This document discusses solid waste management and excreta disposal. It describes various types of solid waste and sources. Improper disposal can pose health hazards by attracting flies and vermin. Methods of solid waste storage, collection and disposal are outlined, including dumping, controlled tipping, incineration, composting, manure pits and burial. For unsewered areas, methods of excreta disposal discussed are service type latrines, borehole latrines, dug well latrines, and water seal latrines like PRAI and RCA types. Proper sanitation barriers are needed to prevent transmission of diseases from excreta.
Human waste (or human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system, menses, and human metabolism including urine and faeces. ... Faecal sludge management is used to deal with fecal matter collected in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks.
-Bio-Medical Waste
-Contents:
-Evolution of Bio-Medical Waste in India
-Biomedical Waste
-Need of Rules for Bio-Medical Waste
-Present Scenario in India
-Disease Caused by Improper Disposal of Waste
-BMW(H&M) 1998
-Major Differences between BMW 1998 and BMW 2016
-BMW (H&M) 2016
-Conclusion
Evolution of Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules in India:
-First Bio-Medical Rules were notified by the Govt. of India, erstwhile
MOEF on 20th July 1998.
-Modification in the next following years (2000, 2003 and 2011)
-BMW rules 2011 remained as the draft
-MOEFCC in March 2016 has amended the BMWM rules.
-BMW Management 2016 was released on 27 March 2016
Bio-Medical Waste:
means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals
or research activities pertaining thereto
or in the production or testing of biological or in health camps, including the categories mentioned in Schedule I appended to these rules;
unit-ii health , waste disposal include Excreta disposal pptanjalatchi
disposable of excrete waste consist of definition, methods, treament of waste disoposal, summary, question, conclusion, assignment on topic given, refernces,
Human waste (or human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system, menses, and human metabolism including urine and faeces. ... Faecal sludge management is used to deal with fecal matter collected in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks.
-Bio-Medical Waste
-Contents:
-Evolution of Bio-Medical Waste in India
-Biomedical Waste
-Need of Rules for Bio-Medical Waste
-Present Scenario in India
-Disease Caused by Improper Disposal of Waste
-BMW(H&M) 1998
-Major Differences between BMW 1998 and BMW 2016
-BMW (H&M) 2016
-Conclusion
Evolution of Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules in India:
-First Bio-Medical Rules were notified by the Govt. of India, erstwhile
MOEF on 20th July 1998.
-Modification in the next following years (2000, 2003 and 2011)
-BMW rules 2011 remained as the draft
-MOEFCC in March 2016 has amended the BMWM rules.
-BMW Management 2016 was released on 27 March 2016
Bio-Medical Waste:
means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals
or research activities pertaining thereto
or in the production or testing of biological or in health camps, including the categories mentioned in Schedule I appended to these rules;
unit-ii health , waste disposal include Excreta disposal pptanjalatchi
disposable of excrete waste consist of definition, methods, treament of waste disoposal, summary, question, conclusion, assignment on topic given, refernces,
Waste matter discharged from the body, especially feces and urine.
Human waste (Human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism, namely feces and urine.
This ppt has all the necessary information about "Bio-medical waste management". it is useful for student of medical field as well as anyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Waste matter discharged from the body, especially feces and urine.
Human waste (Human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism, namely feces and urine.
This ppt has all the necessary information about "Bio-medical waste management". it is useful for student of medical field as well as anyone who is interested in knowing about it.
The accumulation of various waste products and their indiscriminate disposal represents a grave hazard to health. Systems of waste disposal are designed to eliminate these hazards.
solid waste is defined as “non liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex & sometimes hazardous substances”
Solid waste management & Types of Basic civil Engineering notes by DJ Sir.pptxDenish Jangid
Solid waste management & Types of Basic civil Engineering notes by DJ Sir
Types of SWM
Liquid wastes
Gaseous wastes
Solid wastes.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE:
Based on their sources of origin
Based on physical nature
SYSTEMS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:
METHODS FOR DISPOSAL OF THE SOLID WASTE:
OPEN DUMPS:
LANDFILLS:
Sanitary landfills
COMPOSTING
Different stages of composting
VERMICOMPOSTING:
Vermicomposting process:
Encapsulation:
Incineration
MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE:
Refuse
Reuse
Recycle
Reduce
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:
“Patient Education is an individualized, systematic, structured process to assess and impart knowledge or develop a skill in order to effect a change in behavior. The goal is to increase comprehension and participation in the self-management of health care needs.”
