The effect of sand and other BS&W invading the wellbore of an oil well has been studied using Garon field in the Niger Delta region. Garon field has unconsolidated formation and it has been producing for more than 10 years. This study is carried out to quantify the safety and economic effect of sand invasion on well productivity and not on the techniques in numerical models for the prediction of sand production. It tries to look out the sand evolution, analysis of previous well test done and a survey of sand identification, results of some wells production data and evaluation of the effect of sand invasion on subsurface and surface production facilities. In this study, Well X17 was routed into a test separator for 3days and immediately tested for 72hours. The test separator man way opened in other to ascertain the quantity of sand produced from the well for 72Hrs to validate the result obtained with Clampon DSC. Also presented are the effects of sand invasion on surface facility, choke, screen and tubing.
Drilling fluids are absolutely essential during the drilling process and considered the primary well control.
Know more now about such a very important component of the drilling process.
This presentation tackles one of the problem in oil industry, which is sand that is produced in the oil wells. Brief description about the problem, its causes, effects and solutions are proposed.
Drilling fluids are absolutely essential during the drilling process and considered the primary well control.
Know more now about such a very important component of the drilling process.
This presentation tackles one of the problem in oil industry, which is sand that is produced in the oil wells. Brief description about the problem, its causes, effects and solutions are proposed.
it is a benficial slide who wants to know about the drilling fluids and the rhelogical aspects of the drilling fluids. the things are clear and very clear in this slide and this slide is very beneficial for the one who know basics of drilling fluids in a knowledgeable way
Types of sonic logging tools are explained briefly with help of animation and what are the application of these tools in determining the formation properties.
DAMAGE ISSUES IMPACTING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF TIGHT GAS PRODUCING FORMATIONS; Formation Damage; Fracturing/Refracturing; Hydraulically Fractured; Tight Gas Reservoir; Economic Tight Gas Reservoir Production
Wireline (WL) and Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) formation tester measurements provide a link between the static petrophysical measurements and dynamic rock-fluid properties for enhanced formation evaluation. However, despite the significant advancements in these services, there are still barriers. The analysis of Wireline (WL) and Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) formation testing has traditionally been performed by a skilled testing analyst using specialized software and theoretical models to generate results and assess the data vitality. This can be a time-consuming process involving analyzing over 100 pressure transients. In practice, the petrophysicists and geoscientists rarely have access to a detailed analysis in the time frame required and typically revert to other methods. Some of the methods are ad hoc, but there is a growing consensus that several convenient, simple, and effective real-time measurements can be used for an objective evaluation of the dynamic data. This talk demonstrates a straightforward automated process that has been developed by which real-time measurements, which are routinely recorded, are used to automatically generate the results. Basic principles are used to develop quality parameters and a test rating system that can guide the analyst in the objective determination of the vitality of the results for each test. In this way, the highest quality testing results are used for fluid gradients and log correlations to improve the integration of the dynamic data into the petrophysical analysis. This also enables standards to be established for real-time data acquisition that can save testing time while improving data and quality. This automated method is being applied routinely and several field examples are used to illustrate the utility and time savings of this new workflow.
Production optimization using gas lift techniqueJarjis Mohammed
After completed the drilling, set the tubing and completed the well successfully, Petroleum engineers realize that the hydrocarbon fluid won't lift up from bottom hole to the surface by its reservoir drives which are mainly gas cap or water drive. Simply the gas lift technique is to reduce the density of hydrocarbon fluid inside the well to lift it to the surface by injecting compressed gas.
Gas Lift Design: Comparative Study of Continuous and Intermittent Gas Lift (C...Nicodeme Feuwo
This document was produced as part of my final year project of training to obtain a petroleum engineering diploma.
The aim of this project is to make a comparative study between continuous and intermittent gas lift systems based on real data from an oil well in Algeria, and to choose the system best suited to increase the production of the well.
This study was carried out by a manual design using the method of “fixed pressure drop” for the continuous gas lift system and “fallback gradient” method for intermittent gas lift system.
We were able to determine at the end of this study that the system best suited to the current conditions of our well would be the intermittent gas lift system and we also proposed that it should be combine with the "plunger lift " system in order to increase the efficiency of the intermittent gas lift system by eliminating problems linked to the phenomenon of" fallback " thus increase the production of our wells.
Bacteriology of otitis media among patients attending generaltheijes
Otitis media is the inflammation of the middle ear and has a worldwide distribution, particularly among children. A total of 68 patients between the ages 0-42 years who presented with sign and symptoms of otitis media at Bichi general hospital were enrolled for this study. Middle ear discharge were collected, processed and bacterial isolates identified using standard microbiological techniques. Disc susceptibility tests were performed on bacterial isolates. Results indicated that there was a high frequency of occurrence of bacteria incriminated in otitis media in the 0-5 and 6-11 year age groups in the two sexes. Male patients in the two age groups were more infected than the female counterparts. The sensitivity pattern obtained in this study show a progressive increase in the emergence of strains that are resistant to many chemotherapeutic agents. Drug resistance among bacterial isolates is a common phenomenon placing challenge to both medical practitioners and genetic scientists. A routine check on sensitivity patterns among these pathogens is vital so as to regulate the prescription measure to be employed.
