Recently the control of microgrid has been the focus of extensive research due to its flexibility to effectively utilize the micro-sources while ensuring reliability. The microgrid technology is one of the recent developments in the area of electric power systems that aid the use of non-conventional energy sources in parallel with the conventional energy sources. Monitoring and control of microgrid is essential for its efficient and effective functioning. The work presented in this paper is focused on the design, control and development of synchronization between non-conventional energy sources (photovoltaic panel) and conventional energy sources (battery) to satisfy the power demand of the grid by using WSN ( wireless sensor networks) technology. The objective of this paper is to propose a prototype to study the performance analysis of power monitoring between photovoltaic panel and battery by sensing parameters like generated power, availability of power reserve etc through WSN (ZigBee). The key simulation and experimental results are included to verify the proper operation and control of microgrid.
Abstract The demand for high quality electricity and growing electricity consumption has been caused by increasing electrification of daily life causes and the rising number of sensitive or critical loads. Due to the rapid increase in global energy consumption and the diminishing of fossil fuels, the customer demand for new generation capacities and efficient energy production, delivery and utilization keeps rising. The micro grid concept has the potential to solve major problems arising from large penetration of distributed generation in distribution systems. A proper control strategy should be implemented for a successful operation of a micro grid . Different load models can be simulated and analyzed using MATLAB and PSCAD software. In this paper, the work done in the field of Micro Grid has been reviewed. Keywords: DER, MG, PCC, PV, VSI.
Modelling and Simulation of Energy Storage System for Grid-Connected Wind-PV ...ijtsrd
In this paper, a grid connected hybrid power system comprising wind and solar based renewable energy sources RERs is proposed. As these RERs are intermittent and random in nature, so a backup source is needed for smoothening the fluctuations in RERs output power. Battery energy storage BESS is proposed for this purpose. The electrical grid of the example represents a typical Utility distribution system. It consists of a 120-kV transmission system equivalent supplying a 25-kV distribution substation. Several feeders are connected to the 25-kV bus of the substation. One of them supplies the power to a community that owns the PV farm and an energy storage system. The grounding transformer connected at the 25-kV bus provides a neutral point and limits the overvoltage on the healthy phases during a single-phase fault. Its zero-sequence impedance is three times the value of the grid positive sequence impedance. Ajaz Ul Haq "Modelling and Simulation of Energy Storage System for Grid-Connected Wind-PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19048.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/19048/modelling-and-simulation-of-energy-storage-system-for-grid-connected-wind-pv-system/ajaz-ul-haq
IRJET- Optimization of Renewable Energy Sources for DC MicrogridIRJET Journal
The document discusses optimization of renewable energy sources for DC microgrids. It proposes integrating wind and solar energy generation with battery storage in a microgrid connected to buildings. This hybrid system improves reliability by reducing storage needs when the generation sources have opposing output cycles. The document models and simulates such a system, showing the wind and solar outputs, storage controller, and grid connection. Integrating distributed renewable sources with storage in microgrids helps stabilize grids with intermittent generation and maximize use of transmission infrastructure.
This document discusses microgrids and renewable energy integration. It notes that microgrids are decentralized, self-sufficient power networks that are generally located in regions rich in renewable energy resources. Integrating high levels of renewable energy into microgrids presents challenges in maintaining grid stability due to the intermittent nature of renewable sources. The document proposes that intelligent control systems and grid stabilization technologies can enable high renewable energy penetration of up to 100% while keeping the voltage and frequency stable and maximizing fuel savings and return on investment. ABB provides solutions like the Remote Microgrid Controller and PowerStore flywheel system to stabilize grids and maximize the benefits of integrating renewable energy at high levels.
The hybrid AC/DC microgrid is considered to be the more and more popular in power systems as increasing DC loads. In this study, it is presented that a hybrid AC/DC microgrid is modelled with some renewable energy sources (e.g. solar energy, wind energy), typical storage facilities (e.g. batteries), and AC, DC load, and also the power could be transformed smoothly between the AC and DC sub-grids by the bidirectional AC/DC converter. Meanwhile, coordination control strategies are proposed for power balance under various operations. In grid-connected mode, the U–Q (DC bus voltage and reactive) or PQ method is adopted for the bidirectional AC/DC converter according to the amount of exchange power between AC and DC system in order to improve the DG utilisation efficiency, protecting the converter and maintain the stable operation of the system. In islanded mode, V/F control is applied to stabilising the entire system voltage and frequency, achieving the power balance between the AC and DC systems. Finally, these control strategies are verified by simulation with the results showing that the control scheme would maintain stable operation of the hybrid AC/DC microgrid.
A grad school research paper and study of "smart grid" technology and economic development policy; I wrote part II of the paper, beginning on page 13.
Droop control method for parallel dc converters used in standalone pv wind po...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rising rate of consumption and price of fossil fuel along with environmental pollution by conventional power generation draw global attention to renewable energy sources and technology. Paper gives analysis study on current sharing issues of parallel DC converters in standalone photovoltaic (PV) WIND system. Solar wind power generating system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique – incremental conductance method is used for the simulation analysis. The main drawbacks of parallel converters used in system are poor power sharing and voltage drop. The paper describes about instantaneous droop calculation considering effect of cable resistance using droop index to improve the power sharing performance. The control technique is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in PV- wind power generating system with MPPT and case study has been done on the control strategy and verifies the effectiveness of adaptive droop control on output converter voltage. Key Words: Microgrid; droop method; incremental conductance (Incond); maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
Abstract The demand for high quality electricity and growing electricity consumption has been caused by increasing electrification of daily life causes and the rising number of sensitive or critical loads. Due to the rapid increase in global energy consumption and the diminishing of fossil fuels, the customer demand for new generation capacities and efficient energy production, delivery and utilization keeps rising. The micro grid concept has the potential to solve major problems arising from large penetration of distributed generation in distribution systems. A proper control strategy should be implemented for a successful operation of a micro grid . Different load models can be simulated and analyzed using MATLAB and PSCAD software. In this paper, the work done in the field of Micro Grid has been reviewed. Keywords: DER, MG, PCC, PV, VSI.
Modelling and Simulation of Energy Storage System for Grid-Connected Wind-PV ...ijtsrd
In this paper, a grid connected hybrid power system comprising wind and solar based renewable energy sources RERs is proposed. As these RERs are intermittent and random in nature, so a backup source is needed for smoothening the fluctuations in RERs output power. Battery energy storage BESS is proposed for this purpose. The electrical grid of the example represents a typical Utility distribution system. It consists of a 120-kV transmission system equivalent supplying a 25-kV distribution substation. Several feeders are connected to the 25-kV bus of the substation. One of them supplies the power to a community that owns the PV farm and an energy storage system. The grounding transformer connected at the 25-kV bus provides a neutral point and limits the overvoltage on the healthy phases during a single-phase fault. Its zero-sequence impedance is three times the value of the grid positive sequence impedance. Ajaz Ul Haq "Modelling and Simulation of Energy Storage System for Grid-Connected Wind-PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19048.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/19048/modelling-and-simulation-of-energy-storage-system-for-grid-connected-wind-pv-system/ajaz-ul-haq
IRJET- Optimization of Renewable Energy Sources for DC MicrogridIRJET Journal
The document discusses optimization of renewable energy sources for DC microgrids. It proposes integrating wind and solar energy generation with battery storage in a microgrid connected to buildings. This hybrid system improves reliability by reducing storage needs when the generation sources have opposing output cycles. The document models and simulates such a system, showing the wind and solar outputs, storage controller, and grid connection. Integrating distributed renewable sources with storage in microgrids helps stabilize grids with intermittent generation and maximize use of transmission infrastructure.
This document discusses microgrids and renewable energy integration. It notes that microgrids are decentralized, self-sufficient power networks that are generally located in regions rich in renewable energy resources. Integrating high levels of renewable energy into microgrids presents challenges in maintaining grid stability due to the intermittent nature of renewable sources. The document proposes that intelligent control systems and grid stabilization technologies can enable high renewable energy penetration of up to 100% while keeping the voltage and frequency stable and maximizing fuel savings and return on investment. ABB provides solutions like the Remote Microgrid Controller and PowerStore flywheel system to stabilize grids and maximize the benefits of integrating renewable energy at high levels.
