What are Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)?
What products contain endocrine disruptors?
How do endocrine disruptors work?(its Mechanisms of Action).
How are people exposed to endocrine disruptors?
Endocrine disrupting chemicals and their heath effects.
Pesticides:( DDT),human health consequences of exposure to DDT,and its scientific evidence and examples.
Steps to reduce exposure to endocrine disruptors
what are EDCs, impacts/effects of EDCs, Sources, treatment of EDC by various methods such as activated carbon, phytoremediation, membrane fouling during ultrafiltration, constructed wetlands, the advanced oxidation process
Some chemicals, both natural and man-made, can interfere with the hormonal system. They are called 'endocrine disruptors’. The most controversial issue is whether low level exposures to such chemicals can have adverse effects. Have endocrine disruptors affected wild life and our hormonal system? How much do we know so far?
VCE Environmental Science - Unit 4: Pollution. The sources, sinks, human and environmental health effects of DDT and endocrine disruptors, including pthalates, are discussed in this presentation.
An Introduction to the Health Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)
by @toxipedia
* Toxipedia website;
http://www.toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Endocrine+Disruptors
* Endocrine Disruptors: Sexy Stuff:
http://desdaughter.wordpress.com/2012/12/16/endocrine-disruptors-sexy-stuff/
* All our posts about Endocrine Disruptors:
http://desdaughter.wordpress.com/tag/endocrine-disruptors/
what are EDCs, impacts/effects of EDCs, Sources, treatment of EDC by various methods such as activated carbon, phytoremediation, membrane fouling during ultrafiltration, constructed wetlands, the advanced oxidation process
Some chemicals, both natural and man-made, can interfere with the hormonal system. They are called 'endocrine disruptors’. The most controversial issue is whether low level exposures to such chemicals can have adverse effects. Have endocrine disruptors affected wild life and our hormonal system? How much do we know so far?
VCE Environmental Science - Unit 4: Pollution. The sources, sinks, human and environmental health effects of DDT and endocrine disruptors, including pthalates, are discussed in this presentation.
An Introduction to the Health Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)
by @toxipedia
* Toxipedia website;
http://www.toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Endocrine+Disruptors
* Endocrine Disruptors: Sexy Stuff:
http://desdaughter.wordpress.com/2012/12/16/endocrine-disruptors-sexy-stuff/
* All our posts about Endocrine Disruptors:
http://desdaughter.wordpress.com/tag/endocrine-disruptors/
As a component of the endocrine system, both male and female gonads produce sex hormones. Male and female sex hormones are steroid hormones and as such, can pass through the cell membrane of their target cells to influence gene expression within cells. Gonadal hormone production is regulated by hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary in the brain. Hormones that stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones are known as gonadotropins. The pituitary secretes the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These protein hormones influence reproductive organs in various ways. LH stimulates the testes to secrete the sex hormone testosterone and the ovaries to secrete progesterone and estrogens. FSH aids in the maturation of ovarian follicles (sacs containing ova) in females and sperm production in males.
Endocrine Disruptors: Child healths
Vichit Supornsilchai, MD, PhD
Endocrine Unit, Department of Pediatric,
Faculty of Medicine,
King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital
Endocrine disruptors, sometimes also referred to as hormonally active agents, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, or endocrine-disrupting compounds are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormonal) systems. These disruptions can cause cancerous tumors, birth defects, and other developmental disorders.
This presentation provides a knowledge about Toxicology, its types , definition, regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicological studies, OECD guidelines for GLP. This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmacological & Toxicological Screening Methods - II, 2nd Semester, M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
The term neurotoxicity refers to damage to the brain or peripheral nervous system caused by exposure to natural or man-made toxic substances. These toxins can alter the activity of the nervous system in ways that can disrupt or kill nerves.
Ocean Acidification: Cause, Impact and mitigationIIT Kanpur
Ocean Acidification and the battle for Carbonate.
In this presentation the points covered are detailed briefing of ocean acidification, its causes, its impact on marine ecosystems and measures to mitigate this.
Steroid hormones can be grouped into 2 classes, corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta).
As a component of the endocrine system, both male and female gonads produce sex hormones. Male and female sex hormones are steroid hormones and as such, can pass through the cell membrane of their target cells to influence gene expression within cells. Gonadal hormone production is regulated by hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary in the brain. Hormones that stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones are known as gonadotropins. The pituitary secretes the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These protein hormones influence reproductive organs in various ways. LH stimulates the testes to secrete the sex hormone testosterone and the ovaries to secrete progesterone and estrogens. FSH aids in the maturation of ovarian follicles (sacs containing ova) in females and sperm production in males.
Endocrine Disruptors: Child healths
Vichit Supornsilchai, MD, PhD
Endocrine Unit, Department of Pediatric,
Faculty of Medicine,
King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital
Endocrine disruptors, sometimes also referred to as hormonally active agents, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, or endocrine-disrupting compounds are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormonal) systems. These disruptions can cause cancerous tumors, birth defects, and other developmental disorders.