An alteration to rapid transit: futristics approachtheijes
With the increase in population and less power to provide; it has become an utmost priority to provide solution
to these problems without hindering the environment .this research paper concentrates on altering the existing
rapid transit system also known as metro. The results of this transportation system will produce electricity and
clean water without changing the existing system of rapid transit system
it is a benficial slide who wants to know about the drilling fluids and the rhelogical aspects of the drilling fluids. the things are clear and very clear in this slide and this slide is very beneficial for the one who know basics of drilling fluids in a knowledgeable way
Types of sonic logging tools are explained briefly with help of animation and what are the application of these tools in determining the formation properties.
DAMAGE ISSUES IMPACTING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF TIGHT GAS PRODUCING FORMATIONS; Formation Damage; Fracturing/Refracturing; Hydraulically Fractured; Tight Gas Reservoir; Economic Tight Gas Reservoir Production
Wireline (WL) and Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) formation tester measurements provide a link between the static petrophysical measurements and dynamic rock-fluid properties for enhanced formation evaluation. However, despite the significant advancements in these services, there are still barriers. The analysis of Wireline (WL) and Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) formation testing has traditionally been performed by a skilled testing analyst using specialized software and theoretical models to generate results and assess the data vitality. This can be a time-consuming process involving analyzing over 100 pressure transients. In practice, the petrophysicists and geoscientists rarely have access to a detailed analysis in the time frame required and typically revert to other methods. Some of the methods are ad hoc, but there is a growing consensus that several convenient, simple, and effective real-time measurements can be used for an objective evaluation of the dynamic data. This talk demonstrates a straightforward automated process that has been developed by which real-time measurements, which are routinely recorded, are used to automatically generate the results. Basic principles are used to develop quality parameters and a test rating system that can guide the analyst in the objective determination of the vitality of the results for each test. In this way, the highest quality testing results are used for fluid gradients and log correlations to improve the integration of the dynamic data into the petrophysical analysis. This also enables standards to be established for real-time data acquisition that can save testing time while improving data and quality. This automated method is being applied routinely and several field examples are used to illustrate the utility and time savings of this new workflow.
Production optimization using gas lift techniqueJarjis Mohammed
After completed the drilling, set the tubing and completed the well successfully, Petroleum engineers realize that the hydrocarbon fluid won't lift up from bottom hole to the surface by its reservoir drives which are mainly gas cap or water drive. Simply the gas lift technique is to reduce the density of hydrocarbon fluid inside the well to lift it to the surface by injecting compressed gas.
Gas Lift Design: Comparative Study of Continuous and Intermittent Gas Lift (C...Nicodeme Feuwo
This document was produced as part of my final year project of training to obtain a petroleum engineering diploma.
The aim of this project is to make a comparative study between continuous and intermittent gas lift systems based on real data from an oil well in Algeria, and to choose the system best suited to increase the production of the well.
This study was carried out by a manual design using the method of “fixed pressure drop” for the continuous gas lift system and “fallback gradient” method for intermittent gas lift system.
We were able to determine at the end of this study that the system best suited to the current conditions of our well would be the intermittent gas lift system and we also proposed that it should be combine with the "plunger lift " system in order to increase the efficiency of the intermittent gas lift system by eliminating problems linked to the phenomenon of" fallback " thus increase the production of our wells.
Bacteriology of otitis media among patients attending generaltheijes
Otitis media is the inflammation of the middle ear and has a worldwide distribution, particularly among children. A total of 68 patients between the ages 0-42 years who presented with sign and symptoms of otitis media at Bichi general hospital were enrolled for this study. Middle ear discharge were collected, processed and bacterial isolates identified using standard microbiological techniques. Disc susceptibility tests were performed on bacterial isolates. Results indicated that there was a high frequency of occurrence of bacteria incriminated in otitis media in the 0-5 and 6-11 year age groups in the two sexes. Male patients in the two age groups were more infected than the female counterparts. The sensitivity pattern obtained in this study show a progressive increase in the emergence of strains that are resistant to many chemotherapeutic agents. Drug resistance among bacterial isolates is a common phenomenon placing challenge to both medical practitioners and genetic scientists. A routine check on sensitivity patterns among these pathogens is vital so as to regulate the prescription measure to be employed.
An alteration to rapid transit: futristics approachtheijes
With the increase in population and less power to provide; it has become an utmost priority to provide solution
to these problems without hindering the environment .this research paper concentrates on altering the existing
rapid transit system also known as metro. The results of this transportation system will produce electricity and
clean water without changing the existing system of rapid transit system
A Model of Local Area Network Based Application for Inter-office Communicationtheijes
In most organizations, information circulation within offices poses a problem because clerical officers and office messengers usually dispatch letters and memos from one office to another manually. Sequel to this circulation procedure, implementation of decisions is always difficult and slow. On one hand, clerical officers sometimes divulge confidential information during the process of receiving and sending of mails and other documents. On the other hand, money is wasted on the purchase of paper for printing. However, it is cheerful to learn that technology has made it possible for staff, structures and infrastructures to control and share organization resources; hardware; software and knowledge by means of modern electronic communication. One cannot deny the fact that the flow of information is very imperative in every organization as it determines the effectiveness of decision-making and implementation. This feat can be achieved using Object-Oriented System Analysis and Design Methodology (OSADM). This is structurally analyzed with Use Case Diagram (UCD), Class Diagram, Sequence Diagram, State Transition Diagram, and Activity Diagram. Moreover, the system is coded with Java 1.6 version, in a client-server network running on star topology in LAN environment. This is the concept of this paper. The system is designed to work in two parts – the control part that is installed on the server; and the messenger part that is installed in the clients. This research work integrates the utility and organization resources into a shared center for all users to have access to; and for free communication during office hours.