The hybrid AC/DC microgrid is considered to be the more and more popular in power systems as increasing DC loads. In this study, it is presented that a hybrid AC/DC microgrid is modelled with some renewable energy sources (e.g. solar energy, wind energy), typical storage facilities (e.g. batteries), and AC, DC load, and also the power could be transformed smoothly between the AC and DC sub-grids by the bidirectional AC/DC converter. Meanwhile, coordination control strategies are proposed for power balance under various operations. In grid-connected mode, the U–Q (DC bus voltage and reactive) or PQ method is adopted for the bidirectional AC/DC converter according to the amount of exchange power between AC and DC system in order to improve the DG utilisation efficiency, protecting the converter and maintain the stable operation of the system. In islanded mode, V/F control is applied to stabilising the entire system voltage and frequency, achieving the power balance between the AC and DC systems. Finally, these control strategies are verified by simulation with the results showing that the control scheme would maintain stable operation of the hybrid AC/DC microgrid.
A grad school research paper and study of "smart grid" technology and economic development policy; I wrote part II of the paper, beginning on page 13.
Droop control method for parallel dc converters used in standalone pv wind po...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rising rate of consumption and price of fossil fuel along with environmental pollution by conventional power generation draw global attention to renewable energy sources and technology. Paper gives analysis study on current sharing issues of parallel DC converters in standalone photovoltaic (PV) WIND system. Solar wind power generating system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique – incremental conductance method is used for the simulation analysis. The main drawbacks of parallel converters used in system are poor power sharing and voltage drop. The paper describes about instantaneous droop calculation considering effect of cable resistance using droop index to improve the power sharing performance. The control technique is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in PV- wind power generating system with MPPT and case study has been done on the control strategy and verifies the effectiveness of adaptive droop control on output converter voltage. Key Words: Microgrid; droop method; incremental conductance (Incond); maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Simulation Analysis of Power Control using Droop Control Method in Ac-...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a simulation analysis of power control using droop control method in an AC-DC microgrid. The study investigates coordinated power sharing between interlinked AC and DC microgrids. A control strategy is developed to control the interlinking converter to realize proportional power sharing. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink validate the proposed control scheme. The simulation considers two cases: 1) both microgrids initially at light load then increase to typical load, and 2) microgrids initially at typical load then loads change between microgrids. Results show the control scheme enables relative power sharing and adjusts power flow between microgrids proportionally based on droop control signals.
1) The document discusses microgrids which integrate distributed energy resources to provide electricity for local areas. Microgrids can operate connected to the main power grid or independently.
2) Microgrids offer economic, technical, and environmental benefits over conventional power systems. They improve access to electricity, lower costs, increase revenue opportunities, and reduce emissions.
3) The technical aspects of microgrids include energy resources, power electronics, control systems, and the ability to operate in both grid-connected and isolated modes. Microgrids provide reliable local power generation and energy management.
DISTRIBUTED CONTROL OF HYBRID AC-DC MICROGRID WITH SOLAR ENERGY,ENERGY STORAG...kodibalasriram
The document describes a hybrid AC/DC microgrid system with solar energy, energy storage, and critical load. The system includes an AC source, AC loads, a PV farm, battery storage, and DC loads. A PV array is connected to a DC bus through a boost converter with MPPT control. Battery storage connects to the DC bus via a bi-directional DC-DC converter. An AC-DC bi-directional converter connects the AC and DC buses to allow power sharing. The system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to maintain stable operation under different conditions when operating in island mode.
This document discusses mini-grid technology, including common energy sources, benefits, types, design procedures, economics, and examples in Nepal. Mini-grids involve small-scale electricity generation and distribution to a limited number of customers. Common energy sources include solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and diesel generators. Benefits are technical, financial, environmental, and social. Design considerations include cost, demand, operations and maintenance, grid connection potential, and distribution layout. The levelized cost of electricity depends on various technology and project factors. Mini-grids in Nepal include hydropower projects providing electricity to over 1.5 million people.
Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Gen...ijtsrd
As the demand for more reliable and secure power system with greater power quality increases, the concept of distributed generation DG have become more popular. This popularity of DG concept has developed simultaneously with the decrease in manufacturing costs associated with clean and alternative technologies like fuel cells, biomass, micro turbine and solar cell systems. Intentional islanding is the purposeful sectionalisation of the utility system during widespread disturbances to create power “islandâ€. This island can be designed to maintain a continuous supply of power during disturbances of the main distribution system. Ruchali Borkute | Nikita Malwar ""Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23679/control-for-grid-connected-and-intentional-islanding-of-distributed-power-generation/ruchali-borkute
The presentation discusses power management and control of a hybrid AC/DC microgrid integrated with renewable energy resources and electric vehicles. It provides an introduction to hybrid AC/DC microgrids and discusses challenges related to renewable energy sources and electric vehicles. The presentation outlines the research objectives which include impact analysis of electric vehicle penetration and developing grid-connected and islanding power control algorithms for the microgrid. It also provides a literature review and proposed methodology. Preliminary simulation results of the hybrid AC/DC microgrid are presented.
The document provides an overview of smart grids and the technological advancements that convert normal power grids into smart grids. Some key points:
1. Traditional power grids are inefficient and not well-suited for renewable energy sources, but smart grids use information technology to actively monitor and respond to changes in power demand, supply, costs, and emissions across the entire electrical system.
2. Smart grids are achieved by designing green building energy systems that use locally generated electricity from renewable sources and implement a smart energy management network.
3. Key components of green building energy systems include thermal power networks, DC electric power networks linking different renewable energy sources, AC electric power networks to power existing equipment, and a smart energy management network
Fuzzy logic control of hybrid systems including renewable energy in microgrids IJECEIAES
With a growing demand for more energy from subscribers, a traditional electric grid is unable to meet new challenges, in the remote areas remains the extension of the conventional electric network very hard to do make prohibitively expensive. Therefore, a new advanced generation of traditional electrical is inevitable and indispensable to move toward an effective, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. The most well-known term used to define this next generation power system is micro grid (MG) based on renewable energy sources (RES). Since, the energy produced by RES are not constant at all times, a wide range of energy control techniques must be involved to provide a reliable power to consumers. To solve this problem in this paper we present a fuzzy logic control of isolated hybrid systems (HRES) including renewable energy in micro-grids to maintain a stability in voltage and frequency output especially in the standalone application. The considered HRES combine a wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary energy sources and an energy storage system (ESS) based on battery as a backup solution. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in decreasing the electricity bill of customer.
This document summarizes a PhD seminar presentation on microgrids and their control. It defines a microgrid as a group of distributed energy resources and loads that can disconnect from the traditional grid to operate autonomously. It describes the basic architecture of microgrids including sources, storage, loads, and power electronics. It discusses different modes of microgrid operation such as grid-connected, island, and various control strategies. Finally, it reviews several relevant research papers on topics like microgrid control optimization, voltage and current harmonics, and black start capabilities.
Application of dc micro grids for integration of solar home systems in smart ...Brhamesh Alipuria
The document describes a proposed AC-DC hybrid distribution network for integrating solar home systems into smart grids more efficiently. The network includes a DC microgrid connecting homes to a communal battery storage system at a DC substation. Each home would have a solar home energy management system (SHEMS) to control power flows and provide a user interface. The network is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show the network can improve reliability and optimize operation by reducing conversion losses and making better use of solar power and battery storage.
In microgrid, if fault occurs or any other contingency happens, then the problems would be created which are related to power flow, also there are various protection schemes are used for minimize or eliminate these problems.
Voltage control is used for reactive power balance and P-f control is used for active power control.
Various protection schemes such as, over current protection, differential protection scheme, zoning of network in adaptive protection scheme are used in microgrid system .
A microgrid is a small-scale power grid that can operate independently or connect to the main grid. It allows local power generation for local loads using distributed energy resources like solar panels, batteries, and generators. Microgrids provide benefits like increased reliability, lower costs, and the ability to incorporate renewable energy. They face challenges around regulation, financing, and technology but offer a more efficient alternative to the conventional grid.
This article presents the system design and prediction performance of a 1kW capacity grid-tied photovoltaic inverter applicable for low or medium-voltage electrical distri-bution networks. System parameters, for instance, the longitude and latitude of the solar plant location, panel orientation, tilt and azimuth angle calculation, feasibility testing, optimal sizing of installment are analyzed in the model and the utility is sim-ulated precisely to construct an efficient solar power plant for residential applications. In this paper, meteorological data are computed to discuss the impact of environmen-tal variables. As regards ensuring reliability and sustenance, a simulation model of the system of interest is tested in the PVsyst software package. Simulation results yield that the optimum energy injected to the national grid from the solar plant, specific pro-duction, and performance ratio are 1676kWh/year, 1552kWh/kWp/year, and 79.29% respectively. Moreover, the predicted carbon footprint reduction is 23.467 tons during the 30 years lifetime of the system. Therefore, the performance assessments affirm the effectiveness of the proposed research.
