathered data through a researcher-made questionnaire. The results
revealed that majority of the respondents were aware on typhoon and assessed the hazard mitigation practices
of the municipality as good. Considering the result, it was recommended that the locality may conduct seminars,
workshops and orientation programs on terminologies regarding typhoon and other environmental issues.
Drills and simulations in the school and community may be exercised. In addition, they may also raise funds to
provide the needed supplies of the community. The aforementioned activities may be given emphasis by the
concerned authorities or agencies for maximum implementation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
A440111.pdf
1. American Research Journal of Humanities Social Science (ARJHSS)R) 2021
ARJHSS Journal www.arjhss.com Page | 1
American Research Journal of Humanities Social Science (ARJHSS)
E-ISSN: 2378-702X
Volume-4, Issue-04, pp-01-11
www.arjhss.com
Research Paper Open Access
ASSESSMENT OF THE COPING CAPACITY FOR URBAN
RESILIENCE TO FLOOD IN THE NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA
Dinah M. Ogarekpe1,
*, J. E. Umeuduji1
, E. I. Elenwo1
1
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323,
Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Abstract: Global trends have indicated that in the current clime, flood hazards are inevitable hence; “resilience
thinking” is the panacea for coping with flood. This study assessed the coping capacity to flood across the state
capitals of the Niger Delta by generating capacity indices and comparative analysis across Yenogoa, Port Hacourt,
Uyo, Calabar, Benin and Asaba. The survey was conducted among 386 households and key informant interviews
were used to explore, define and obtain additional data which were beneficial to the research. Findings revealed that
proper waste disposal and street cleaning which are vital services that are required to increase the capacity to cope
with flood were mostly unavailable. Also, there is inadequate external support and assistance to tackle flooding
across the state capitals of the Niger Delta. These results identify the need for increasing the capacity to cope with
flood across the study area. Based on these, this study proffers a practical method for urban communities to cope
with flood hazards by applying the Community Based Flood Risk Management Optimization Framework for Action.
Keywords: Urban households, flood, coping capacity, Niger-Delta, Nigeria.
I. Introduction
Natural disasters in diverse forms have had severe impacts in the reduction of the world’s population across
the globe due to the increasing prevalence. Climate change has led to increase in flooding due to global warming
(IPCC, 2001). Extreme weather and climate events have constituted serious threats to global economic growth over
the past few years. This statement agrees with the prediction of the World meteorological program on flood
management (WMO/AFM, 2009) which stated that global warming would result to several changes in many
subsystems of the global hydrologic cycle resulting to an altered rainfall and runoff pattern. The apparent increase in
the severity of flooding indicates that there are changes taking place in the earth’s climate (IPCC, 2001). Flooding
has adverse impact especially on the socio-economy of developing nations.
In Nigeria, severe floods especially, among other extreme weather and climate events have impacted
negatively on its socio-economy and many people have been affected physically and psychologically (NIMET,
2010; Etuonovbe, 2011). Flooding is already one of the most widespread of hydro meteorological hazards in present
climate regime. NIMET (2013) reported that impact of climate change is threatening almost every sector of the
economy and this has already been revealed as NEMA (2012) reported 2.6trillion Naira loss to 2012 flood disaster
alone. Several studies have been conducted globally and nationally in attempt to combat climate hazards especially
in a changing climate regime witnessed in recent time, nevertheless, climate risks like flood still abound (NIMET,
2013). It is obvious that occurrence of natural disasters associated with severe climate events are now increasing in
intensity, taking terrible toll on human lives and socioeconomic development.
The Niger Delta, as an oil rich region attracts urbanization because of the hope for employment.
Unfortunately, human intervention through the change of natural systems to artificial systems without proper land-
use planning makes the urban areas more vulnerable to the impact of flooding in terms of damages and losses. Thus,
to reduce flood vulnerability there should be a paradigm shift to “resilience thinking” which will enable people
living in flood prone areas cope and adapt to the flood disaster or incidents. According to Mileti (1999), it has come
to the knowledge of spatial planners that more is required than just using physical and infrastructural adjustment to
resist disturbances that are not sustainable over time. Thus, an alternative and more effective resilient strategy that
2. American Research Journal of Humanities Social Science (ARJHSS)R) 2021
ARJHSS Journal www.arjhss.com Page | 2
can cover a wide range of approaches and is flexible is required for spatial planning (Lu & Stead, 2013). According
to Barocca (2013) the urban planners have key roles in spatial interventions to increase the adaptive capacity to climate
change in turn increasing urban flood resilience.
Adaptive capacity can be equated to coping capacity which is generally used in disaster risk management.