“A restraint is any manual method, physical or mechanical device, material or equipment that immobilizes or reduces the ability of a patient to move his/her arms, legs, body or head freely” (e.g. -Safe keeper bed, Posey bed, safety mitt, soft limb restraint), or a restraint is a drug or medication when it is used as a restriction to manage the patient's behavior or restrict the patient's freedom of movement and is not standard treatment or dosage for the patient's condition A restraint does not include devices, such as orthopedically prescribed devices, surgical dressings or bandages, protective helmets, or other methods that involve the physical holding of a patient for the purpose of conducting routine physical examinations or tests, or to protect the patient from falling out of bed, or to permit the patient to participate in activities without the risk of physical harm., side rails, airways, trapeze etc.
Unit 10 Promoting Safety in Health Care Enevronment (FON).pdfKULDEEP VYAS
Healthcare environments need to provide a balance between the need for practical and clinical activities or procedures to take place within them, while creating an environment that can contribute to a good experience.
International Nurses Day
IND is celebrated around the world every May 12, the anniversary of Florence Nightingale's birth. ICN commemorates this important day each year with the production and distribution of the International Nurses' Day (IND) resources and evidence.
Fluorosis is a cosmetic condition that affects the teeth. It's caused by overexposure to fluoride during the first eight years of life. This is the time when most permanent teeth are being formed. After the teeth come in, the teeth of those affected by fluorosis may appear mildly discolored.
Evaluation is a process used to determine what has happened during a given activity or in an institution.Evaluation requires many skills that are as important as other elements of the instructional process.
Human resource management in hospital and community servicesKULDEEP VYAS
HRM is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment ,managing and providing direction for the people working in that organization.
*It is the organizational function dealing with issues related to people such as hiring, compensation, performance management ,safety, organization development, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration and training.
Moulding or training of the mind and character to bring about desired behaviour is known as discipline.it helps a person to have some control over another person.
Patient ASSIGNMENT does not only mean that dividing the patient among available staff nurses but it is assigning an individual patient or group of patients to nurses according to the required nursing care needs and nurses capability to provide the quality care
Directing leading in hospital and community servicesKULDEEP VYAS
Directing is the fourth phase of the management process, it can also be called as coordinating or activating
*Here the leadership and the management skills are both required in order to accomplish the goal of the organization.
*It consists of 2 major components like guidance and supervision which is to be done during job process which help the nurses to utilize their total skills and knowledge in providing the quality care.
Commonly used Insecticides and Pesticides KULDEEP VYAS
Pesticides include insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. There are several thousand different types in use and almost all of them are possible causes of water pollution. For example, DDT, malathion, parathion, delthametrine and others have been sprayed in the environment for long periods of time for the control of disease vectors such as mosquitoes, and to control the growth of weeds and other pests.
Material management in hospital and community servicesKULDEEP VYAS
Material management is a methodical technique that includes planning strategies, systemizing and regulating the flow of material from procurement till the point of disembarkation.
It is the process of coordination and controlling the activities in an organization. It includes the responsibility of purchasing the materials, their scheduling from supply or from other internal sources, their handling, storage and movement through the organization, and their delivery.
-It is a statement of anticipated results during a designated
time period expressed financial and nonfinancial terms.
-Three essential steps in the control process are establishing standards, comparing results with standards and taking corrective action.
-Budgeting process starts when top-level management establishes the strategies and goals for the organization.
The client classification system or patient classification system is the cluster of clients that has been categorized on the specific characteristics, needs ,requirements and their severity of the disease conditions based on which patient assignment is made to provide nursing care.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
3. Solid waste
• Garbage (food waste)
• Rubbish (paper, plastic, wood, glass etc.)