Transient Power Flow in Micro grids with Signal Stability EnergyIOSR Journals
This document summarizes research on transient power flow in microgrids with signal stability energy. It discusses how microgrids can integrate distributed generation and energy storage to optimize power management both when connected to and isolated from the main grid. The research models different types of microgrids and proposes controls for coordinating distributed assets to regulate voltage and power flow. Simulation results demonstrate how multiple distributed generators can respond to changes in load to maintain stability during events like islanding from the utility grid.
Microgrids are small-scale power systems that can operate while connected to a traditional grid or independently. They consist of distributed energy resources like generators, storage systems, and controllable loads managed by a central controller. Microgrids can operate in grid-connected mode, importing and exporting power bi-directionally for economic benefit. They can also operate islanded from the main grid to provide reliable power. Combined heat and power systems are efficient as they sequentially produce both electricity and usable heat from the same fuel input. Microgrids provide benefits like utilizing more renewable energy, higher reliability, reduced emissions, and lower costs compared to traditional grids.
Operation and Control of Grid Connected Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid using Various RESIAES-IJPEDS
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a hybrid AC/DC microgrid system with various renewable energy sources and energy storage. The microgrid includes photovoltaic panels, a wind turbine, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, batteries, and is connected to the main utility grid. It has independent AC and DC subgrids connected by a bidirectional interfacing converter. The hybrid microgrid aims to increase efficiency by reducing the number of power conversions compared to separate AC or DC microgrids. The paper models and simulates the hybrid microgrid in MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate stable operation with variable generation and loads. Simulation results show the microgrid can maintain stable voltages on both subgrids and reverse power flow through the interfacing converter
IRJET- A Grid-Control Scheme Connected to a Wind Energy System for Improving ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a STATCOM connected to a battery energy storage system to improve power quality in a grid-connected wind energy system. Power quality issues like voltage variations, flicker, and harmonics are caused by the variable output of wind turbines. The proposed system connects a STATCOM and battery storage at the point of common coupling to mitigate these issues. A MATLAB/SIMULINK model is used to simulate the STATCOM control system. Simulation results show the system maintains unity power factor at the source, supports reactive power needs, and improves power quality standards according to IEC guidelines.
Intelligent Microgrid and Distributed Generations pptMayur Hiwale
ppt is about microgrid and its evolution to intelligent microgrid. In this ppt you get know about the microgrid its architecture, advantages, disadvantages and application and implemention and also the comparison between old microgrid and new intelligent microgrid.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a smart grid system with smart monitoring to reduce power flow fluctuations from renewable energy sources like solar and wind. The key points are:
1. The smart grid system consists of six smart homes connected to a control system that can adjust loads to balance supply and demand and smooth power flow fluctuations.
2. Each smart home has controllable loads like batteries and heat pumps that are optimized by the control system to reduce maximum-minimum power flow errors at the interconnection point.
3. By controlling loads, the system aims to reduce electricity costs by lowering contract fees and smooth intermittent power from renewable sources using battery storage.
Geophysical Evaluation of Lateral Continuity of some part of Ikere Kaolin Dep...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Trust Providence in Delay Tolerant Networkstheijes
The network consists of several nodes, some nodes represents malicious and selfish behavior. This gives the heavy threat for the routing in Delay Tolerant networks(DTNs). The DTNs have unique characteristic so designing a misbehavior detection scheme is very difficult. The probabilistic misbehavior detection scheme that is iTrust, is established for secure routing in DTN. The iTrust introduces a Trusted Authority (TA) for detecting the node’s behavior. By collecting the routing evidences from the nodes the TA checks the node about its behavior then performs the appropriate actions for the behavior of nodes. TA gives the security of DTN routing at lower cost. The detection probability is correlated with a node’s reputation, this gives the dynamic detection probability based on the trust of users. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is efficient for establishing trust with the DTNs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Simulation Analysis of Power Control using Droop Control Method in Ac-...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a simulation analysis of power control using droop control method in an AC-DC microgrid. The study investigates coordinated power sharing between interlinked AC and DC microgrids. A control strategy is developed to control the interlinking converter to realize proportional power sharing. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink validate the proposed control scheme. The simulation considers two cases: 1) both microgrids initially at light load then increase to typical load, and 2) microgrids initially at typical load then loads change between microgrids. Results show the control scheme enables relative power sharing and adjusts power flow between microgrids proportionally based on droop control signals.
1) The document discusses microgrids which integrate distributed energy resources to provide electricity for local areas. Microgrids can operate connected to the main power grid or independently.
2) Microgrids offer economic, technical, and environmental benefits over conventional power systems. They improve access to electricity, lower costs, increase revenue opportunities, and reduce emissions.
3) The technical aspects of microgrids include energy resources, power electronics, control systems, and the ability to operate in both grid-connected and isolated modes. Microgrids provide reliable local power generation and energy management.
DISTRIBUTED CONTROL OF HYBRID AC-DC MICROGRID WITH SOLAR ENERGY,ENERGY STORAG...kodibalasriram
The document describes a hybrid AC/DC microgrid system with solar energy, energy storage, and critical load. The system includes an AC source, AC loads, a PV farm, battery storage, and DC loads. A PV array is connected to a DC bus through a boost converter with MPPT control. Battery storage connects to the DC bus via a bi-directional DC-DC converter. An AC-DC bi-directional converter connects the AC and DC buses to allow power sharing. The system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to maintain stable operation under different conditions when operating in island mode.
This document discusses mini-grid technology, including common energy sources, benefits, types, design procedures, economics, and examples in Nepal. Mini-grids involve small-scale electricity generation and distribution to a limited number of customers. Common energy sources include solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and diesel generators. Benefits are technical, financial, environmental, and social. Design considerations include cost, demand, operations and maintenance, grid connection potential, and distribution layout. The levelized cost of electricity depends on various technology and project factors. Mini-grids in Nepal include hydropower projects providing electricity to over 1.5 million people.
Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Gen...ijtsrd
As the demand for more reliable and secure power system with greater power quality increases, the concept of distributed generation DG have become more popular. This popularity of DG concept has developed simultaneously with the decrease in manufacturing costs associated with clean and alternative technologies like fuel cells, biomass, micro turbine and solar cell systems. Intentional islanding is the purposeful sectionalisation of the utility system during widespread disturbances to create power “islandâ€. This island can be designed to maintain a continuous supply of power during disturbances of the main distribution system. Ruchali Borkute | Nikita Malwar ""Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23679/control-for-grid-connected-and-intentional-islanding-of-distributed-power-generation/ruchali-borkute
The presentation discusses power management and control of a hybrid AC/DC microgrid integrated with renewable energy resources and electric vehicles. It provides an introduction to hybrid AC/DC microgrids and discusses challenges related to renewable energy sources and electric vehicles. The presentation outlines the research objectives which include impact analysis of electric vehicle penetration and developing grid-connected and islanding power control algorithms for the microgrid. It also provides a literature review and proposed methodology. Preliminary simulation results of the hybrid AC/DC microgrid are presented.
The document provides an overview of smart grids and the technological advancements that convert normal power grids into smart grids. Some key points:
1. Traditional power grids are inefficient and not well-suited for renewable energy sources, but smart grids use information technology to actively monitor and respond to changes in power demand, supply, costs, and emissions across the entire electrical system.
2. Smart grids are achieved by designing green building energy systems that use locally generated electricity from renewable sources and implement a smart energy management network.
3. Key components of green building energy systems include thermal power networks, DC electric power networks linking different renewable energy sources, AC electric power networks to power existing equipment, and a smart energy management network
Fuzzy logic control of hybrid systems including renewable energy in microgrids IJECEIAES
With a growing demand for more energy from subscribers, a traditional electric grid is unable to meet new challenges, in the remote areas remains the extension of the conventional electric network very hard to do make prohibitively expensive. Therefore, a new advanced generation of traditional electrical is inevitable and indispensable to move toward an effective, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. The most well-known term used to define this next generation power system is micro grid (MG) based on renewable energy sources (RES). Since, the energy produced by RES are not constant at all times, a wide range of energy control techniques must be involved to provide a reliable power to consumers. To solve this problem in this paper we present a fuzzy logic control of isolated hybrid systems (HRES) including renewable energy in micro-grids to maintain a stability in voltage and frequency output especially in the standalone application. The considered HRES combine a wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary energy sources and an energy storage system (ESS) based on battery as a backup solution. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in decreasing the electricity bill of customer.