In this context UN/ISDR (2004) defines coping capacity as the combination of all the strengths, attributes and
resources which are available in the area to reduce the level of risk of the disaster effect. It includes all adaptive
processes and resources identified from previous experiences, utilized presently to cope with the effects of climate
change and other unprecedented events in time to come. Resilience, adaptive capacity and coping capacity are, most
time used synonymously in most literature as resilience is stretched beyond its original meaning as seen in IPCC
(2012) definition which states that resilience is a system’s ability to anticipate, absorb, accommodate or recover
from the effect of a hazardous phenomenon in a timely and efficient manner including through ensuring the
preservation, restoration or improvement of its essential basic structures and functions. However, this argument
agrees with Malone, 2009, who stated that there is reduced vulnerability in a system which is resilient. It is therefore
important, for urban planners to come up with relevant urban policies or strategies to improve urban resilience to
flooding, but, they require baseline information on the existing coping capacity to serve as a guide. Thus this study
aims to assess the coping capacity to flood in the Niger Delta. The outcome of the capacity assessment to flood in
the Niger Delta is the development of a Community based flood risk management optimization framework for
action which involves participation of the urban residents so as to reduce flood vulnerability by mitigating flood
itself where possible and reducing the impact of flood on urban dwellers through capacity building.
II. Material and methods
Study Area
The Niger Delta region of Nigeria (Figure 1) is the largest wetland and maintains the third largest drainage basin in
African possessing a flat monotonous low relief interspersed by several wetlands (Abam, 2001; UNDP, 2006). It
consists of a population of over 30 million people who majorly inhabit the urban areas (Okhakhu, 2014).
Figure 1: The Niger Delta BRACED States.
(Source: State Boundary Shapefile from Open street map, 2018).
3. American Research Journal of Humanities Social Science (ARJHSS)R) 2021
ARJHSS Journal www.arjhss.com Page | 3
III. Flood Capacity indicators
Flood capacity indicators are used in evaluating all the strengths, qualities and assets used for risk reduction
as well as disaster impact mitigation. This involves individuals, households, communities and the national
contributions. Capacities may be characterized into various dimensions such as the physical, institutional, economic
or social which could be grouped into structural or nonstructural capacity (UNISDR, 2004). However, the indicators
selected from existing literature (UNISDR, 2004; Yasmin & Ahmed, 2013) which are basic needs, external support
and institutional capacity were used for this study. The questionnaire was used to obtain data for the measurement.
Table 1 shows some flood capacity indicators, definition and measurements.
Table 1: Flood Capacity indicators, definition and measurements
Indicator Definition Measurement
(Proxy)
Relationship
Basic needs Availability of the basic
needs required in an
urban area.
Number of required
basic needs accessible
by household.
The more the basic
needs available to
household, the higher
the capacity.
External support Availability of support
from Disaster Risk
Reduction Agencies
Number of agencies that
support flood risk
reduction activities in
the area.
The greater the number
of agencies that support
flood risk reduction in
the area, the higher the
capacity.
Institutional capacity Availability of basic
support requirements
from the government
and NGOs
Number of available
institutional capacity
drivers.
The higher the number
of available institutional
capacity drivers the
higher the capacity.
Source: Adapted and modified from existing literature (UNISDR, 2004; Yasmin & Ahmed, 2013).
IV. Sampling technique
This study was carried out in six randomly selected local government areas of the state capitals in the
Niger delta through the use of a cross-sectional survey research method. The sample was drawn from 400 heads of
households across the study area, using the Yamane (1967) formula. Simple random sampling was adopted to pick
households for questionnaire administration. From the total household population of each LGA, the Kumar (1976)
stratum allocation formula was used to allocate the number of administered in the selected Local Government
Areas in the state capitals as represented in Table 2. Also, Key informant interviews were used to explore, define
and obtain additional data which were beneficial to the research. Participants of the key informant interviews were
representatives of the State Emergency Management Agency and the National Emergency Management Agency
(south-south zone). The data obtained were analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences
(SPSS) version 25.0 and were presented in tables and statistical diagrams.
Table 2: Distribution of households for questionnaire administration.
States LGA Selected Administered
questionnaire
Retrieved
questionnaire
Percentage
Bayelsa
Rivers
Akwa Ibom
Cross River
Edo
Delta
Yenogoa
Port Harcourt
Uyo
Calabar Municipal
Oredo
Oshimili South
74
113
64
39
79
31
68
113
61
39
76
29
92
100
95
100
96
94
TOTAL Six (6) 400 386 96.5
Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019).