Detection of Glaucoma using Optic Disk and Incremental Cup Segmentation from ...theijes
Medical researchers, detection of eye disease is very important because it may causes blindness. Glaucoma is one of the diseases that cause blindness. Standard procedure for detection glaucoma is to analysis of optic disk (OD) and cup region in retinal image. In this paper, introduce an automatic OD parameterized technique which is based on segmentation and Incremental Cup segmentation. The incremental cup segmentation method is based on anatomical evidence such as vessel bends at the cup boundary, considered relevant by glaucoma experts. Bends in a vessel are robustly detected using a region of support concept, which automatically selects the right scale for analysis. A multi-stage strategy is applied to derive a reliable subset of vessel bends called r-bends followed by a local 2-D spline fitting to derive the desired cup boundary. The results are compared with existing methods using different retinal images.
Environmental Hazard Effects: Critical Issue relating to Agricultural Product...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Geophysical Evaluation of Lateral Continuity of some part of Ikere Kaolin Dep...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Estimation of Spatial Variability of Land Surface Temperature using Landsat 8...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Trust Providence in Delay Tolerant Networkstheijes
The network consists of several nodes, some nodes represents malicious and selfish behavior. This gives the heavy threat for the routing in Delay Tolerant networks(DTNs). The DTNs have unique characteristic so designing a misbehavior detection scheme is very difficult. The probabilistic misbehavior detection scheme that is iTrust, is established for secure routing in DTN. The iTrust introduces a Trusted Authority (TA) for detecting the node’s behavior. By collecting the routing evidences from the nodes the TA checks the node about its behavior then performs the appropriate actions for the behavior of nodes. TA gives the security of DTN routing at lower cost. The detection probability is correlated with a node’s reputation, this gives the dynamic detection probability based on the trust of users. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is efficient for establishing trust with the DTNs.
Improvisation: an alternative approach to solving the problem of ill-equipped...theijes
Effective teaching for quality science education can only be achieved through “learning by doing” (practical) in well-equipped laboratory. However, ill-equipped science laboratories have reached an alarming level thereby making learning by doing impossible. This paper takes a look at the concept and skills or techniques of improvising biology teaching equipment (instructional materials) in Agricultural science as a viable alternative and a panacea to ill-equipped laboratories in post-basic education in Nigeria. The paper concludes that ill-equipped laboratories is one of the myriad of problems currently facing the teaching and learning of Biology and Agricultural science in Nigerian Senior Secondary Schools that needs urgent attention from all stakeholders in science education as government alone cannot solve the problem.
An Automatic Attendance System Using Image processingtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) based Sewage Treatment Plants (STP)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Analysis of Economic Market and Energy Potential Indicators for Biomass in Si...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A computer network plays a major part in the development of any industry. Nowadays, in this fast paced
networking world each and every industry depends on internet for their progress. As said above this is the fast
paced world, the attack to disable the progress are also fast paced. DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) is one
among them. Though it is one of the many attacks, they temporarily disable a service provided by the company.
This paper proposes a series of steps which not only checks the possible attack but also tries its best to thwart
them. Instead of going for conventional approach of blocking the excess traffic, the proposed approach will
prolong the access to the service. In the mean time checking for the possible attack is done. Thus, not only it
thwarts the attacks but also gives them reliable user their access with a little bit of delay, resulting in high
reliability.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED TRACKER FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT...theijes
The study focuses on the enhancement of the energy available in a solar box oven, by designing and testing an automated pendulum system to efficiently track the sun’s position during the course of the day; using locally available material. The pendulum mechanism is made of a support stand of mild steel rods and steel pipes, bearings fixed on the stand as fulcrum, string connecting the pendulum with the reflectors, buckets and water. The pendulum mechanism pulls on strings to move the reflectors on the solar box cooker slowly tracking the sun. A drain device is attached to one of the bucket while the other bucket is filled with water; allowing the water to drip out of the bucket while the other bucket was half filled. The tracker performance was evaluated by comparing the expected theoretical angle of tilt over the operational period with the measured angles of tilt of the reflectors during experimentation. Results obtained revealed that the maximum tilt angle deviation was 2o. No significant difference between the theoretical and experimental results was observed using the Chi-square statistical analysis method. The performance level is a good approximation to the expected results. Based on the simplicity of the developed solar tracker and the construction costs, this type of solar box cooker with tracker will address the issue of energy sustainability in the rural areas as well provide the much needed technology for the less privileged people.
Structural and Dielectric Studies of Cerium Substituted Nickel Ferrite Nano P...theijes
Cerium substituted Nickel ferrite nanoparticles with general formula NiCeXFe2-XO4 (x=0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) have been synthesized by using sol-gel method. The crystalline structure and grain size of these particles were analyzed by using XRD; the particle size ranged from 12.22nm to 17.60nm.The decrease in value of the lattice parameter with doping suggests that there is shrinkage in unit cell. The single-phase cubic spinal structure was clearly indicated by the XRD patterns of pure NiFe2O4.The XRD pattern also show that all the samples had formed the cubic single phase spinal structure. Dielectric properties have been studied in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 5 MHz. Permittivity and tangent loss (tanδ) decreases with the substitution of Ce3+ in parent crystal structure.