This document summarizes a PhD seminar presentation on microgrids and their control. It defines a microgrid as a group of distributed energy resources and loads that can disconnect from the traditional grid to operate autonomously. It describes the basic architecture of microgrids including sources, storage, loads, and power electronics. It discusses different modes of microgrid operation such as grid-connected, island, and various control strategies. Finally, it reviews several relevant research papers on topics like microgrid control optimization, voltage and current harmonics, and black start capabilities.
Application of dc micro grids for integration of solar home systems in smart ...Brhamesh Alipuria
The document describes a proposed AC-DC hybrid distribution network for integrating solar home systems into smart grids more efficiently. The network includes a DC microgrid connecting homes to a communal battery storage system at a DC substation. Each home would have a solar home energy management system (SHEMS) to control power flows and provide a user interface. The network is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show the network can improve reliability and optimize operation by reducing conversion losses and making better use of solar power and battery storage.
In microgrid, if fault occurs or any other contingency happens, then the problems would be created which are related to power flow, also there are various protection schemes are used for minimize or eliminate these problems.
Voltage control is used for reactive power balance and P-f control is used for active power control.
Various protection schemes such as, over current protection, differential protection scheme, zoning of network in adaptive protection scheme are used in microgrid system .
A microgrid is a small-scale power grid that can operate independently or connect to the main grid. It allows local power generation for local loads using distributed energy resources like solar panels, batteries, and generators. Microgrids provide benefits like increased reliability, lower costs, and the ability to incorporate renewable energy. They face challenges around regulation, financing, and technology but offer a more efficient alternative to the conventional grid.
This article presents the system design and prediction performance of a 1kW capacity grid-tied photovoltaic inverter applicable for low or medium-voltage electrical distri-bution networks. System parameters, for instance, the longitude and latitude of the solar plant location, panel orientation, tilt and azimuth angle calculation, feasibility testing, optimal sizing of installment are analyzed in the model and the utility is sim-ulated precisely to construct an efficient solar power plant for residential applications. In this paper, meteorological data are computed to discuss the impact of environmen-tal variables. As regards ensuring reliability and sustenance, a simulation model of the system of interest is tested in the PVsyst software package. Simulation results yield that the optimum energy injected to the national grid from the solar plant, specific pro-duction, and performance ratio are 1676kWh/year, 1552kWh/kWp/year, and 79.29% respectively. Moreover, the predicted carbon footprint reduction is 23.467 tons during the 30 years lifetime of the system. Therefore, the performance assessments affirm the effectiveness of the proposed research.
Transient Power Flow in Micro grids with Signal Stability EnergyIOSR Journals
This document summarizes research on transient power flow in microgrids with signal stability energy. It discusses how microgrids can integrate distributed generation and energy storage to optimize power management both when connected to and isolated from the main grid. The research models different types of microgrids and proposes controls for coordinating distributed assets to regulate voltage and power flow. Simulation results demonstrate how multiple distributed generators can respond to changes in load to maintain stability during events like islanding from the utility grid.
Microgrids are small-scale power systems that can operate while connected to a traditional grid or independently. They consist of distributed energy resources like generators, storage systems, and controllable loads managed by a central controller. Microgrids can operate in grid-connected mode, importing and exporting power bi-directionally for economic benefit. They can also operate islanded from the main grid to provide reliable power. Combined heat and power systems are efficient as they sequentially produce both electricity and usable heat from the same fuel input. Microgrids provide benefits like utilizing more renewable energy, higher reliability, reduced emissions, and lower costs compared to traditional grids.
Operation and Control of Grid Connected Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid using Various RESIAES-IJPEDS
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a hybrid AC/DC microgrid system with various renewable energy sources and energy storage. The microgrid includes photovoltaic panels, a wind turbine, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, batteries, and is connected to the main utility grid. It has independent AC and DC subgrids connected by a bidirectional interfacing converter. The hybrid microgrid aims to increase efficiency by reducing the number of power conversions compared to separate AC or DC microgrids. The paper models and simulates the hybrid microgrid in MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate stable operation with variable generation and loads. Simulation results show the microgrid can maintain stable voltages on both subgrids and reverse power flow through the interfacing converter
IRJET- A Grid-Control Scheme Connected to a Wind Energy System for Improving ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a STATCOM connected to a battery energy storage system to improve power quality in a grid-connected wind energy system. Power quality issues like voltage variations, flicker, and harmonics are caused by the variable output of wind turbines. The proposed system connects a STATCOM and battery storage at the point of common coupling to mitigate these issues. A MATLAB/SIMULINK model is used to simulate the STATCOM control system. Simulation results show the system maintains unity power factor at the source, supports reactive power needs, and improves power quality standards according to IEC guidelines.
Intelligent Microgrid and Distributed Generations pptMayur Hiwale
ppt is about microgrid and its evolution to intelligent microgrid. In this ppt you get know about the microgrid its architecture, advantages, disadvantages and application and implemention and also the comparison between old microgrid and new intelligent microgrid.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a smart grid system with smart monitoring to reduce power flow fluctuations from renewable energy sources like solar and wind. The key points are:
1. The smart grid system consists of six smart homes connected to a control system that can adjust loads to balance supply and demand and smooth power flow fluctuations.
2. Each smart home has controllable loads like batteries and heat pumps that are optimized by the control system to reduce maximum-minimum power flow errors at the interconnection point.
3. By controlling loads, the system aims to reduce electricity costs by lowering contract fees and smooth intermittent power from renewable sources using battery storage.
Geophysical Evaluation of Lateral Continuity of some part of Ikere Kaolin Dep...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Trust Providence in Delay Tolerant Networkstheijes
The network consists of several nodes, some nodes represents malicious and selfish behavior. This gives the heavy threat for the routing in Delay Tolerant networks(DTNs). The DTNs have unique characteristic so designing a misbehavior detection scheme is very difficult. The probabilistic misbehavior detection scheme that is iTrust, is established for secure routing in DTN. The iTrust introduces a Trusted Authority (TA) for detecting the node’s behavior. By collecting the routing evidences from the nodes the TA checks the node about its behavior then performs the appropriate actions for the behavior of nodes. TA gives the security of DTN routing at lower cost. The detection probability is correlated with a node’s reputation, this gives the dynamic detection probability based on the trust of users. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is efficient for establishing trust with the DTNs.
Improvisation: an alternative approach to solving the problem of ill-equipped...theijes
Effective teaching for quality science education can only be achieved through “learning by doing” (practical) in well-equipped laboratory. However, ill-equipped science laboratories have reached an alarming level thereby making learning by doing impossible. This paper takes a look at the concept and skills or techniques of improvising biology teaching equipment (instructional materials) in Agricultural science as a viable alternative and a panacea to ill-equipped laboratories in post-basic education in Nigeria. The paper concludes that ill-equipped laboratories is one of the myriad of problems currently facing the teaching and learning of Biology and Agricultural science in Nigerian Senior Secondary Schools that needs urgent attention from all stakeholders in science education as government alone cannot solve the problem.
An alteration to rapid transit: futristics approachtheijes
This document discusses proposals to alter existing rapid transit (metro) systems to generate electricity and clean water. It proposes laying rails in a circular network with varying pier heights, collecting rainwater on pier tops. Water would flow to the lowest pier, where its kinetic energy could power a water turbine upon falling. Generated electricity and treated water could be used locally. While this could produce energy and water, the construction costs and efficiency may be low compared to existing systems.
Structural and Dielectric Studies of Cerium Substituted Nickel Ferrite Nano P...theijes
Cerium substituted Nickel ferrite nanoparticles with general formula NiCeXFe2-XO4 (x=0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) have been synthesized by using sol-gel method. The crystalline structure and grain size of these particles were analyzed by using XRD; the particle size ranged from 12.22nm to 17.60nm.The decrease in value of the lattice parameter with doping suggests that there is shrinkage in unit cell. The single-phase cubic spinal structure was clearly indicated by the XRD patterns of pure NiFe2O4.The XRD pattern also show that all the samples had formed the cubic single phase spinal structure. Dielectric properties have been studied in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 5 MHz. Permittivity and tangent loss (tanδ) decreases with the substitution of Ce3+ in parent crystal structure.
A computer network plays a major part in the development of any industry. Nowadays, in this fast paced
networking world each and every industry depends on internet for their progress. As said above this is the fast
paced world, the attack to disable the progress are also fast paced. DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) is one
among them. Though it is one of the many attacks, they temporarily disable a service provided by the company.