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V. Results and Discussion
Basic needs
The study identified the basic needs required in the urban area to include electricity, water, tarred roads,
refuse disposal and street cleaning, findings revealed that the residents agreed that water, electricity, tarred roads
refuse disposal and street cleaning were available in the following proportion; 89.1%, 87.3%, 72.8%, 45.6% and
21.5% respectively (Figs. 2-6). The result reveals that there is adequate supply of water, electricity and tarred roads
which most of the respondents felt were very important to them. However, the level of refuse disposal and street
cleaning is very low being that these two services are vital to increase the capacity to cope with floods. Proper refuse
disposal reduces health problems, because a poor refuse disposal and management comes with numerous challenges
such as becoming impediment in drainage which encourages stagnant water that breeds mosquito which causes
malaria. It also causes other health problems through the spread of disease causing vectors such as flies and rats. In
addition solid wastes contaminate surface water and the environment generally. In the case of street cleaning,
whatever is not removed from the streets will be washed away into the drainages contributing to blockage as well. In
the urban areas, lack of drains and dumping waste in the drains are the leading causes of flooding. Thus, it becomes
very important to prioritize proper waste disposal and management across the study area. Figure 7 shows that across
the state capitals of the Niger Delta, 37.6%,25.9%, 19.2%,14.2% and 3.1%, households of the respondents had
available(3,4,2, 5,1) basic needs respectively which are essential to enhance flood resilience. This implies that
77.7% of the households have access to at least three basic needs indicating a high coping capacity to flood.
Figure 2:Basic need(water Figure 3 Basic need ( electricity)
Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019). Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019).
Figure 4:Basic need(Tarred roads) Figure 5 Basic need (Refuse disposal)
Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019). Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019).
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Figure 6: Basic need(Street cleaning)
Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019).
Figure 7: Number of available Basic needs
Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019).
b. External support
The results from the findings on external support reveals that only 7.8% of the entire population received
support and assistance to tackle flooding and reduce the risk while the remaining 92.2% of the population did not
receive any external support (Fig. 8). The assistance received was basically in three (Yenogoa, Calabar and Asaba)
out of the six state capitals and they were mainly relief materials from religious groups, state emergency
management agencies, ministry of environment, politicians and Shell Petroleum Development Company.
Households also indicated receiving assistance from just one Agency across the study area. In the course of the
interview, the Coordinator of south-south zone National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), mentioned that
support and assistance is being given to affected communities, but it was observed that most of the areas prioritized
were the rural communities. However, across the states, only two states had State Emergency Management Agencies
(Cross River and Delta). Thus, it is important to encourage the establishment of more state emergency management
agencies and to prioritize support beyond provision of relief materials as well as increase focus of support to the
urban areas. As presented in figure 8, 92.8% households of the households indicated that there was no agency that
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supported disaster risk reduction while 7.8% indicated that only one agency was available to support disaster risk
reduction. This indicates a low capacity for disaster risk reduction across the state capitals in the Niger Delta.
Figure 8: Number of agencies that support DRR
Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019).
VI. Institutional capacity
The results from the indicator that assessed the institutional capacity reveal that emergency shelters,
public awareness, emergency management plans, flood insurance, early warning systems and development control
are available in the following proportions, 0%, 23.6%, 0.3%, 1.6%,1.6%, and 6.5% respectively as shown in
Figure9-12 . Judging by the findings it is obvious that the institutional capacity to cope with flood is very low across
the state capitals thus increasing their risk to flood. In line with Adelakan’s (2011) findings, lack of early warning
system was part of the factors responsible for the high risk to flooding. Figure 13 shows the number of available
capacity drivers across the state capitals of the Niger delta in increasing order from 0- 5 were 71.8%, 25.1%, 1.3%,
1.3%, 0% and 0.5% respectively. Inadequate availability of these institutional capacity drivers implies that there is
no likelihood of institutionalizing flood prevention and mitigation in the urban settlement. Thus it is very important
to increase the capacity of urban residents in this aspect.
Figure 9: Public awareness and training Figure 10: Flood Insurance
Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019). Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019).
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Figure 11: Early warning systems Figure 12: Development control
Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019). Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019).
Figure 13: Number of available Institutional capacity drivers.
Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019).
VII. Community Based Indigenous knowledge for flood Management
Figure 14 shows that 97% of the respondents across the state capitals of the Niger delta think that the local
authorities have not incorporated indigenous knowledge into institutionalized flood management as well as flood
risk management practices. However, when asked how they apply their indigenous knowledge to cope with flood,
the following coping strategies were the most reoccurring across the state capitals: clearing drains, channeling away
flood water, use of sand bags, relocation and pumping out flood water. Sustainable coping strategies identified
across the study areas include planting of trees, plantain, banana and flowers. However, as presented in Figure 15,
17 % of the population is of the view that these coping strategies were effective while 83% identify these strategies
as being ineffective, but they serve as temporary measures to help them cope with the flood.