This presentation provides a knowledge about Toxicology, its types , definition, regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicological studies, OECD guidelines for GLP. This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmacological & Toxicological Screening Methods - II, 2nd Semester, M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
The term neurotoxicity refers to damage to the brain or peripheral nervous system caused by exposure to natural or man-made toxic substances. These toxins can alter the activity of the nervous system in ways that can disrupt or kill nerves.
Ocean Acidification: Cause, Impact and mitigationIIT Kanpur
Ocean Acidification and the battle for Carbonate.
In this presentation the points covered are detailed briefing of ocean acidification, its causes, its impact on marine ecosystems and measures to mitigate this.
Steroid hormones can be grouped into 2 classes, corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta).
Dr. Zahida Chaudhary and James Ellermeyer talk about toxins in our environment, including what they do to our body. They also take a look specifically at DDT and the process of it getting into the public long before we could determine it’s negative effects.
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Who this is for: Health professionals.
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How and Why Pesticides Affect Our Healthmomasunite
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Prof. Dr. Vladimir Trajkovski - Epigenetics of ASD-10.05.2019Vladimir Trajkovski
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A new virus, originating from Wuhan in China, is quickly spreading across the country and around the world. In this video, we highlight the key things you need to know about the outbreak, and how science can help control it.
Video link
please like and share our video : https://youtu.be/-X9dWb5PR8s
Latest currency rates in Pakistan and Live Open market exchange rates,Gold Rates & Pakistan Oil Prices, Pakistan Petroleum Prices and current Petrol & CNG Prices
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What is allergy? when food allergy occur? How Immune System Response to Food Allergy ?Difference between Food Allergy, Food Intolerance & Food Poisoning.
What are Common food allergens?
Explain Milk Allergy or Lactose Intolerance,Egg ,Peant,Soya ,Fish,and Wheat Allergy It sources symptoms and treatment.Allergic Diseases such as Allergic rhinitis/ Hay Fever
Asthma,Anaphylaxis, Eczema.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
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Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
2. INTRODUCTION
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a group of diversely
natural compounds or synthetic chemicals that may interfere with
the body’s endocrine system and produce adverse developmental,
reproductive, neurological and immune effects in both humans and
wildlife.
EDC may interfere with hormonal signaling systems and alter
feedback loops in the brain, pituitary, gonads, thyroid, and other
components of the endocrine system.
Growing evidence shows that EDC may also modulate the
activity/expression of steroidogenic enzymes and steroidogenic
pathways. G. Latini,2011
Zoeller RT et al,.2012
World Health Organization. 2012.
3. •
Scientific evidence indicate that exposure to ED during critical
periods of development can induce permanent changes in several
organs including molecular alterations, although the consequences of
this disruption may not appear until later.
The mechanisms by which ED exert their action remain largely
unclear; however, many ways have been identified by which ED can
affect signal transduction systems.
EDCs may alter gene expression and consequently transmit these
effects to future generations.
INTRODUCTION
McLachlan JA,2001
Boyle CA et al ., 2001
Gerona RR,et al., 2013
5. Mimics
Stimulators
Blockers
Endocrine flushers
Enzyme flushers
Destructors
Mechanisms of Action
This is how hormones and endocrine disruptors work
Endocrine disruptors can:
• Mimic or partly mimic naturally occurring hormones in the body like
estrogen (the female sex hormone), androgens (the male sex
hormone), and thyroid hormones, potentially producing
overstimulation.
• Bind to a receptor within a cell and block the endogenous hormone
from binding. The normal signal then fails to occur and the body fails
to respond properly. Examples of chemicals that block or antagonize
hormones are antiestrogens & antiandrogens.
• Interfere or block the way natural hormones or their receptors are
made or controlled, for example, by altering their metabolism in the
liver.
How do endocrine disruptors work?
6. •
How are people exposed to endocrine disruptors?
Food and beverages:
Through the food and beverages they consume,
Medicine: they take,
Pesticides: they apply, and
Cosmetics: they use. So,
Diet: Exposures may be through the diet, air,
skin, and water.
Cosmetics
Medicine
7. •
Endocrine disrupting chemicals may impact a broad
range of health effects
Endocrine disruptors may cause:
• Reductions in male fertility and declines in the numbers of males born.
• Abnormalities in male reproductive organs.
• Female reproductive health issues, including fertility problems, early puberty, and
early reproductive senescence.
• Increases in mammary, ovarian, and prostate cancers.
• Increases in immune and autoimmune diseases, and some neurodegenerative
diseases.
8. •
ED Exposure and Paediatric Endocrine Disorders
Thyroid EDCs may exert unwanted actions on thyroid function. Links between
exposure to PCBs and increased thyroid stimulating hormone have been observed by
some, but not other authors. PCB has been proposed to exert goiterogenic actions,
and pentachlorophenol indicated to suppress thyroid hormone levels in newborns.