This paper proposes a series of steps which not only checks the possible attack but also tries its best to thwart
them. Instead of going for conventional approach of blocking the excess traffic, the proposed approach will
prolong the access to the service. In the mean time checking for the possible attack is done. Thus, not only it
thwarts the attacks but also gives them reliable user their access with a little bit of delay, resulting in high
reliability.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED TRACKER FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT...theijes
The document summarizes the development of an automated tracker for a solar box oven to enhance its energy availability. An automated pendulum system was designed using locally available materials to efficiently track the sun's position during the day. The pendulum mechanism uses buckets of water, with water draining from one bucket, to pull strings and slowly move reflectors to track the sun. Testing showed the maximum deviation between the theoretical tilt angle and measured angle was 2 degrees. Statistical analysis found no significant difference between theoretical and experimental results, showing the tracker performed well at approximating expected results. The low-cost, simple design makes this a suitable technology for rural areas to address energy needs sustainably.
Detection of Glaucoma using Optic Disk and Incremental Cup Segmentation from ...theijes
The document presents a new approach for detecting glaucoma using optic disk and incremental cup segmentation from retinal images. It proposes segmenting the optic disk using an automatic parameterized technique and modeling the cup region as enclosing pallor enclosed by vessel bends (r-bends). An incremental cup segmentation method uses 3D spline interpolation to derive the cup boundary considering anatomical knowledge from glaucoma experts. Results are compared to existing methods on different retinal images and show improved cup segmentation, especially in regions without depth cues where inter-observer variability is high. The approach integrates appearance and anatomical information for more accurate glaucoma assessment through optic disk and cup segmentation.
Effect of Sand invasion on Oil Well Production: A Case study of Garon Field i...theijes
The effect of sand and other BS&W invading the wellbore of an oil well has been studied using Garon field in the Niger Delta region. Garon field has unconsolidated formation and it has been producing for more than 10 years. This study is carried out to quantify the safety and economic effect of sand invasion on well productivity and not on the techniques in numerical models for the prediction of sand production. It tries to look out the sand evolution, analysis of previous well test done and a survey of sand identification, results of some wells production data and evaluation of the effect of sand invasion on subsurface and surface production facilities. In this study, Well X17 was routed into a test separator for 3days and immediately tested for 72hours. The test separator man way opened in other to ascertain the quantity of sand produced from the well for 72Hrs to validate the result obtained with Clampon DSC. Also presented are the effects of sand invasion on surface facility, choke, screen and tubing.
A Model of Local Area Network Based Application for Inter-office Communicationtheijes
This document presents a model for a local area network (LAN) based application for inter-office communication. The authors designed a messenger software to be installed on an organization's LAN to allow staff to communicate and share information efficiently. The software was developed using Java and analyzed using various UML diagrams. It uses a client-server model with the control part installed on the server and messenger part on clients. The software allows users to send short messages, memos, letters and access an electronic bulletin board. It was tested on a campus LAN network and achieved the objectives of enabling free communication between staff during office hours through a centralized and secure system.
Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) based Sewage Treatment Plants (STP)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Analysis of Economic Market and Energy Potential Indicators for Biomass in Si...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
An Automatic Attendance System Using Image processingtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Environmental Hazard Effects: Critical Issue relating to Agricultural Product...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Estimation of Spatial Variability of Land Surface Temperature using Landsat 8...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Bacteriology of otitis media among patients attending generaltheijes
Otitis media is the inflammation of the middle ear and has a worldwide distribution, particularly among children. A total of 68 patients between the ages 0-42 years who presented with sign and symptoms of otitis media at Bichi general hospital were enrolled for this study. Middle ear discharge were collected, processed and bacterial isolates identified using standard microbiological techniques. Disc susceptibility tests were performed on bacterial isolates. Results indicated that there was a high frequency of occurrence of bacteria incriminated in otitis media in the 0-5 and 6-11 year age groups in the two sexes. Male patients in the two age groups were more infected than the female counterparts. The sensitivity pattern obtained in this study show a progressive increase in the emergence of strains that are resistant to many chemotherapeutic agents. Drug resistance among bacterial isolates is a common phenomenon placing challenge to both medical practitioners and genetic scientists. A routine check on sensitivity patterns among these pathogens is vital so as to regulate the prescription measure to be employed.
Computer based Wireless Automobile Wheel Alignment system using Accelerometertheijes
A computer based wireless automobile wheel alignment measurement system using accelerometer is presented in this paper, which has the advantages of simple circuit, low cost , high resolution with high working reliability. The causes and effects of improper wheel alignment by traditional methods are analyzed in the model. In this system wireless transmission techniques are adopted to transmit data between measuring unit and computer. This makes the measurement operation much easier. This paper presents unique and innovative use of accelerometer for the measurement of automobile wheel parameters, such as camber and toe. The hardware and software realizations are also explored in this paper. The system practical applications shows that its performance meets the design requirements.
Compressive strength evaluation of Human hair and Polypropylene fabricated re...theijes
With the rise of population the uses of conventional and non-conventional resources are highly increased. As we know the resources available are limited to their origin but the uses also may not be affected as well according to their importance. There are some resources like natural fibres have not come under proper attention in passing years, even some of which like human hair are destroyed as a waste material. But after knowing better sides of these fibres, they are getting a proper attention over the years. With the aim of utilizing abundant waste material, a human hair composite has been developed using human hair as reinforcing constituent and polypropylene as matrix constituents. This paper presents fabrication and properties evaluation of human hair reinforced polypropylene composite. Composites with various compositions of human hair and polypropylene were fabricated. The composite with human hair came out to be better for reinforcement among various composites. The fabricated specimen composed of various % of human hair in polypropylene is tested for properties improvement and came out as an eye opener. The mechanical properties are highly improved and results are properly evaluated and analysed.
Ontology-Based Routing for Large-Scale Unstructured P2P Publish/Subscribe Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking Based PV Array to Produce Electric EnergyIRJET Journal
This document reviews maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for a photovoltaic (PV) array to produce electric energy. It discusses how an MPPT charge controller uses a perturbation and observation algorithm to optimize the match between the solar PV panels and a battery bank. This improves the efficiency of the solar panels and protects the battery from overcharging. The MPPT controller helps transfer maximum available power from the PV array to charge the batteries by adjusting the voltage level as sunlight intensity fluctuates throughout the day.
The examination and use of Solar Energy PV PowerIRJET Journal
The document analyzes and compares two grid-connected solar PV power systems for use at high-speed rail stations. It first describes grid-connected systems and their advantages over independent systems. It then presents a system using monocrystalline silicon panels and another using amorphous silicon thin film panels. Both systems are compared based on factors like efficiency, power output, area requirements, and degradation rates. Ultimately, the amorphous silicon system is chosen for its greater area utilization and lower radiation intensity needs, which are suitable for the station location. Engineering tests confirm the viability of this system for reliably powering station buildings.
Power Flow Control for Dc Microgrid Using MPPT TechniqueIRJET Journal
The document proposes an incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to control power flow in a DC microgrid powered by solar and wind energy. The microgrid contains a solar PV array, wind turbine, battery storage, and loads connected to a common DC bus. The MPPT algorithm optimizes power extraction from the solar and wind sources by regulating them at their respective maximum power points. It also regulates the DC bus voltage using the battery charger/discharger. Simulation results show that the algorithm maintains stable DC voltage and balances power between sources and loads despite fluctuations in solar and wind power output or changes in load demand. The MPPT approach improves the microgrid's ability to efficiently utilize renewable energy resources.
IRJET- DC Micro Grid for Wind and Solar Electric System Power IntegrationIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a proposed DC microgrid system for integrating wind and solar power. It would include photovoltaic panels, a wind turbine generator, and battery storage connected to a DC bus.
2. Control mechanisms and power electronics would be used to regulate the flow of power between the AC and DC subgrids and optimize the system.
3. MATLAB simulations were used to test the microgrid concept and voltage-power droop control approach for balancing supply and demand in real-time while maintaining storage state of charge.
This document outlines the contents, introduction, literature review, problem identification, objective, proposed methodology, and conclusions of a project related to microgrids and power quality improvement. The objectives are to design an SRF-based control algorithm for a DSTATCOM to reduce total harmonic distortion through simulations. Harmonics from nonlinear loads reduce power quality in microgrids. The methodology involves detecting harmonic current, generating a reference signal, producing switching pulses, and injecting a compensating current to mitigate harmonics.