• Demolition products (bricks, masonry)
• Sewage treatment residue (sludge & solids)
• Dead animals
• Manure & other discarded material
Strictly speaking it should not contain night soil
The per capita daily production is 0.25 to 2.5 kg
3Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
4. Solid waste-health hazards
• On accumulation it decomposes & favors fly breeding
• Attracts rodents & vermin
• Pathogens present in waste may be conveyed back to man’s food through flies & dust
• Possibility of water & soil pollution
• Unsightly appearance
• Nuisance from bad odours
There is a correlation between improper disposal of solid wastes & incidence of
vector borne diseases 4Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
6. Street refuse
Leaves, straw, paper
Market refuse
Putrid vegetable & animal matter
Stable litter
Animal droppings, left over animal feeds
6Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
7. Solid waste-storage
• First consideration is to proper storage of refuse while awaiting collection
• The galvanized steel dust bin with close fitting cover is a suitable for storing
• The output of refuse per capita per day in india is estimated to vary from 1/10-1/20c.Ft.
For a family of 5 members
• The public bins in India are without cover
• They are placed on concrete platform raised 2-3 inches above ground level to prevent
flood water entering the bins
7Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
9. Collection
House to house collection
Rag pickers
Refuse collection vehicles
• Open type
• Enclosed
9Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
10. Methods of disposal
• Dumping
• Controlled tipping or sanitary land fill
• Incineration
• Composting
• Manure pits
• Burial
10Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
11. Dumping
Method of disposal in low lying areas
Partly as method of reclamation of
land
Mainly as method of disposal of dry
refuse
Drawbacks
Exposure to flies and rodents
Unsightly appearance and bad odour
Dispersion by action of wind
Pollution of surface and ground water
11Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
12. Controlled tipping/ sanitary landfill
Methods in operation
1. Trench method
2. Ramp method
3. Area method diffuse quarries, clay
-Level ground
-Moderately sloping terrain
-Filling land depressions,
pits
Most satisfactory method of disposal where suitable land is
available
Material is placed in a prepared area and covered with earth
at the end of working day
Takes 4-6months for complete decomposition by chemical,
physical, bacteriological changes
12Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
14. Mechanism
• Chemical, bacteriological & physical changes occur in buried refuse
• Temp. Raises to 600. C in 7 days & kills all the pathogens and hastens
decomposition
• Cools down in 2-3 weeks
• Complete decomposition to an innocuous mass takes place by 4-6 months
• This method has been revolutionized by mechanization. The bull dozer achieves
the tasks of spreading trimming and spreading top soil
14Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
15. Incineration
It is hygienic method of disposal of refuse
Method of choice where suitable land is not available
Most suitable for hospital waste
Not a popular method in india because the refuse
contains a fair proportion of fine ash which makes
burning difficult
Drawbacks
Heavy outlay and expenditure
Manipulative difficulties
Loss to community in terms of much
needed manure 15Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
16. Composting
Combined disposal of refuse and night soil or sludge
Organic matter Manure/humusBacteriological
action
Prinicipal by-products are carbondioxide, water, heat
Heat produced is >60deg over days destroys eggs, larvae of flies, weed seeds and
pathogenic agents
The end product-few or no disease producing organisms & is good soil builder
16Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
18. Mechanicalcomposting
In this compost is manufactured on large scale by processing raw materials and turning
out a finished product
Refuse is cleared of salvagable materials
Pulverisation
Mixed with sewage, sludge or nightsoil in rotating machine
Incubated for 4-6weeks
In vogue in some developed countries
In india, govt is considering the installation of these plants in cities like delhi, hyd,
mumbai, chennai etc.,
18Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
19. Composting: some benefits
Compost allows the soil to retain more plant nutrients over a longer period.
It supplies part of the 16 essential elements needed by the plants.
It helps reduce the adverse effects of excessive alkalinity, acidity, or
the excessive use of chemical fertilizer.
It makes soil easier to cultivate.
It helps keep the soil cool in summer and warm in winter.
It aids in preventing soil erosion by keeping the soil covered.
It helps in controlling the growth of weeds in the garden.
19Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
20. Manure pits
• Method of refusal in rural area by individual householders
• The garbage, cattle dung, straw and leaves are dumped into the manure
pits and covered with earth after each day
• In 5-6 months of time refuse is converted into manure which can be
returned to fields
• Two such pits are created, when one is closed the other will be in use
20Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
21. Burial
• Suitable for small camps
• A trench 1.5m wide and 2m deep is excavated,
and at end of each day the refuse is covered with 20-30cm of earth
• When level in the in the trench is 40 cms above the ground level, the
trench is filled with earth and compacted, and new trench is dug out
• The contents may be taken out after 4-6months and used
on fields 21Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
22. • Do wait until you reach a waste bin to dispose of your litter.