Design and control of renewable power system through wsn in mirogridtheijes
Recently the control of microgrid has been the focus of extensive research due to its flexibility to effectively utilize the micro-sources while ensuring reliability. The microgrid technology is one of the recent developments in the area of electric power systems that aid the use of non-conventional energy sources in parallel with the conventional energy sources. Monitoring and control of microgrid is essential for its efficient and effective functioning. The work presented in this paper is focused on the design, control and development of synchronization between non-conventional energy sources (photovoltaic panel) and conventional energy sources (battery) to satisfy the power demand of the grid by using WSN ( wireless sensor networks) technology. The objective of this paper is to propose a prototype to study the performance analysis of power monitoring between photovoltaic panel and battery by sensing parameters like generated power, availability of power reserve etc through WSN (ZigBee). The key simulation and experimental results are included to verify the proper operation and control of microgrid.
Computer based Wireless Automobile Wheel Alignment system using Accelerometertheijes
A computer based wireless automobile wheel alignment measurement system using accelerometer is presented in this paper, which has the advantages of simple circuit, low cost , high resolution with high working reliability. The causes and effects of improper wheel alignment by traditional methods are analyzed in the model. In this system wireless transmission techniques are adopted to transmit data between measuring unit and computer. This makes the measurement operation much easier. This paper presents unique and innovative use of accelerometer for the measurement of automobile wheel parameters, such as camber and toe. The hardware and software realizations are also explored in this paper. The system practical applications shows that its performance meets the design requirements.
Compressive strength evaluation of Human hair and Polypropylene fabricated re...theijes
With the rise of population the uses of conventional and non-conventional resources are highly increased. As we know the resources available are limited to their origin but the uses also may not be affected as well according to their importance. There are some resources like natural fibres have not come under proper attention in passing years, even some of which like human hair are destroyed as a waste material. But after knowing better sides of these fibres, they are getting a proper attention over the years. With the aim of utilizing abundant waste material, a human hair composite has been developed using human hair as reinforcing constituent and polypropylene as matrix constituents. This paper presents fabrication and properties evaluation of human hair reinforced polypropylene composite. Composites with various compositions of human hair and polypropylene were fabricated. The composite with human hair came out to be better for reinforcement among various composites. The fabricated specimen composed of various % of human hair in polypropylene is tested for properties improvement and came out as an eye opener. The mechanical properties are highly improved and results are properly evaluated and analysed.
Ontology-Based Routing for Large-Scale Unstructured P2P Publish/Subscribe Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
1. Hydraulic Fracturing and It’s Process 2
What is hydraulic fracturing? 2
Hydraulic Fracturing Process 3
2. Importance and Application of Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale Formation 4
Importance of Hydraulic Fracturing 4
Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale Formation 5
3. Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) 6
1. What is IPR and uses of IPR? 6
2. List three main factors affecting IPR? 7
3. Explain inflow and outflow performance? 7
4. Artificial Lift Method and Its Application 8
Application of Artificial Lift 8
Hydraulic pumps 9
Beam pumps 10
5. Electric Submersible Pumps 12
6. Gas Lift Method 13
Abstract This case study examines the formation damage that occurred i.pdfatozbazar
Abstract This case study examines the formation damage that occurred in an oil field located in
the Casanare region of Colombia. The oil field had been producing oil for several years, but the
operators noticed a significant decline in production rates. The investigation revealed that the
well was suffering from severe formation damage, which was caused by the accumulation of
drilling fluids and other contaminants in the reservoir. To address the formation damage, the
operators implemented a variety of remediation techniques, including acid stimulation, matrix
acidizing, and hydraulic fracturing. These techniques were designed to dissolve the contaminants
in the reservoir and increase the permeability of the formation, allowing oil to flow more easily
to the wellbore and to the understanding of formation damage mechanisms. The Ruba field is
one of the largest oil fields in Colombia and has been in production since the 1980 s. The oil
extracted from the Ruba field is a heavy crude oil, which requires more advanced refining
techniques to produce high-quality fuels. The Ruba field is operated by several major oil
companies, including Ecopetrol, the national oil company of Colombia. The concept of skin and
formation damage play a vital role in productivity of an oil well. The effect of formation damage
zone on the well flowing pressure was introduced to the original solution of diffusivity equation.