IRJET- Hybrid Renewable Energy Based Micro GridIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed hybrid renewable energy microgrid system. It discusses the design of the microgrid, which integrates solar and wind energy sources along with an energy storage system. The microgrid is intended to provide power reliably while reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The document outlines the various components of the microgrid, including the renewable energy sources, energy storage, power electronics for integration and control. It also provides simulation results of the microgrid operating over 24 hours and meeting varying electricity demands. The microgrid design aims to demonstrate coordinated control of distributed energy resources to power homes and critical loads efficiently using hybrid renewable sources.
This document provides an overview of smart management of electric power grids. It discusses how smart grids use two-way communication between utilities and users to create an automated and distributed energy network. Key components of smart grids include smart meters that monitor energy usage in intervals and can remotely control appliances, information transfer networks to share data, and distributed generation from sources like solar panels. The document outlines benefits like improved reliability, efficiency, and ability to incorporate renewable energy through advanced monitoring and control enabled by smart grid technologies.
Control Strategy for Distributed Integration of Photovoltaic and Battery Ener...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The micro-grid deployments are growing with independently, power system designers,
manufacturers and researchers for the applications where the loads are more efficient association with
extra output sources such as Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and Photovoltaic (PV) systems.
Using renewable source as main sources for micro-grid system also can avoid from the pollution to occur.
Energy storage when combined with PV system can provide a stronger economic performance, as well as
an added benefit of backup power for critical loads. This project proposed control strategies for integration
of BESS and PV in a micro-grid. The operation enables the maximum PV and BESS utilization during
different operating condition of the micro-grid, grid connected, islanded mode or a process between these
two operations. The project will focus on analyzing the performance between photovoltaic system and
battery in the simulations of micro-grids system and validate the simulation result using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software. After the simulation was analyzed, the understanding of benefit in using
renewable energy source as main power supply with support from battery energy storage to supply the
power to the loads and power managements is realized in the different modes on micro-grid which is grid
connected or islanded states. When the power generation from PV system was not enough to
accommodate electric loads, the BESS or from secondary side of transformer will supply the insufficient
power.
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
The document describes the design and simulation of a stand-alone integrated renewable energy system for remote areas using solar and wind energy resources. Key points:
- The system was designed to provide electricity to off-grid rural households using local renewable resources to avoid the high costs of grid extension.
- Models of the solar photovoltaic system and variable speed wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generator were developed in MATLAB/Simulink.
- The solar and wind systems were integrated by connecting them to a common DC bus, allowing both sources to supply the isolated load. Power conversion circuits like boost converters and inverters were included to condition the output.
- Simulation results of the integrated renewable energy system design
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The availability of energy plays an important role in the development of a country.Electricity availability is essential for economical growth and improvementin quality of life of rural and semi-urban population. In order to achieve this, rural electrification should gain importance. Rural electrification requiresgrid extensionofthe existing power systemto remote areas which is difficult and costly. Impact of burning fossil fuels on environment andrapid depletion increases the supply demand gap. Development of Integrated Renewable Energy System for isolated load is a promisingway outfor rural electrification. Integrated renewable energy systems generate power making use of renewable energy sources that are available regionally which can electrify rural households. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop an Integrated renewable energy system for power generation using solar and wind resources.Integration of solar and wind systems has been done for supplying isolated load and the model has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are summarized.
IRJET- Management of Smart Grid Power System using Zigbee TechnologyIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using ZigBee technology to manage a smart grid power system. ZigBee is a low-cost wireless networking standard that can be used to reliably transmit data in a smart grid network.
2) A smart grid system is proposed that uses ZigBee modules and a microcontroller to control energy from renewable sources like solar and wind. This system aims to efficiently distribute energy generated from renewable resources to meet demand.
3) Traditional power systems are centralized with one-way energy flow from plants to consumers. Smart grids aim to tackle increasing demands, reduce costs, use less fossil fuels, and incorporate renewable energy sources through advanced monitoring, distribution and control technologies.
This document summarizes a paper on developing a standalone microgrid powered by a hybrid renewable energy system. The microgrid was designed to provide reliable electricity to remote communities not connected to the main grid. It uses solar PV, wind turbines, and a diesel generator backed by batteries. The hybrid system was designed and implemented to meet technical challenges of remote operation and provide electricity comparable in quality to centralized grids. The microgrid concept and control strategies were applied to maximize efficiency and reliability of the off-grid renewable energy system.
Dealing With Reactive Power in Islanded Micro Grid Corresponding Power Distri...ijtsrd
A Micro grid MG is a local energy system consisting of a number of energy sources e.g., wind turbine or solar panels among others , energy storage units, and loads that operate connected to the main electrical grid or autonomously. MGs provide flexibility, reduce the main electricity grid dependence, and contribute to changing large centralized production paradigm to local and distributed generation. However, such energy systems require complex management, advanced control, and optimization. Moreover, the power electronics converters have to be used to correct energy conversion and be interconnected through a common control structure is necessary. A classical droop control system is often implemented in MG. It allows correct operation of parallel voltage sourced converters in grid connection, as well as islanded mode of operation. However, it requires complex power management algorithms, especially in islanded MGs, which balance the system and improves reliability. The novel reactive power sharing algorithm is developed, which takes into account the parameters of the converter as apparent power limit and maximum active power. The developed solution is verified in simulation and compared with other known reactive power control methods. G. Amulya | Dr. S. V. D. Anil Kumar "Dealing With Reactive Power in Islanded Micro Grid-Corresponding Power Distribution in Hierarchical Droop Control using Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26498.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26498/dealing-with-reactive-power-in-islanded-micro-grid-corresponding-power-distribution-in-hierarchical-droop-control-using-photovoltaic-system/g-amulya
Intelligent control of battery energy storage for microgrid energy management...IJECEIAES
In this paper, an intelligent control strategy for a microgrid system consisting of Photovoltaic panels, grid-connected, and li-ion battery energy storage systems proposed. The energy management based on the managing of battery charging and discharging by integration of a smart controller for DC/DC bidirectional converter. The main novelty of this solution are the integration of artificial neural network (ANN) for the estimation of the battery state of charge (SOC) and for the control of bidirectional converter. The simulation results obtained in the MATLAB/Simulink environment explain the performance and the robust of the proposed control technique.
CONTROL STRATEGIES ON GRID-TIED PV INVERTERSIRJET Journal
This document summarizes control strategies for grid-tied solar inverters to supply both active and reactive power. It presents a model of a grid-connected photovoltaic system in MATLAB/Simulink, including a PV array, inverter, controllers, local loads and the utility grid. Simulation results show that the inverter can supply reactive power to loads to reduce the grid's reactive power requirements. It can also help stabilize the grid voltage when inductive or capacitive loads are connected by controlling reactive power output and reducing active power if needed. The inverter provides both active and reactive power support under varying irradiance levels to maintain a constant power factor.
Intelligent Control of Wind/Photovoltaic Microgrid Information FusionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A full-function Micro-grid must have an advanced energy storage device. Intelligent control with
multi-information fusion was proposed either in energy storage or in grid connection control on this paper.
Control targets were acquired by mixed application of various strategies, including Micro-grid peak load
shifting be used to reduce State Utility Grid (SUG) supply pressure, SUG connection be controlled flexibly
to maintain Micro-grid load working reliably, Micro-grid power production and load supply demands of SUG
and Micro-grid be predicted to plan battery energy storage in advance, actual monitoring date be used to
control overcharge and over-discharge, State of Charge (SOC) be managed to realize battery efficient
storage and full life cycle as far as possible. All designs were integrated with forecasting and monitoring
data from different measuring points, such as Micro-grid supply side and demand side, the SOC of storage
system, the active and reactive power from SUG side, so as to control the battery charge and discharge
behavior and SUG connection operation dynamically. Micro-grid could not only operate stand-alone by
self-supply in most cases, in the case of power production surplus or equipment malfunction, the Microgrid
could also delivery energy to SUG or take power from the SUG flexibly. The scheme used fully of new
energy, could ensure region power supply reliably and be used widely in application
IRJET- Renewable Energy Hybrid Power System with Improvement of Power Quality...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a dual voltage source inverter (DVSI) scheme to improve power quality in microgrids. The proposed system uses two inverters, with the main inverter injecting real power from renewable energy sources into the grid, and an auxiliary inverter compensating for unbalanced and nonlinear local loads. Control algorithms based on instantaneous symmetrical component theory are developed to operate the inverters in grid sharing and grid injection modes. Simulation and experimental results validate that the DVSI scheme increases reliability, lowers costs, and better utilizes microgrid power compared to a single inverter system.