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Figure 14: Incorporation of indigenous knowledge in flood management.
Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019).
Figure 15: Effectiveness of local coping strategies.
Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019).
VIII. Interview Response from Disaster Risk Reduction Agencies.
Table 3 presents the non-verbatim transcription of the interview with the available disaster risk reduction
agencies. Across the state capitals of the Niger Delta, only two states which are Cross River and Delta had a state
Emergency management Agency. However representative from the National Emergency Management Agencies in
the south-south zone were interviewed as well. The results show that they all agreed that flooding across the study
area was an annual event during the rainy season. It was also identified that the major conditions that worsened
flooding in the area were, inadequate drainages, dumping of waste in the drains and poor urban planning. The major
risk reduction strategies adopted by these agencies include sensitization, stakeholders meetings, clearing and
maintenance of drainage and sewer systems. The major community based approaches which the agencies identified
for flood management across the study area were clearing of drains, building of walls and monthly environmental
sanitation. However the agencies pledged their willingness to replicate any sustainable community based flood risk
management strategies.
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TABLE 3: INTERVIEW RESPONSE FROM DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AGENCIES
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS NATIONAL EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
AGENCY(SOUTH SOUTH ZONE)
DELTA STATE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
AGENCY
CROSS RIVER STATE EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT AGENCY
How often does flooding occur in the community/ city? Annually, during the raining season
from May to December.
Annually Annually between June to September
where the rains are very heavy.
What are the conditions and underlying constraints that
worsen flood event in the area?
The terrain of the Niger
Delta is low compared to
other parts of the country.
The soil contains so much
water
Poor drainage
Poor urban planning
Natural blockage at River mouth.
Infrastructural development along water
ways
Indiscriminate dumping of waste/refuse
along water courses and drainage channels
resulting in blockage at drains and
pollution to water source
Most drainage systems are not
frequently desilted.
Some areas have poor drainage
problems
What are the risk reduction strategies employed by the
agencies to mitigate flood impact on the community?
Sensitization.
Stakeholders meeting with
relevant stake holders with
respect to town planning.
Flood risk mitigation in Asaba is focused on;
Attitudinal and behavioral change
Legislation
Enforcement and review of environmental
laws
Dredging and channelization of River
channel
Clearing and proper maintainace of
drainage and sewer system.
Sensitization
Meeting with the community
Creation of flood awareness in
flood prone communities.
Are there any community approaches adopted in flood
management in the area?
Cleaning of drainages
Construction of more
drainages
It recommends building of
new towns
Monthly cleaning of the environment Desilting the drainages
Building walls
Are the Agencies willing to incorporate indigenous
knowledge which is effective in flood management?
Yes, the agency encourages local
adaptation strategies and is willing to
replicate it.
Yes Yes
Source: Researcher’s Computation (2019)
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IX. Community Based Flood Risk Management Optimization Framework for Action
Predicated on the research, the community based flood risk management optimization frame work for action was
created. Enumerated below are the key factors for a sustainable community based flood risk management.
1. Ascertain the participation of community members as well as relevant stake holders prioritized to manage
flood risk within urban settlement.
2. Public education and training is required to target flood preparedness and mitigation in the urban area.
3. Resources and amenities are needed to strengthen the capacity to cope with urban flood.
4. Coordination is a necessity to ensure proper management of resources for urban flood capacity building
5. Enhancing sustainability of urban flood risk management through incorporation into periodic planning and
budgeting.
X. Conclusion
The study assessed the coping capacity for urban resilience to flood in the Niger Delta. The findings from
this study have shown that proper waste disposal and street cleaning which are vital services that are required to
increase the capacity to cope with flood were mostly unavailable. Also, there is inadequate external support and
assistance to tackle flooding across the state capitals of the Niger Delta. More so, there are very few agencies
handling risk reduction activities across the state capitals of the Niger Delta Region. Lastly flood risk management
strategies such as provision of emergency shelters, public awareness programmes/training, having emergency
management plans, provision of flood insurance schemes, provision of early warning systems and development
control that are supposed to be the responsibility of the government are not being implemented except for public
awareness and development control which are implemented on a less than 30% scale. These results project the need
for adoption and implementation of the Community Based Flood Risk Management Optimization Framework for
Action to enhance capacity to flood management across urban areas.
XI. Recommendations
Predicated on the findings, the study recommends establishment of state and local government emergency
management agencies and committees in the States where they are not available, existing drains should be kept free
from refuse and properly maintained, public education is required to target behavioral change to prevent unsanitary
practices, littering and poor infrastructural maintenance.
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