Formation damage reduces the well production. Skin defines as the area of reduced permeability
near the wellbore due to the invasion of drilling fluid into the reservoir rock. Classifying damage
requires a lot of work to determine correctly the main reason of it. In general, fluids can interact
with reservoir rock and cause formation damage that impedes hydrocarbon production. Tight
sandstone reservoir with well-developed natural fractures has a complex pore structure where
pores and pore throats have a wide range of diameters; formation damage in such type of
reservoir can be complicated and severe. Reservoir rock samples with a wide range of fracture
widths are tested through a several step core flood platform, where formation damage caused by
the drilling or fracturing fluid, where any unintentional fluid impedance in or out of a wellbore is
referred to as damage to formation. This general definition includes the flow restriction caused
by reduced permeability in the near wellbore region. Formation damage Description and
classification: The history of damage removal is a process that begins with the identification of
the issue. This usually involves looking through the various sources of information related to the
well, such as drilling records, completion designs, and operator experiments. The desired
purpose is to identify the causes of the formation damage and how it could be fixed. Where the
types of formation damage location of damage extent and screening of damage, and effect of
damage on well production or injection. Well development and res.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
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Effect of Sand invasion on Oil Well Production: A Case study of Garon Field in the Niger Delta
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 5 || Pages || PP.64-72|| 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 64
Effect of Sand invasion on Oil Well Production: A Case study of
Garon Field in the Niger Delta
1
Bibobra Ikporo , 2
Okotie Sylvester
1
Niger Delta University, Amasoma, Bayelsa State
2
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Federal University of petroleum resources
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
The effect of sand and other BS&W invading the wellbore of an oil well has been studied using Garon field in
the Niger Delta region. Garon field has unconsolidated formation and it has been producing for more than 10
years. This study is carried out to quantify the safety and economic effect of sand invasion on well productivity
and not on the techniques in numerical models for the prediction of sand production. It tries to look out the sand
evolution, analysis of previous well test done and a survey of sand identification, results of some wells
production data and evaluation of the effect of sand invasion on subsurface and surface production facilities. In
this study, Well X17 was routed into a test separator for 3days and immediately tested for 72hours. The test
separator man way opened in other to ascertain the quantity of sand produced from the well for 72Hrs to
validate the result obtained with Clampon DSC. Also presented are the effects of sand invasion on surface
facility, choke, screen and tubing.
Keywords – Well productivity, sand invasion, Wellbore, Unconsolidated formation, test separator, surface
facilities, choke, screen and tubing.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 17-April-2015 Date of Accepted: 15-May-2015
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
The probability/tendency of producing hydrocarbon from reservoirs to the surface production facilities in a safe
and economical way without the inclusion of sand is very low from a typical Niger Delta field due to the
unconsolidated nature of the formation. To maximize profit in this region, it is crucial to identify all the possible
problems that affect the productivities of the wells drilled into the reservoir and sand production is one of these
problems plaguing the production aspect of the oil industry. Moreso, geological formations that are shallow with
little or no natural adherence to hold the individual sand grains together are normally prone to sand production
but in some areas, sand problems may be encountered in high depths (Adams, 1986). To effectively control the
invasion of sand, we need to have technology to estimate accurately the initiation conditions, predict the sand
influx rate and the volume of sand production to prevent its effect on surface and subsurface production
facilities which directly impact on the oil well productivity. Oluyemi and Oyeneyin (2010) stated that the
economic, operational and safety implications of sand failures require real time efficient sand management.
Since the effect of sand on facilities is costly, Coberly (1941) noted that expenditures of this magnitude
obviously have a significant impact on profits. In spite of these costs, effective sand-control practices have
yielded oil and gas from wells that otherwise would have been shut- in.
The rationale behind sand production is that; as soon as the well begins production of fluids, depending on the
formation type and other factors, a point is reached when sand mobilization sets in. Sand production in oil and
gas wells can occur if fluid flow exceeds a certain point governed by factors such as consistency of the reservoir
rock, stress state and the type of completion used around the well, this happens when the wellbore pressure is
lower than reservoir pressure, because drag forces are applied to the formation sand sequel to fluid production.
The sand production takes place if the sand grains around the cavity is disaggregated and as the volume of sand
dislodged is deposited and accumulated on production equipment continuously, cleaning will be required to
allow for efficient production of the well. To restore production, the well must be shut-in, the surface equipment
opened, and the sand must be manually removed. In addition to the clean out cost, the cost of the deferred
production must be considered.
2. Effect of Sand invasion on Oil Well Production…
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The design of the surface separator is to handle liquid and not sand production which essentially has no
economic value with adverse effects on well productivity and equipment. This is one of the major challenges
that is facing the petroleum industry especially the production operations in many oil fields in Nigeria whose
formation is unconsolidated and some other countries such as US gulf coast, California, Indonesia, Trinidad,
Venezuela, and Libya. If a separator is partially filled with sand, the capacity of the separator to handle oil, gas
and water is reduced. For instance, in a two phase separator (oil/water), for every 5000 barrel of liquid per day
on average is accompany by a corresponding 0.03 pptb of sand per day. It implies that at the end of say 6
months the separator must have accumulated about 5.472 pptb of sand and if this continues, an appreciable
volume of the separator designed to handle liquid must have been partially filled with sand. In Garon field used
as a case study, well X17 was routed into Test separator with the Test separator pressure set point at 20Bar. The
well was routed out of Test separator after three (3) days. The well was tested for 72Hrs at 65/64” choke size.
On the second day, test separator man way was opened in other to ascertain the quantity of sand produced from
the well for 72Hrs. results are shown in Figures 2-6.
II.CAUSESOFSANDPRODUCTION
The causes of sand production can occur naturally as a result of the unconsolidated nature of the formation or by
the activities on the well imposed by humans because there are only two ways to disturb a reservoir which are
via production of fluid from it or injection of some fluid into it. When this happens, it causes agitation of the
formation loose fines to disintegrate from the rock grains and as such leads to sand production along with
hydrocarbon fluid. As stated by Anderson et al, (1986) that mechanical rock failure can be caused by any or
more inherent rock strength, naturally existing earth stresses and additional stress cause by drilling or
production. In totally unconsolidated formations, sand production may be triggered during the first flow of the
formation fluid due to drag from the fluid or gas turbulence which detaches sand grains and carries them to the
perforation. In the case of the unconsolidated formation, sanding can start due to changes in production rate,
water breakthrough, change in gas/liquid ratio etc.