Integration of renewable resources for dc micro grid applicationsIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes integrating renewable energy resources like wind and solar power for DC microgrid applications.
The document first provides background on microgrids and discusses how DC microgrids can integrate renewable sources more efficiently by eliminating conversion losses. It then outlines the layout of the proposed DC microgrid, which includes renewable generators, battery energy storage, supercapacitors, electric vehicle charging, and grid integration.
The document goes on to provide an overview of the optimized scheduling approach used to balance supply and demand on the microgrid. This approach aggregates renewable forecast data, assigns battery reserves, and formulates an emission-constrained cost optimization to schedule microgrid resources day-ahead. Mathematical equations are provided to describe the
This document discusses a proposed Smart Energy Distribution Management (SEDM) system that uses solar power and battery storage to help reduce power consumption. The SEDM controls power sockets using wireless communication based on the battery status and sets times for power usage. It can supply power from both the commercial grid and stored solar energy. The system prioritizes which devices to power based on preset battery level thresholds to make most efficient use of available energy. A hardware architecture is presented using a microcontroller, relays, wireless communication, and power monitoring to manage energy distribution from the solar and battery sources.
1MWH SOLAR PLANT CONNECTED TO MICROGRID WITH BESS CONTROLLERIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on a 1 megawatt-hour solar plant connected to a microgrid with a battery energy storage system (BESS) controller. The study models a microgrid system integrating multiple solar photovoltaic units and a BESS. It proposes a control strategy to regulate power flow between these components and the utility grid. Simulation results show the control strategy maintains load current by compensating for variations from the solar power and grid using available power from BESS. The strategy allows transfer between grid-connected and island modes of operation, with BESS responsible for maintaining voltage and frequency in island mode.
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KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
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Design and control of renewable power system through wsn in mirogrid
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 5 || Pages || PP.25-32 || 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 25
Design and control of renewable power system through wsn in
mirogrid
Mohitha A.T, Shruthi M-Assitant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
AMC Engineering College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
--------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------
Recently the control of microgrid has been the focus of extensive research due to its flexibility to effectively
utilize the micro-sources while ensuring reliability. The microgrid technology is one of the recent developments
in the area of electric power systems that aid the use of non-conventional energy sources in parallel with the
conventional energy sources. Monitoring and control of microgrid is essential for its efficient and effective
functioning. The work presented in this paper is focused on the design, control and development of
synchronization between non-conventional energy sources (photovoltaic panel) and conventional energy
sources (battery) to satisfy the power demand of the grid by using WSN ( wireless sensor networks) technology.
The objective of this paper is to propose a prototype to study the performance analysis of power monitoring
between photovoltaic panel and battery by sensing parameters like generated power, availability of power
reserve etc through WSN (ZigBee). The key simulation and experimental results are included to verify the
proper operation and control of microgrid.
KEYWORDS : - photovoltaic panel, boost converter, DC-AC converter, conventional energy source ZigBee,
relay, synchronization, PWM technique, microcontroller.
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Date of Submission: 11-May-2015 Date of Accepted: 30-May-2015
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I. INTRODUCTION
Pollution concerns, increasing electricity demand and rising cost of fossil fuel has diverted mankind’s
attention towards renewable energy. Electricity being an essential need, its reliability and sustainability is a
major focus of research. Micro grid is a new promising area of energy sector for local energy generation using
renewable energy sources such as PV, wind, fuel cell, micro hydro, biomass, etc., which helps to relieve the
stress on conventional generators and transmission lines. Various power circuit configurations in micro grid
promise to increase the Reliability of power supply if equipped with sophisticated and suitable control strategies
such as power sharing schemes for PV sources in various operating modes.
Over 60 countries around the world have set targets for renewable energy supply. The types of
renewable energy include solar, wind, hydrogen, biomass, geothermal, hydropower, and biodiesel. Many of
these renewable energy sources are designed to supply energy into the electric power system. Photovoltaic allow
the consumers to generate electricity in a clean, reliable and quiet manner. Photovoltaic cells combine to form
photovoltaic system.
Usually, a PV system is composed of one or more solar PV panels, an AC/DC power converter (also
known as an inverter), and a rack system that holds the solar panels, and the mountings and connections for the
other parts. A small PV system can provide energy to a single consumer, or to isolated devices like a lamp or a
weather device. Large grid-connected PV systems can provide the energy needed to serve multiple customers. A
single individual solar cell has a very low voltage (usually 0.5V). Hence, several cells are wired together in
series giving rise to a "laminate". The laminate is then assembled into a protective weatherproof casing, thus
creating a photovoltaic module or a solar panel. Modules may be then strung together to form a photovoltaic
array. The electricity generated can either be stored, put into direct use (island/standalone plant), fed into a big
electricity grid powered essentially by central generation plants (grid-connected/grid-tied plant), or fed into a
small grid after combining with one or many domestic electricity generators (hybrid plant). Depending on the
application type, the rest of the system known as balance of system or "BOS" consists of several components.
The BOS is dependent on the load profile and the type of system. PV energy conversion systems can either be
off-grid (stand-alone) or grid-connected. A description of both types of PV systems follows.
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Off-Grid PV Energy Systems:
The off-grid PV systems are usually used in rural or remote areas, where the grid is not available or not
accessible. The off-grid systems can be further divided into two sub-categories: domestic and non-domestic
applications. In the former, the PV system is used to provide electricity for small communities, where
connection to the power grid is not feasible. Usually small PV systems (< 5kW) are used for household
applications together with an energy storage unit and a backup system. In the latter, the PV system is used to
energize a single industrial or agricultural load that is not connected to the grid, such as a water pump, traffic
light, or telecommunication equipment. A battery unit is used to store energy. An off-grid PV energy system
consists of a solar array connected to a DC/DC converter, a battery bank and an optional DC/AC inverter as
shown in Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.1 Off-grid PV energy conversion system.
Grid-Connected PV System:
Grid-connected PV systems are usually composed of three components: a PV array, a DC/DC
converter and a DC/AC inverter as illustrated in Figure 1.3. Grid-connected PV systems are also categorized
into two main groups: distributed grid connected applications and centralized grid-connected applications. In
distributed applications the PV system is mounted on the premises of a customer who is connected to the grid.
The PV system can be connected to the load side of an electricity meter, and the energy generated is used by the
customer load. Any energy surplus can be delivered to the grid or vice versa. This method is called Net
Metering. Another method to consider is the PV energy system as a distributed generator (DG), which is
connected directly to the grid with a separate meter.
Figure 1.2 Grid-connected PV system.
In order to meet the electricity demand of the grid continuously we need to use the conventional energy
source for example battery in parallel with the photovoltaic panel because of the unavailability of sunlight
during night times and changes in climatic conditions. The power supply either from the photovoltaic panel is
from the battery takes place by switching. This switching needs complete synchronism between photovoltaic
panel and battery. An economic and reliable communication backbone along with accurate monitoring system is
essential. Monitoring of the power system essentially has two main modules: communication module which is
the backbone and sensor module for sensing the different parameters like voltage, current and power. Recently,
WSNs have been recognized as a promising technology that can enhance various aspects of today’s electric
power systems, including generation, delivery and utilization, making them a vital component of next generation
electric power systems, microgrids. ZigBee based WSN are proven to be more reliable in packet delivery due to
mesh based multi-hop networking. In India context of application of WSNs to power systems, new ideas and
implementation plans are coming up. The work presented in this paper is focused on the design, control and
development of synchronization between non-conventional energy sources (photovoltaic panel) and
conventional energy sources (battery) to satisfy the power demand of the grid by using WSN ( wireless sensor
networks) technology. The objective of this paper is to propose a prototype to study the performance analysis of
power monitoring between photovoltaic panel and battery by sensing parameters like generated power,
availability of power reserve etc through WSN (ZigBee). The key simulation and experimental results are
included to verify the proper operation and control of microgrid.
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II. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Raja Vara Prasad Yerra, Alok Kumar Bharathi, P.Rajalakshmi, U.B.Desai “WSN based power
monitoring in Smart Grids” IEEE transactions on power system 2011.