• Do dispose of your garbage appropriately. Put garbage out in
secure containers for the appropriate collection only.
• Do empty away stagnant water that may accumulate in
your garbage bin and reduce the risk of dengue fever and other
disease
Do’s of solid waste
22Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
23. • Do place only manageable amounts of garbage out in sturdy bags or
bins.
• Do wrap broken objects in newspaper before disposing of them in the
garbage to avoid injury to yourself and others including waste collection
staff.
• Do ensure that bags are securely tied and that waste is completely
covered inside of the bin.
Do’s of solid waste
23Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
24. • Do not litter. If we drop litter it will encourage others to litter.
• Do not put out garbage too early, especially garbage that contains meat and fish
scraps.
• Do not dump or litter illegally at the sides of the roads or in gullies, it is not only
unsightly but dangerous and hazardous to health.
• Do not allow water to collect in your garbage bin.
Dont’s of solid waste
24Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
25. • Do not throw broken objects (e.g. Glass, ceramic, etc.) Into the garbage without wrapping
them first.
• Do not overload your garbage bags; they may burst as a result of excessive weight or
bulk.
• Do not place needles and syringes in the garbage or leave them lying around.
• Do not compact waste in the waste bin. This makes it difficult to extract the waste.
Dont’s of solid waste
25Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
27. Public Health Importance
Human excreta is a source of infection
Important cause of environment pollution
Responsibility of society to dispose it safely
Failure to dispose safely leads to severe threat to public health
27Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
28. Health hazards
Improper excreta disposal causes
Soil pollution
Water pollution
Contamination of foods
Propagation of flies
Burden to community in terms of sickness, mortality & low
expectation of life
Deterrent to social & economic progress 28Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
30. Extent of problem-India
74% of population is rural and majority of them go to fields for
defecation
Situation in urban area is equally worse
The solution to the problem is only through hygienic disposal of
human excreta which is a corner stone of all public health services
30Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
31. HOW THE DISEASE IS CARRIED FROM EXCRETA
FAECES
FINGERS
FLUID/WATER
FLIES
FIELD/SOIL
FOOD NEW HOST
31Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
32. Transmission of diseases to the human host is prevented by
segregation of faeces, protection of food, personal hygiene,
control of flies.
Transmission of faecal born diseases
32Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
34. SANITATION BARRIER
Segregation of excreta by imposing a barrier is called Sanitation
barrier. This is the most effective step so that the disease agent
can not reach the new host directly or indirectly
34Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
35. METHODS OF EXCRETA DISPOSAL
Unsewered Areas Sewered Areas
35Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
36. Unsewered Areas
I) Service type (conservative)
II) Non service type (sanitary latrine)
1. Bore hole latrine
2. Dug well or pit latrine
3. Water-seal type of latrines
a) PRAI
b) RCA
c) SULABH
4. Septic tank
5. Aqua privy
III) Latrine suitable for camps & temporary use
• Shallow trench/deep trench/pit/bore hole latrines
36Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
37. I) SERVICE TYPE
Night soil is collected from pail or bucket type of latrines by
human agency, and later disposed by burying or
composting.
37Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
38. DRAWBACKS
Water pollution
Soil pollution
Access to flies
Corrosion of buckets and pans
Recruitment of staff is difficult (UNETHICAL), should be replaced
by sanitary latrine
38Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
39. II) Non- Service type/ Sanitarylatrines
Criteria-
Excreta should not contaminate the ground or surface water
Excreta should not pollute the soil
Excreta should not be accessible to flies, rodents, animals & other
vehicles of transmission
Excreta should not create a nuisance due to odour or unsightly
appearance
39Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
40. 1.Borehole latrine
Forerunner of the non-service type of latrine
First introduced by Rockefeller foundation during 1930’s in campaigns of
hookworm control
It consists of a circular hole of 30 to 40 cm diameter and 4 to 8 m depth
Special equipment Auger is used
40Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
42. Contd.
The hole is lined with bamboo matting or earthen ware rings to prevent
caving of soil.
A concrete squatting plate with a central opening and foot rests paced
over the hole and an enclosure for privacy
It serves for a family per year
Night soil under goes anaerobic digestion.
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43. Contd.
