The document discusses different approaches to environmental ethics and attitudes. It describes the ecosystem approach which considers interrelationships between ecosystems. It then outlines three schools of environmental ethics: anthropocentrism prioritizing human well-being, biocentrism focusing on inherent rights of all life, and ecocentrism maintaining respect for the Earth. Three environmental attitudes are also defined: development promoting human control, preservation calling for resource preservation, and conservation balancing human and environmental needs through sustainable practices.

2. The ecosystem approach to solving environmental problems Environment approach takes into consideration the interrelationship between various ecosystems existing together in the environment. It helps to understand the interdependency in order to understand the basic problem, and thus find an appropriate solution to it.

3. What is environmental ethics? A moral study of what is right and wrong with regards to the environment. Split into three different schools of thought: Anthropocentrism Biocentrism Ecocentrism

4. Anthropocentrism A human-based ethic arguing that humans possess complete authority over decisions about the environment. Prioritises the well-being of humans States that natural resources are open to human manipulation

5. Biocentrism Focuses on the theory that all forms of life have an inherent right to exist. NOTE: Biocentrists are split into different subgroups. E.g. Some place greater responsibility at protecting plant species rather than animals.

6. Egocentrisms Maintains that the Earth itself has moral value and is to be treated with respect from those living within it. States that the Earth and its resources should be treated as a community rather than a commodity.

7. Environmental attitudes The pursuit humans take in terms of their relationship with the environment. Also split into three distinct groups: Development Conservation Preservation

8. Development An anthropocentric approach (inclined towards the benefit of humans) Promotes human control over the world’s resources at the expense of future generations Often associated with the ‘capitalist’ work ethic Examples: Commuting (unsustainable use of cars) Logging beyond quota numbers

9. Preservation An ecocentric approach (nature-based) Calls for the preservation of the world’s resources rather than complete human consumption. Examples: Establishing National Parks and reserves (Yellow Ston.e, Khao Yai, Maya Jungle Reserve)

10. Conservation Strikes a balance between the two aforementioned attitudes. Places great importance in human survival whilst taking into account the need to manage the environment wisely. Examples: The idea of “sustainable development” (development which does not hinder prospects for future generations) Implementation of quotas (fishing, logging, consumption of particular materials).

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