Smart grid technology is one of the recent developments in the area of electric power systems that aid
the use of non-conventional sources of energy in parallel with the conventional sources of energy. Monitoring
and control of smart grids is essential for its efficient and effective functioning. In this paper, we propose
architecture for monitoring power in smart grid applications using WSN technology. A prototype power sensing
module is designed and developed to calculate the power for any kind of loads. Using WSN technology, the
monitored power is communicated to the sink at periodic intervals. Multi hop wireless mesh network is set up
using IRIS notes to enhance the communication between the power sensing nodes and the sink. The data
collected is a rich source of repository for data analysis and modeling. A number of smart actions and
applications, such as power theft detection, energy efficient building design, smart automation systems and
smart metering can evolve out of the proposed model. A novel power theft detection algorithm is proposed and
simulated in this paper.
2.2 Rupesh G. Wandhare, Sushil Thale, Vivek Agarwal “Design of a photovoltaic power conditioning
system for hierarchical control of microgrid” IEEE transaction on power system 2014.
Recently hierarchical control of micro grid has been the focus of extensive research due to its flexibility
to effectively utilize the micro-sources while ensuring reliability. The work presented in this paper is focused on
the design and development of a photovoltaic (PV) power conditioning system for a hierarchically controlled
micro grid application. The PV interface is equipped with multiple functionalities such as droop characteristic
control for both Active and reactive power sharing, centralized power sharing, adaptive power control etc. All
these features make the PV interface one of the main power contributing sources. A detailed control design
procedure for this micro grid PV source is given. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is
investigated with a laboratory prototype of the micro grid with hierarchical control supported by sources like
Solar PV, Wind, hydro turbine driven synchronous machine and Fuel cell based renewable energy sources. The
micro grid has the capability of reconfigurable control. The Local Source Controllers (LSC) is linked with
Controller Area Network (CAN) for fast data transfer and RS-485 for bulk data transfer. Battery storage is
provided for prolonged energy back up and ultra-capacitor for transient and momentary power support during
dynamic phase. The PV interface of this micro grid is investigated under various conditions such as large
variation in its radiation level, maximum power point tracking, centralized control for active power, co-ordinate
active and reactive power control with de-centralized operation, hierarchical control functionality of PV source
with other micro grid sources etc. The intermittent nature of photovoltaic source causes a peculiar impact on the
micro grid operation. This and other important observations are analyzed for further study and investigations
into the control aspects of PV sources in a micro grid paradigm. The key simulation and experimental results are
included to verify proper operation and control of the micro grid.
III. BASIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The PV source should supply energy using power converter controlled for both active and reactive
power and regulate the bus voltages whenever required. Fig.3.1 shows the block diagram representation of a
power converter associated with a PV source in a microgrid. The arrangement is also supported by energy
storage of battery. The instantaneous terminal voltages, DC bus voltage, load currents and injected currents by
the VSC are measured and fed into the VSC control circuit. The control circuit gives appropriate gate signals to
the Voltage source inverter switches as per the control strategy and thus the inverter injects the required active
and reactive power by suitable switching actions of the switches. Hence the voltage regulation and frequency
regulation can be improved by proper selection of the injected powers (P, Q).
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Fig 3.1: Power topology associated with PV interfaced energy storage
IV. DESIGN PROCEDURE OF BOOST CONVERTER
Fig 4.1: two configurations of a boost converter, depending on the state of the switch S.
The basic principle of a Boost converter consists of 2 distinct states (see figure 8):
In the On-state, the switch S (see figure 6) is closed, resulting in an increase in the inductor current;
In the Off-state, the switch is open and the only path offered to inductor current is through the fly back
diode D, the capacitor C and the load R. These results in transferring the energy accumulated during
the On-state into the capacitor.
The input current is the same as the inductor current as can be seen in figure 7. So it is not
discontinuous as in the buck converter and the requirements on the input filter are relaxed compared to
a buck converter.
Fig. 4.2: Waveforms of current and voltage in a boost converter operating in continuous mode.
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When a boost converter operates in continuous mode, the current through the inductor never falls to
zero. Figure 9 shows the typical waveforms of currents and voltages in a converter operating in this mode. The
output voltage can be calculated as follows, in the case of an ideal converter (i.e. using components with an
ideal behavior) operating in steady conditions:
During the On-state, the switch S is closed, which makes the input voltage ( ) appear across the
inductor, which causes a change in current ( ) flowing through the inductor during a time period (t) by the
formula:
At the end of the On-state, the increase of IL is therefore:
D is the duty cycle. It represents the fraction of the commutation period T during which the switch is On.
Therefore D ranges between 0 (S is never on) and 1 (S is always on).
During the Off-state, the switch S is open, so the inductor current flows through the load. If we consider zero
voltage drop in the diode, and a capacitor large enough for its voltage to remain constant, the evolution of IL is:
Therefore, the variation of IL during the Off-period is:
As we consider that the converter operates in steady-state conditions, the amount of energy stored in each of its
components has to be the same at the beginning and at the end of a commutation cycle. In particular, the energy
stored in the inductor is given by:
So, the inductor current has to be the same at the start and end of the commutation cycle. This means the overall
change in the current (the sum of the changes) is zero:
Substituting and by their expressions yields:
This can be written as:
Which in turn reveals the duty cycle to be?
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The above expression shows that the output voltage is always higher than the input voltage. This is why this
converter is sometimes referred to as a step-up converter.
V. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING
Fig 5.1: block diagram of the prototype
The fig 5.1 shows the schematic diagram representation of control of microgrid. It mainly comprises of
photovoltaic panel as non conventional energy source, DC-DC boost converter, inverter, 8-bit 80C51 5V microcontroller,
ZigBee, DPDT relay, load. The arrangement also consists of battery which acts as a conventional energy source.
When sunlight falls on the photovoltaic panel, these uses light energy from the sun to generate electricity through
photovoltaic effect so we get DC voltage. The voltage which is available from the solar array is variable and less. In order to
obtain constant voltage DC-DC converter is used. The voltage generated by the array is less it can be increased by
interfacing it with boost converter which considerably steps up the output voltage which could meet the demand of power.
The output of the converter is fed to inverter1 which generates AC voltage. The Pic 8-bit microcontroller is used for firing
pulse generation. It has inbuilt PWM and A/D converters. The microcontroller is programmed to generate the firing pulses
with fixed duty cycle using PWM technique. The arrangement also consists of Arduino board it consists of 14 digital
input/output pins. The IGBT pulse pin is connected to pin -11, output of the boost converter is connected to pin AO (analog
input) of the Arduino board. The pin 13 of board acts as a toggle switch pin. The arrangement also consists of DPDT relay
acts as a decision making device that detects abnormal or fault conditions and initiate protection actions. It is connected to
inverter1, inverter2 and load. On the other side the battery used as conventional energy source which connected to the
inverter2.
If the voltage within the reference values, the toggle switch pin will become high and it is sensed by the ZigBee1
and bulb will glow from the output of solar panel, if the voltage below the reference values, the toggle switch pin will
become low and it is sensed by the ZigBee2 and bulb will glow from the battery. There should be proper synchronization for
the control and operation of microgrid. It is verified both by simulation and experimentally with a laboratory prototype of
input 12V and output 230V shown in below fig 5.2 and CRO output of frequency 32 kHz is shown in fig 5.3.
Fig 5.2: laboratory prototype
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VI. SIMULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND RESULTS
Fig 6.1: simulation circuit diagram
Fig 6.2: Pulse MPPT
Fig 6.3: Output voltage of 230v
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VII. CONCLUSION
A complete system for the remote monitoring and control of PV plants has been presented and its
capabilities have been investigated and tested. The use of the WSN extends the effectiveness of the system
independently of where the plants are placed, even far from the electrical distribution network and from the
traditional and wired telecommunication systems. Due to the low cost and diffusion of the WSN devices, the
transmission system is fairly cheap and it is expected to become cheaper and cheaper. At the same time, we are
involved in extending the phenomena that can be remotely monitored and controlled, especially if related to the
power generation based on renewable sources. In this paper, architecture for power monitoring system using the
WSN technology is proposed. A prototype for power sharing between conventional and non conventional
sources is developed. It is clear from the experimentations that the WSN may be successfully employed to
microgrid for monitoring and controlling purpose.
REFERENCES
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[2] Rupesh G. Wandhare, Sushil Thale, Vivek Agarwal “Design of a photovoltaic power conditioning system for hierarchical control
of microgrid” IEEE transaction on power system 2014.
[3] E. Rikos, S. Tselepis, C. Hoyer-Klick and M. Schroedter-Homscheidt, “Stability and Power Quality issues in Microgrids Under
Weather Disturbances ”, IEEE Journal of selected topics in applied earth observation and remote sensing, vol. 1, no. 3,pp. 170-
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[4] S. Thale and V. Agarwal “Design and Implementation of Communication and Control Architecture for Solar PV Based
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