MERITS
No need for sweeper for daily removal.
DEMERITS
Small capacity
Auger may not be available
If the soil is loose it becomes difficult to dig
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44. 2.DUGWELL LATRINE/ PIT LATRINE
Introduced first in Singur in West Bengal in 1949-50
It is an improved Bore hole latrine
It is a circular pit of 75 cm diameter and 3 to 3.5
depth lined by pottery rings.
A squatting plate at the top with a super structure
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46. Contd.
MERITS
No need of auger
Greater capacity
Last for 5 years per family
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47. 3. WATER SEAL LATRINES
It has water seal which prevent access to flies
and escape of odour.
Modifications of water seal latrines
a) P.R.A.I evolved by planning research and action institute Lucknow.
b)R.C.A. type by research cum action projects in environmental sanitation
of ministry of health.
Direct type
Indirect
Type
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48. of
LOCATION: It should be away from source of water supply to prevent contamination.
SQUATTING PLATE or SLAB: It is made up of an impervious material to keep it clean
and dry. So that it will not facilitate the
growth of hook warm larva.
Dimensions 90 cms square,
5cms thickness, slop ½ inch for drainage
water with footrests.
RCA Latrine (more popular)
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49. Pan: Receives the night soil, urine and wash water. The length of pan is
42.5cm. The width of the front portion of the pan has a minimum of 12.5cm
and the width at widest portion is 20cm. There is a uniform slope from front
to back of the pan and the pan is given a smooth finish
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50. Trap: the trap is a bent pipe, about 7.5cm in diameter and is connected with
the pan. It holds water and provides the necessary water seal
the water seal provides the access by flies and suppresses the nuisance
from smell
2cm
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51. Connecting pipe: when the pit is dug, away from the squat plate, the trap is
connected to the pit by a short length of connecting pipe 7.5cm in diameter
and at least 1m in length with a bend at the end
it is used in indirect type and the advantage with this is that when the pit fills
up, a second pit can be put into operation
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53. Dug well: 75 cm in diameter, 3-3.5m deep
Superstructure: Attractive superstructure
Maintenance: Proper maintenance involves health education of the
people which is very necessary for the success of any sanitation related
programme
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54. Comparison of Direct and Indirect type Water Seal Latrines
Direct type Indirect type
• Pit is below the squatting plate
• Best for areas with hard ground
• Cheaper
• Easy construction
• Occupies less space
• Pit is away from the squatting plate
• When the pit is full, direction of
connecting pipe can be changed to
another pit
• Preferred over direct type
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55. c) Sulabh Shauchalya
Low cost water-seal type latrine by Patna based firm. 5Rs/use charged 55Kuldeep Vyas M.Sc. CHN
56. It is a water tight masonry tank used for individual dwelling, small
groups of houses and institutions.
DESIGN: Single chambered or double chambered.
CAPACITY: 20 to 30 gallons per person for household with a
minimum of 500 gallons.
4.SEPTIC TANK
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57. LENGTH: Twice the breadth.
DEPTH: 1.5 to 2 meters.
LIQUID DEPTH: 1.2 meters.
AIR SPACE: 30cms It is the level between
liquid and undersurface of cover.
BOTTOM: Sloping towards inlet end for
retentions of solids.
INLET AND OUTLET:
COVER: Concrete slab with a manhole.
RETENSION PERIOD: 24hrs if it is too small
inadequate treatment too long undue septicity occurs
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58. • WORKING: That is purification of sewage by 2 stages
Anaerobic digestion in septic tank proper
Aerobic oxidation out side the septic tank in the sub soil
Sludge and scum anaerobic digestion effluent aerobic oxidation
Septic tank-contd.
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59. MAINTAINANCE: Disinfectants should be avoided as they are
injurious to bacterial flora of tank.
De sludging should be done as excessive accumulation interfere
with proper working
Newly built tanks first fill with water up to the outlet then with sludge
to provide right type of bacteria to carry out decomposition process.
Septic tank-contd.
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60. 5.Aqua Privy
• Similar to septic tank
• For a family per 6 years
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63. Trench Latrines
Shallow trench latrine Deep trench latrine
• 30 cm wide
• 90-150 cm deep
• Serves for a week
• 75-90cm wide
• 1.8 – 2.5cm deep
• Serves for weeks to months
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