Therefore, these causes can be lead to several problems during the life time of the wells drilled in a particular
reservoir which is a major production engineering problem. These can lead to one or more of the following
complications:
Formation damage or collapse by the flowing sand grains
Wellbore instability
Casing collapse
Impairment or failure of down hole and surface equipment
Lost production time due to shut in of the well to change damage equipment or clean the sand filled wellbore.
Work-overtime and expense to service the well and production equipment
Coiled tubing cost and possible complications
Cost of separating sand from the produced fluid
Environmental problems in the disposal of the produced dirty sand Fjaer, et al (1992)
Cost of sand disposal and control measures at the pay zone
III. Collapse of the formation as result of sanding
Large volumes of sand may be carried out of the formation with produced fluid. If the rate of sand production is
great enough and continues for a sufficient period of time, an empty area or void will develop behind the casing
that will continue to grow larger as more sand is produced. When the void becomes large enough, the overlying
shale or formation sand above the void may collapse into the void due to a lack of material to provide support.
When this occurs, the sand grains rearrange themselves to create a lower permeability than what originally
existed. This will be especially true for formation sand with a high clay content or wide range of grain sizes. For
formation sand with a narrow grain size distribution and/or very little clay, the rearrangement of formation sand
will cause a change in permeability that may be less obvious. In the case of overlying shale collapsing, complete
loss of productivity is probable and in other cases, continued long term production of formation sand will
usually decrease the well’s productivity and ultimate recovery. The collapse of the formation is particularly
important if the formation material fills or partially fills the perforation tunnels. Even a small amount of
formation material filling the perforation tunnels will lead to a significant increase in pressure drop across the
formation near the well bore for a given flow rate
3. Effect of Sand invasion on Oil Well Production…
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IV. PREVIOUS STUDIES
Sand management has been identified as one of the key issues in field development in over 70% of the world’s
oil and gas fields. Sand management is not just about selection of sand control systems, it is about maximizing
and maintaining production while managing sand at acceptable rates. Operators spend millions of dollars each
year to prevent the production of formation sand and to deal with other sand related problems. Expenditures of
this magnitude obviously have a significant impact on profits. In spite of these costs, effective sand-control
practices have yielded oil and gas from wells that otherwise would have been shut- in (Coberly, 1941).In
considering sand control or formation solids control, one must differentiate between load-bearing solids and the
fine particles (fines) that are not usually a part of the mechanical structure of the formation. Some fines are
probably always produced with the well fluids, which in fact, are beneficial, if fines move freely through the
gravel pack, they will not plug it, and thus, sand control” actually refers to the control of the loadbearing
particles, those that support the overburden. The critical factor to assessing the risk of sand production from a
particular well is whether or not the production of load bearing particles can be maintained below an acceptable
level at the anticipated flow rates and producing conditions which will make the well production acceptable
(Penberthy and Echols, 1993)
Opposing the fluid forces are the resulting forces that act to hold sand grains in place. These forces arise from
inter-granular bonds (natural consolidation), Inter-granular friction, a gravity forces and capillary forces.
Internal pore pressure (reservoir pressure) helps support the weight of the overburden, thereby acting to relieve
some of the stress on the sand grain. Of these forces, the inter-granular bonds are the most important factor in
preventing sand production. The compressive strength of formation sand is probably the best measure of the
intergranular bond (Penberthy and Shaughnessy, 1992). If good completion and production practices are
followed, formation with a compressive strength exceeding 1000 psi will generally produce sand free. The
exception is the case where the pressure drawdown around the well is high. If the pressure drawdown is low,
however, sands with much lower compressive strength may also produce sand free. If an oil well is produced at
a desired production rate which causes the well flowing pressure to be lower than formation collapse pressure,
the formation consolidation breaks down, and sand tends to move toward the wellbore (Sanfilippo et al., 1997
and Suman et al., 1991)
It is no longer news that severe operational problems could result from the production of formation sand. These
problems range from erosion and damage of downhole and surface equipment such as valves, pipelines,
separators etc. to inhibition of production through well clogging. These issues could be mild or severe
depending on the flow rate and viscosity of the produced fluid, and the rate of production and accumulation of
fines and sand grains. Sand production costs oil companies tens of billions of dollars yearly (Wu and Tan 2005).
V. CHALLENGES AND CONSEQUENCE OF SAND PRODUCTION
Sand production is predominant in the Niger Delta because almost all the oil and gas reserves are located within
the tertiary Agbada sandstones and the upper Akata formation (Adeyanju and Oyekunle, 2010). It is quite
challenging to complete wells in this region in such a manner to keep formation sand in place without unduly
restricting productivity. When wells sand-up, the productivity can decline, disposal of produced sand is a
significant cost associated operation. Remedial procedures require hours of rig time. Extreme cases with
catastrophic failures have shown massive sanding and well abandonment. In high-rate wells, sand can be
transported to the surface and cause casing collapse, erosion of lines, joints, chokes, and valves. This poses
serious safety risks to the workers. When sand production is identified, operators need monitoring devices and
disposal systems in addition to remedial treatment or recompletions. In certain cases, such as heavy oil recovery,
sand production is a deliberate production strategy and is utilized to enhance production.
