This chapter discusses different environmental worldviews and approaches to environmental ethics. It presents several philosophies for determining what is right and wrong from an environmental perspective, such as utilitarianism which evaluates based on the greatest good, and biocentrism which views all life as intrinsically valuable. It also outlines various worldviews including viewing humans as stewards of the planet versus being in charge of managing Earth. The chapter concludes by discussing the need for environmentally literate citizens to build a more sustainable society through understanding our interactions with nature and effective problem solving approaches.

1. Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 28 Shohail Choudhury ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS, ETHICS AND SUSTAINABILITY

3. Philosophers for right and wrong environmental behavior. Universalism, (Plato and Kant) ethics and rules of right and wrong that are unchanging. Utilitarianism, (Bentham and Mill), :an action is right if it produces satisfaction for the greatest number of people. Consequentialism : consequences determine whether an action is right or wrong. Relativism, promoted by Sophists, says that cultures, eras, and situations determine whether an action is right or wrong. Rationalism, (Decartes, De Spinoza, and Leibniz): right and wrong are determined by analyzing the situation. Nihilism, (Nietzsche): life is meaningless except to strive to live in what might be right.

4. Life forms have instrumental value or intrinsic value. Instrumental, or utilitarian, values life forms because they are useful to the biosphere or us. Intrinsic, or inherent , values life forms because they exist. Anthropocentric instrumental values view life forms as valuable only if they are useful. Biocentric intrinsic values view life forms as valuable because they exist.

8. Living More Sustainably Affluenza is the addiction to over-consumption and materialism in developed countries. Symptoms: high debt level, declining health, increased stress, more bankruptcies. Causes: credit cards enable instant gratification, easy money, and selfishness. Solutions: consume less, live more simply, and spend less.

9. Effective environmental citizens avoid mental traps that lead to denial and inaction and instead enjoy life and keep empowered feelings. The environmental revolution is a positive outlook and a call for leadership, ideas, and solutions to current environmental challenges. Conclusion