Given the critical role of the thyroid for fetal and infant neurodevelopment, such
action may be associated with adverse neurodevelopmental consequences in children
Adrenal EDCs are known to exert harmful actions in the adrenal cortex. DDT
metabolites are well known inhibitors of adrenal function, exerting direct
cytotoxicity to adrenocortical cells. Certain EDCs may have a negative impact on
adrenal steroidogenesis. The phytoestrogen resveratrol was found to suppress
glucocorticoid production by inhibiting 21-hydroxylase. This may impair
glucocorticoid driven stress responses, which is a crucial component of the host-
defense system against infection and injury.
9. •
PESTICIDES: ( DDT) Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane
Where it is used
DDT was one of the first recognized EDCs, with a broad range
of effects on reproduction and hormonal systems.
Duration: DDT is an organochlorine insecticide that was used
extensively worldwide in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s.
Used: Its use included insect control in the commercial and
private production of crops and livestock, and in homes,
gardens, public places, and institutions. Due to DDT’s toxicity
to wildlife and its persistence, numerous countries banned
DDT use in the 1970s. Despite this, DDT is still used
extensively, particularly in Pakistan India and Africa, that
transmit human diseases.
Crain DA et al ,2008
Ismail-Beigi F, 2006
10. •
HUMAN HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF EXPOSURE TO DDTS
• Reduced fertility:
• Urogenital birth defects (males)
• Impaired breast feeding
• Cancer
• Type 2 diabetes
Laboratory animal studies and human observations consistently show associations
between DDTs and negative health consequences, making DDTs one of the most
widely accepted classes of EDCs. In animals and cell lines, DDTs modify the
thyroid, estrogen, androgen, renin-angiotensin, insulin, and neuroendocrine
systems. These pathways are involved in normal functioning of reproductive,
cardiovascular, and metabolic processes, among others.
11. •
Science on why DDT is an EDC
Reproductive problems.
Some effects of DDTs are as estrogen mimics, and DDTs also interfere with androgen
(testosterone) pathways in the body. In mammals (including humans), gonads of
females (ovaries) and males (testes) make estrogens and androgens, albeit at different
levels. Females have higher estrogens and lower androgens, and males have higher
androgens and lower estrogens. By disrupting the body’s major normal sex hormones
individually, and by causing changes in the ratios of sex hormones, DDTs are
associated with a plethora of reproductive problems.
Male reproductive abnormalities
A rat study also showed that fetal DDT exposure caused male reproductive
abnormalities.
Sohoni P,et al, 1998
Ritter R, et al, 2011
12. •
Science on why DDT is an EDC
• Reduced fertility:
Numerous studies indicate that high exposure to DDTs reduces male, and possibly female,
fertility, including in humans . For instance, men living in homes with indoor DDT spraying
have decreased sperm quality that may lead to diminished fertility.
Urogenital birth defects
Several human studies indicate that DDT increases risk of urogenital birth defects such as
cryptorchidism (failure of the testes to descend),
Impaired breast feeding
There is also some evidence to suggest that exposure to DDTs shorten the lactation period.
Breast cancer :When girls are exposed to DDTs early in life before the breast is fully matured,
this is associated with increased risk of breast cancer later in life.
Eskenazi B, et al, 2009
Aneck-Hahn NH,et al, 2007
Cohn BA, et al, 2007
13. •
Science on why DDT is an EDC
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)
Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated a strong positive association
between the DDT metabolite and T2D risk. These studies came from countries that
have banned DDT use for decades, and also from areas contaminated with higher levels
of DDTs. The diabetes epidemic continues to grow dramatically in countries where
DDT is still in use, such as in South Africa and India.
Some other experimental studies have shown that DDT increases circulating blood
glucose, a hallmark of diabetes, in part by increasing enzymes that make glucose.
Under normal circumstances, increased glucose levels cause the pancreas to produce
insulin, which in turn reduces glucose. Mice exposed to DDT become insulin resistant,
a central feature of T2D, because their DDT exposure reduces the normal ability of the
pancreas to secrete insulin in response to high glucose. Taylor KW,2013
Peer N et al,. 2012
Shaw JE et al ,.2010
Yau DT et al,. 1997
14. •
Frogs are one of the most vulnerable creatures to hormone disruptors
EXAMPLE OF
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS EFFECTS
15. •
5 Steps to Reduce Your Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors
Eat only super-wild fish. Not semi-wild, but freakishly wild.
Don't drink from plastic bottles. Ever.
Don't use Teflon-coated non-stick pans.
Eat organic produce whenever possible. ...
Stop using plastic wrap.
Editor's Notes
production of steroids, as by the adrenal glands.
Mimic =imitative of something.
Flushing Means اچانک زور دار حرکت
Albeit aal beit means ہمیشہ
Plethora= ple thora =meansڈھیر سارے
Cryptorchidism== cryp tor chi dism descend means آدھا
Freakishly wild free kish ly waa al d wrap ===rap
Teflon-coated.. The best known brand name of PTFE-based formulas is Teflon by Chemours. ... PTFE is used as a non-stick coating for pans and other cookware.