The failure to develop an accurate sand production models; has costs the oil and gas industry hundreds of
millions of dollars per year to either repair or reinstall affect equipment. As an oil field depletes, stress and
pressure change in the reservoir. Water and gas breakthrough may occur which result to production decline. All
these challenges have increase the propensity of sand production, limit production rates and bring forward the
abandonment time of the field, premature failure of the wellbore, improper well completion and the production
of unconsolidated formation. Also, sand may fill up the wellbore thus choking back the productivity or fills up
the process system thereby halting the production operations due to the removal of sand or even system tripping;
it erodes well equipment and facilities, causing breakdown and sometimes even blow outs. Sand production is a
major risk to safe and economical operations. Therefore, casing may collapse; increase in the pressure
drawdown along the well length as a result of high sand production. Table 1 presents some of the problems
encounter from the reservoir to surface equipment.
4. Effect of Sand invasion on Oil Well Production…
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Table 1: Sand problems encounter from reservoir to surface equipment
AREA PROBLEM EFFECT
Reservoir Wellbore Fill Access restricted to production interval
Loss of productivity
Loss of reserves
Surface Equipment Sand Fouling Malfunctioning/damage of DHSV
Difficult Wireline operation
Erosion Frequent equipment failure
Frequent equipment
Surface Installation Sand Accumulation Malfunction of control equipment
Loss of capacity
Unscheduled shut-downs
Deferred production
Sand separation and disposal
VI. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
To study the effect of sand production on the oil productivity and surface and subsurface facilities from sand
producing wells.
To determine the quantity of sand produced from the well for 72Hrs @ choke 65/64” on 2” choke trim.
Compare the produced sand with the previous quantity (350 litres) produced from the same well for 72Hrs at
64/64” on 1”choke trim.
To compare produced sand recovered from the test separator with that of Clampon sand sensor reading for the
same period of 72 Hrs.
VII.RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH WORK
The aspect of research work on the effect of sand production in an Oil and gas well productivity cannot be over
emphasized. It is no doubt that Nigeria (Niger Delta) is among the leading oil producers. Therefore, in other to
produce these fields in a safe and economic way, a real time monitoring device should be installed and an
adequate control measure in the case of sand influx. Hence, this work is important to:
Increasing productivity index
Increase personnel safety
Protect surface equipment from destruction
Prevent the collapse of subsurface equipment (tubing).
Prolonged life of the reservoir for greater production-output by managing operational parameters.
Reduced workover and operational costs from catastrophic breakdown of well and/or reservoir.
VIII. RESEARCH METHOD
In the study on “Garon field,” a risk assessment was performed and sand management strategy was defined.
This strategy contains a series of high level statements which will describe sand production, erosion assessment,
sand monitoring system and inspection as shown in Figure 1. This strategy means that all wells producing sand
will be equipped with down-hole sand control and that a monitoring system is in place to check the integrity of
sand control equipment. In the event of down-hole sand control failure, a series of actions should be identified to
mitigate the effects of sand production.
Figure 1: sand management equipment brake down processes
5. Effect of Sand invasion on Oil Well Production…
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X. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Surface sand management systems are concerned with removing and processing sand that is co-produced with
fluids from production wells. Sand can erode process piping and equipment and cause oil/water separation
problems if it is present in sufficient quantities. It is therefore desirable to remove the sand from the process
fluids and dispose of it in a safe and environmentally safe manner.
The sand will have the following effects on the process if not removed:
Occupy volume that is designed to assist with oil and water phase separation, thereby, reducing the
performance with increases in oil-in-water and water-in-oil concentrations on the outlets.
Blockage of vessel internals rendering them ineffective e.g. motion dampening baffles and structured
packing used on FPSOs, vane packs, water outlets etc.
Block instrument nozzles, which can lead to ineffective bulk and interface level measurement.
Stabilization of emulsions, fine particles are known to interfere with oil/water separation and
coalescence of water droplets.
Erode vessels and downstream equipment e.g. pumps and control valves that aren’t designed to be sand
tolerant.
Traditionally removal of the sand is a batch process. This can be carried out either by shutting down the required
vessel for manual entry to dig the sand out or sand removal internals are provided that allows the sand to be
removed without interrupting production. The results of the effect of sand production are shown in Figures 2-10.
9.1 Analysis of Garon field sand evolution
Production surveillance was conducted on Garon field for three (3) months, result obtained on average of all
wells producing as indicated Figure 2 show that at the initial production stage of this field, the production of
basic sediment and water was minima and began to rise toward the end of the first month. This trend continues
which is reflected in the well test result (Table 2).
Figure 2: Sand production evolution
9.2 Analysis of previous well test done and a survey of sand identification using a thermo graphic tool
The flow of oil from the reservoir into the well bore depends largely on the differential pressure between the
producing formation and the bottom hole pressure. Sand production become more intolerable when the well
were producing up to 10ppth of sand. This resulted in a drop in the flowing bottom hole pressure (PWF). From
the production data, it was discovered that an increase in the production of oil resulted in an increase in
production of sand. Result of Garon field Well Test as at first of January – March 2007 is shown in Table 2
Table 2: Summary of Garon field well test result
Well Well Head
Pressures (bar)
Gross Production
(bbls/day)
BSW (%) Gas Production
(Sm3/d)
7 18 446-1191 0.1 - 2.6 3986 - 7150
8 7 679-952 40 - 59.3 7310 - 10905
3 11 318-1037 51 - 65.5 1489 - 5993
9 6 4203-4292 40 - 48.5 10900 - 10957
11 6 2508-2822 72 - 91.7 3003 - 8987
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
BS&W
Date (day)
Evolution of Sand Production in XXX field April
May
6. Effect of Sand invasion on Oil Well Production…
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9.3. Validation of real time sand detection and monitoring device
To further optimize production without compromising safety and environment, management of Garon field
initiated a project in 2011 to minimize the risk of erosion damage to facilities by installation of real time sand
detection and erosion monitoring device (Clampon DSC) on the wellhead and inlet manifold with varying choke
sizes for maximum sand free rate (MSFR) or to a Maximum Acceptable Sand Rate (MASR). The result
obtained (Figure 3) showed an appreciable amount of sand production.
Figure 3: X17 production monitoring
To ascertain the results from the Clampon DSC, well X17 was routed into Test separator on the 8th
of January
2015, at 2330Hrs with Test separator pressure set point at 19 Bar. The well was routed out of Test separator on
11th
of January 2015, at 2330Hrs. The well was tested for 72Hrs at 65/64” choke size. On the 13th
January 2015
at 0905Hrs, test separator man way opened in other to ascertain the quantity of sand produced from the well for
72Hrs. The results of the entire process are given in Figures 4 – 6.
Figure 4: Vessel before cleaning
When so much volume of sand is accumulated in/on equipment, cleaning will be required to allow for efficient
production of the well. To restore production, the well must be shut-in for confined space entry, the surface
equipment opened, and the sand manually removed. In addition to the clean out cost, the cost of the deferred
production must be considered.
Figure 5: Vessel after cleaning
7. Effect of Sand invasion on Oil Well Production…
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Figure 6: Quantity of sand contained in the vessel
9.4 Evaluation of the effect of sand invasion on subsurface and surface production facilities
The effects of sand production are nearly always detrimental to the short and/or long term productivity of the
well. Although some wells routinely experience “manageable” sand production, these wells are exceptional. In
most cases, attempting to manage the effects of severe sand production over the life of the well is not an
economically attractive or prudent operating alternative. If the production velocity of the fluid is great enough to
carry sand up the tubing, this sand may become trapped in the separator as seen in Figure 5, heater treater, or
production pipeline. If a large enough volume of the sand becomes trapped in one of these areas, cleaning will
be required to allow for efficient production of the well. To restore production, the well must be shut-in, the
surface equipment opened, and the sand manually removed. In addition to the clean out cost, the cost of the
deferred production must be considered. Figure 7 represents the effect of sand invasion of surface production
facility of Garon field.
Figure 7: Sand accumulation in surface equipment.
If the production velocity is not great enough to carry sand to the surface, the sand may bridge off in the tubing
or fall and begin to fill the inside of the casing and production tubing. Thus, if it continues to fall of the fluid, the
producing interval may be completely covered with sand. In either case, the production rate will decline until the
well becomes "sanded up", production ceases and possibly affect the tubing strings as shown in Figure 8. In
situations like this, remedial operations are required to clean-out the well or change the bad or entire section of
the affected tubing and restore production.
Figure 8: Sand accumulation effect on tubing
8. Effect of Sand invasion on Oil Well Production…
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One clean-out technique is to run a "bailer" on the end of slickline to remove the sand from the production
tubing or casing. Since the bailer removes only a small volume of sand at a time, multiple slickline runs are
necessary to clean out the well. Another clean-out operation involves running a smaller diameter tubing string or
coiled tubing down into the production tubing to agitate the sand and lift it out of the well by circulating fluid.
The inner string is lowered while circulating the sand out of the well. This operation must be performed
cautiously to avoid the possibility of sticking the inner string inside the production tubing. If the production of
sand is continuous, the clean-out operations may be required on a routine basis, as often as monthly or even
weekly. This will result in lost production and increased well maintenance cost. Figure 9 shows a choke that
failed due to excessive erosion.
Figure 9: Sand accumulation effect on surface choke
In highly productive wells, fluids flowing at high velocity and carrying sand can produce excessive erosion of
both downhole and surface equipment leading to frequent maintenance to replace the damaged equipment.
Figure 10 is a photograph of a section of screen exposed to a perforation that was producing sand. If the erosion
is severe or occurs over a sufficient length of time, complete failure of surface and/or downhole equipment may
occur, resulting in critical safety and environmental problems as well as deferred production. For some
equipment failures, a rig assisted workover may be required to repair the damage
Figure 10: Screen Failure due to erosion
X. CONCLUSION
The Garon field in the Niger Delta was completed and produced from unconsolidated formation which produced
sand along with crude oil. Approximately 800 litres of sand was drained and recovered from test separator.
Comparing this quantity with the previously recovered sand at 64/64” on 1” trim choke (350 litres), the current
sand quantity is higher than the former by 650 litres. Also the sand sensor reading gave a total quantity of
198.36 kg/d of sand produced for 72Hrs with choke 65/64” for the same test period which clearly indicates a
wide range of difference between the sensor and the physically recovered sand. Series of event continuous
production imposed serious damage on production equipment of Garon field. The effect as recorded in Garon
field includes the following: The erosion of choke (surface), tubing, screen, Cuts production of flow line, Loads
of treating facilities, Loss of production during work-over jobs and Loss of valuable man-hour during the period
of close-in in terms of wages, which add up to overhead cost. Thousands of dollars were spent to carry out work
over operation as well as installation of sand control measure.
9. Effect of Sand invasion on Oil Well Production…
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